Acer

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
4 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 4
DESIGN OF Beams
1. INTRODUCTION
Beams are the most common members found in a typical steel structure. Beams are
structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected primarily to
flexure, or bending. Beams with axial loads are called beam-columns. Beams are usually
thought of as being oriented horizontally and subjected to vertical loads, but that is not
necessarily the case. A structural member is considered to be a beam if it is loaded so as to
cause bending.
Beams can be further classified by the function that they serve. A girder is a member that is
generally larger in section and supports other beams or framing members. Joists are the
closely spaced beams supporting the floors and roofs of buildings and it typically a lighter
section than a beam—such as an open-web steel joist. Stringer are the beams in bridge
floors running parallel to the roadway, whereas floor beams are the larger beams used to
transfer the floor loads from the stringers to the supporting girders or trusses, also stringer
in building is a diagonal member that is the main support beam for a stair. Lintels (or loose
lintels) are beams over openings in masonry walls, such as windows and doors and it is
usually a smaller section. A girt is a horizontal member that supports exterior cladding or
siding for lateral wind loads. Spandrel beams supports the exterior walls of building and
perhaps part of the floor loads.
Lecture 4 ....... Page 1

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2. SECTION SHAPES USED FOR BEAMS AND BEAMS TYPES
The hot-rolled I shape is the one most commonly used for beams. Welded shapes usually fall
into the category classified as plate girders. Commonly used cross-sectional shapes include
the W, S, and M shapes. Doubly symmetric shapes such as the standard rolled W, M, and S
shapes are the most efficient. The beams cross section types are:
2.1 Standard Hot-Rolled Sections
Standard hot-rolled sections in general and wide-flange (or W) sections in particular are the
most popular types of beam sections. The W shapes proved to be the most economical
beam section, and they have largely replaced channels and S sections. The W shapes have
more steel concentrated in their flanges than do S beams and thus have larger moments of
inertia and resisting moments for the same weight and they are relatively wide and have
appreciable lateral stiffness.
The use of S beams has decreased from former years. Today they are used primarily for
special situations, such as when narrow flange width are desirable, where shearing forces
are very high, or for crane rails where larger flange thickness near the web may be
advantageous for lateral bending.
Channels are sometimes used for beams subjected to light loads, such as purlins, and in
places where clearances available require narrow flanges. They have little resistance to
lateral forces, thus channels should be avoided where lateral loading is present or need to
be braced by using sag rods.
.2.2 Plate-Covered Section
The bending capacity of available rolled sections may be increased

by adding plate(s) to the section.
2.3 Composite Beams

If the steel beam is covered with a concrete deck, the designer
may take advantage of the additional strength of the concrete,
provided that the concrete deck is properly fastened to the steel
beam (for example, by shear studs).
2.4 Sheet Beams
These beams are made of thin cold-formed steel sheets in a
variety of shapes. They are useful for very light loads (for example,
light roofs).
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2.3 Plate and Box girders
For girders covering large spans and/or carrying heavy loads, the available standard rolled
sections may be inadequate. In this case, the designer may use a plate or box girder made of steel
plates. These girders may be homogeneous, made of a single grade of steel, or hybrid, made of
high-strength flanges.
3- CONSIDERATIONS OF BEAM DESIGN

In the design of beams, the following considerations are necessary:
1.Bending stresses
2.Shearing stresses
3.Local buckling
4.Lateral torsional buckling
5.Web crippling
6.Deflection
Initial selection of the beam is usually made on the basis of the maximum bending stresses.
The other design requirements are checked subsequently. For flexure, the required and
available strengths are moments. For load and resistance factor design (LRFD):
b M n  M u (1)
Where: Mu= required moment strength = maximum moment caused by the external loads
 b = resistance factor for bending (flexure) = 0.90
Mn = nominal moment strength
4- BENDING STRESS AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR STAGES OF STEEL BEAMS

To be able to determine the nominal moment strength Mn, firstly the behavior of beams throughout the
full range of loading should be examined, from very small loads to the point of collapse.
Consider the beam shown in Figure, which is oriented so that bending is about the major principal axis
(for an I shape, it will be the x–x axis). The stress at any point of the beam subjected to bending
moment may be computed with usual flexural formula fb=My/I, this formula is applicable only when the
maximum computed stress in the beam is below the elastic limit namely linear elastic range.

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The distribution of bending stress is linear distribution and the flexure formula about major x-axis as
shown in figure above is:
My
fb  (2)
Ix
For a homogeneous material, the neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis. The maximum stress
will occur at the extreme fiber, where y is maximum. Thus there are two maxima: maximum
compressive stress in the top fiber and maximum tensile stress in the bottom fiber. If the neutral axis is
an axis of symmetry, these two stresses will be equal in magnitude. The value of I/c is known as the
section modulus S. For any cross-sectional shape, the section modulus will be a constant. Thus for
maximum stress:
Mc M M
f max    (3)
Ix I x / c Sx
For an unsymmetrical cross section, S will have two values: one for the top extreme fiber and one for
the bottom. Values of S for standard rolled shapes are tabulated in the dimensions and properties
tables in the Manual.
Equations above is valid as long as the loads are small enough that the material remains within its
linear elastic range. For structural steel, this means that the stress fmax must not exceed Fy and that the
bending moment must not exceed yield moment My:
M y  Fy S x (4)
where My is yield moment defined as the moment that will just produce the yield stress in the
outermost fiber of the section.
Initially, when the moment is applied to the beam, the stress will vary linearly from the neutral axis to
the extreme fibers as shown in part b of figure below. If the moment is increased, there will continue to
be a linear variation of stress until the yield stress is reached in the outermost fibers as shown in part
c.
If the moment in a ductile steel beam is increased beyond the yield moment, the outermost fibers that
had previously been stressed to their yield stress will continue to have the same stress, but will yield,
and the duty of providing the necessary additional resisting moment will fall on the fibers nearer to the
neutral axis. This process will continue with more and more parts of the beam cross section stressed
to the yield stress as shown in parts d and e of the figure above, until finally a full plastic distribution is
approached as shown in part f.

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Note that the variation of strain from the neutral axis to the outer fibers remain linear for all of these
cases. When the stress distribution has reached this stage a plastic hinge is said to have form,
because no additional moment can be resisted at the section. Any additional moment applied at the
section will cause the beam to rotate, with little increase in stress.
If the steel stress-strain curve is approximated as a bilinear elasto-plastic curve with yield stress equal
to σy , then the section Moment - Curvature (M-ø) response for monotonically increasing moment is
given by Figure below, where curvature ø= 2ε/d.
5- PLASTIC HINGES AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT

The plastic moment is the maximum moment, or nominal bending strength of a beam with full lateral
stability.The plastic moment is the moment that will produce full plasticity in a member cross section
and create a plastic hinge. The ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the yield moment My is called the
shape factor. The shape factor equals 1.5 for rectangular sections and varies from about 1.10 to 1.2
for standard rolled beam sections.

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Consider a simply supported beam with a
concentrated load at midspan is shown at
successive stages of loading. Once yielding
begins, the distribution of stress on the cross
section will no longer be linear, and yielding will
progress from the extreme fiber toward the neutral
axis. At the same time, the yielded region will
extend longitudinally from the center of the beam
as the bending moment reaches M at more
locations. These yielded regions are indicated by
the dark areas in Figure below.
In Figure b, yielding has just begun. In Figure c, the
yielding has progressed into the web, and in Figure
d the entire cross section has yielded. The
additional moment required to bring the beam from
stage b to stage d is 10 to 20% of the yield
moment, My , for W shapes. When stage d has
been reached, any further increase in the load will
cause collapse, since all elements of the cross
section have reached the yield plateau of the
stress–strain curve and unrestricted plastic flow will
occur.
A plastic hinge is said to have formed at the center of the beam, and this hinge along with the actual
hinges at the ends of the beam constitute an unstable mechanism. During plastic collapse, the
mechanism motion will be as shown in Figure. Structural analysis based on a consideration of collapse
mechanisms is called plastic analysis.
The plastic moment capacity, which is the moment required to form the plastic hinge, can easily be
computed from a consideration of the corresponding stress distribution. In Figure below, the
compressive and tensile stress resultants are shown, where Ac is the cross-sectional area subjected to
compression, and At is the area in tension. These are the areas above and below the plastic neutral
axis, which is not necessarily the same as the elastic neutral axis. From equilibrium of forces,

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CT
A c Fy  A t Fy
Ac  A t
Thus the plastic neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal areas. For shapes that are
symmetrical about the axis of bending, the elastic and plastic neutral axes are the same. The plastic
moment, M , is the resisting couple formed by the two equal and opposite forces, or
A
M p  Fy (A c ) a  Fy (A t ) a  Fy ( ) a  Fy Z
2
where
A = total cross-sectional area
a  ( y t  yc ) =distance between the centroids of the two half-areas
A
Z  ( ) a = plastic section modulus
2
Values for the plastic section modulus of the cross-section.Z are tabulated for various cross-sections
in the properties section of the LRFD manual.
The plastic centroid for a general cross-section corresponds to the axis about which the total
area is equally divided, i.e., Ac = At = A/2. The plastic centroid is not the same as the elastic centroid
or center of gravity (c.g.) of the cross-section. As shown below, the c.g. is defined as the axis about
which A1y1 = A2y2.
For a cross-section with at-least one axis of symmetry, the neutral axis corresponds to the centroidal
axis in the elastic range. However, at Mp, the neutral axis will correspond to the plastic centroidal axis.
For a doubly symmetric cross-section, the elastic and the plastic centroid lie at the same point.
The design plastic strength

 b M p  0.9 Fy Z  1.5 M y (5)
Mp= plastic moment, which must be ≤ 1.5 M for homogenous cross-sections

My = moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme fiber from an elastic stress distribution
= Fy S for homogenous cross-sections
Z = plastic section modulus from the Properties section of the AISC manual.
S = elastic section modulus, also from the Properties section of the AISC manual.

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Example 1: Determine the elastic section Example 2:Compute the plastic moment, Mp
modulus, S, plastic section modulus, Z, yield
, for a W10×60 of A992 steel.
moment, My , and the plastic moment Mp , of the
cross-section shown below. What is the design Solution
moment for the beam cross-section. Assume 50
From AISC Manual, for W10 x 60:
ksi steel.
A g  17.7 in 2
Solution
A 17.7
A f 1  12 * 0.75  9 in 2   8.85 in 2
2 2
A f 2  15*1.0 15 in 2
The centroid of the half-area can be found in the tables
A w  0.5 (16  0.75  1.0)  7.125 in 2
for WT shapes, which are cut from W shapes. The
A g  9 15  7.125  31.125 in 2 shape here is the WT5 × 30, and the distance from the
outside face of the flange to the centroid is 0.884 inch,
1- Distance of elastic centroid from top = y as shown in Figure.
9 * 0.75 / 2  7.125* 7.875  15 *15.5

y  9.38 in
31.125
0.753 *12 13 *15

Ix   9 * 9.005 2   15 * 6.12 2 
12 12
8.633 * 0.5 5.62 3 * 0.5
 1430 in 4
3 3
I x 1430
Sx   152.45 in 3 d
c 9.38 y1  y 2    0.884  4.216 in
2
M yx  Fy Sx  50 * 152.45  7622.5 k.in  635.2 k.ft
A
Zx  ( y1  y 2 )  8.85* 2 * 4.216  74.62 in 3
2- Distance of plastic centroid from top = y p 2
This result, is the same as the value given in the

31.125
12 * 0.75  0.5 * ( y p  0.75)  15.5625 dimensions and properties tables.
2
y p 13.875 in
M px  Z x Fy  74.62 *50  3731k.in  311k.ft
y1 = centroid of top half area about plastic centroid
y2 = centroid of bottom half area about plastic centroid
12 * 0.75*13.5 13.125 * 0.5 * 6.5625

y1  10.5746 in
15.5625
15 *1 *1.625 1.125 * 0.5 * 0.5625

y2  1.5866 in
15.5625
A
Zx  ( y1  y 2 ) 15.5625* (10.5746 1.5866 ) 189.26 in 3
2
M px  Z x Fy 189.26 *50  9462.93 k.in  788.58 k.ft
Design strength according to AISC
 b M p  0.9 Fy Z  1.5 M y
 b M p  0.9 * 788.58  709.72 k.ft 1.5 * 635.15  949.725 k.ft

 OK

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6- LOCAL BUCKLING OF BEAM SECTION
The hot-rolled steel sections are thin-walled sections

consisting of a number of thin plates. When normal stresses
due to bending and/or direct axial forces are large, each plate
(for example, flange plate or web plate) may buckle locally in
a plane perpendicular to its plane. In order to prevent this
undesirable phenomenon, the width-to-thickness ratios of
Local buckling of flange
the thin flange and the web plates are limited by the code. due to compressive stress
AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, noncompact, or slender, depending on the

values of the width-to-thickness ratios.
Compact Section  If all elements of cross  sec tion have     p
Non  compact sec tions  If any one element of the cross sec tion has   p     r
Slender sec tion  If any element of the cross sec tion has     r
The classification of a beam is necessary since the design strength of the beam is a function
of its classification. The classification of shapes is found in Section B4 of the Specification,
"Member Properties,” in Table B4.1.
Note that compression members have different criteria than flexural members, so a shape
could be compact for flexure but slender for compression.

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It is important to note that:
- If λ ≤ λp, then the individual plate element can develop and
sustain σy (Fy) for large values of ε before local buckling
occurs.
- If λp ≤ λ ≤ λr , then the individual plate element can develop
σy but cannot sustain it before local buckling occurs.
- If λr ≤ λ, then elastic local buckling of the individual plate
element occurs.
Thus, slender sections cannot develop Mp due to elastic local buckling. Non-compact
sections can develop My but not Mp before local buckling occurs. Only compact sections can
develop the plastic moment Mp.
All rolled wide-flange shapes are compact with the following exceptions, which are non-
compact : W40x174, W14x99, W14x90, W12x65, W10x12, W8x10, W6x15 (made from
A992).
7- LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The compression flange of a beam behaves like an axially loaded column. Thus, in beams
covering long spans the compression flange may tend to buckle. Unlike a column, however,
the compression portion of the cross section is restrained by the tension portion, and the
outward deflection (flexural buckling) is accompanied by twisting (torsion). This form of
instability is called lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
Lateral–torsional buckling occurs when the distance between lateral brace points is large
enough that the beam fails by lateral, outward movement in combination with a twisting
action (Δ and θ, respectively, in Figure below).

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Lateral torsional buckling may be prevented through the following provisions:
1.Lateral supports at intermediate points in addition to lateral supports at the vertical
supports
2.Using torsionally strong sections (for example, box sections)
3. I-sections with relatively wide flanges: Beams with wider flanges are less susceptible to
lateral–torsional buckling because the wider flanges provide more resistance to lateral
displacement
In general, adequate restraint against lateral–torsional buckling is accomplished by the
addition of a brace or similar restraint somewhere between the centroid of the member and
the compression flange. For simple-span beams supporting normal gravity loads, the top
flange is the compression flange, but the bottom flange could be in compression for
continuous beams or beams in moment frames.
Lateral–torsional buckling can be controlled in several ways, but it is usually dependant on
the actual construction details used. Thus Lateral-torsional buckling can be prevented by
bracing the beam against twisting at sufficiently close intervals. This can be accomplished
with either of two types of stability bracing: lateral bracing, and torsional bracing.
Lateral bracing, which prevents lateral translation, should

be applied as close to the compression flange as possible.
Like beams with a metal deck oriented perpendicular to
the beam span are considered fully braced
Torsional bracing prevents twist directly; it can be either nodal or continuous, and it can
take the form of either cross frames or diaphragms.

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Lateral-torsional buckling is fundamentally similar to the flexural buckling or flexural-
torsional buckling of a column subjected to axial loading. The differences are that lateral-
torsional buckling is caused by flexural loading (M), and the buckling deformations are
coupled in the lateral and torsional directions. Also there is one very important difference.
For a column, the axial load causing buckling remains constant along the length. But, for a
beam, usually the lateral-torsional buckling causing bending moment M(x) varies along the
unbraced length.
If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic condition, the nominal
moment strength can be taken as the plastic moment capacity; that is,
Mn= Mp
Otherwise due to local or lateral bucking, Mn will be less than Mp. Thus the nominal bending
strength, Mn , is a function of the following:
1. Lateral–torsional buckling (LTB),
2. Flange local buckling (FLB), and
3. Web local buckling (WLB).
8- BENDING DESIGN STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES
A beam can fail by reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or it can fail by:
1. lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically;
2. flange local buckling (FLB), elastically or inelastically; or
3. web local buckling (WLB), elastically or inelastically.
If the maximum bending stress is less than the proportional limit when buckling occurs, the
failure is said to be elastic. Otherwise, it is inelastic.
For convenience, first categorize beams as compact, noncompact, or slender, and then
determine the moment resistance based on the degree of lateral support.
The compact shapes, defined as those whose webs are continuously connected to the
flanges and that satisfy the following width-to-thickness ratio requirements for the flange
and the web: b f  0.38 E

and
h
 3.76
E
2 tf Fy tw Fy
The web criterion is met by all standard I and C shapes listed in the Manual for Fy≤ 65 ksi;
therefore, in most cases only the flange ratio needs to be checked (note that built-up welded
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I shapes can have noncompact or slender webs). Most shapes will also satisfy the flange
requirement and will therefore be classified as compact. The noncompact shapes are
identified in the dimensions and properties table with a footnote (footnote f).
The moment strength of compact shapes is a function of the unbraced length, L b, defined as
the distance between points of lateral support, or bracing indicated as “×”. The relationship
between the nominal strength, Mn , and the unbraced length is shown in Figure. If the
unbraced length is no greater than Lp , the beam is considered to have full lateral support,
and Mn = Mp . If Lb is greater than Lp but less than or equal to Lr, the strength is based on
inelastic LTB. If Lb is greater than Lr, the strength is based on elastic LTB.
Lb= Laterally unsupported length

Lp = Plastic length: maximum unbraced length at
which the nominal bending strength equals the
plastic moment capacity and at which inelastic
lateral–torsional buckling occurs.
Lr = unbraced length at which elastic lateral–
torsional buckling occurs.
E
L p  1.76 ry
Fy
2
E Jc  0.7 Fy Sx h o 
L r  1.95 rts 1  1  6.76  
0.7 Fy Sx h o  E J c 
1/ 2
 I y Cw 
rts   
 Sx 
 

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 1.0  For doubly symmertic I  Shapes

c  ho Iy
  For Channel Shapes
 2 Cw
where
J = Torsional constant,
Cw = Warping constant, and
ho = Distance between flange centroids = d -tf
In the above equation, the term 0.7Fy Sx is also referred to as Mr, which corresponds to the
limiting buckling moment and is the transition point between inelastic and elastic lateral–
torsional buckling, namely the moment corresponding to first yield is:
M r  0.7 Fy Sx
9- DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR COMPACT SHAPES
The nominal bending strength for compact I and C-shaped sections can be summarized
as follows:
1  For L b  L p  M n  M p
  Lb  Lp 
2  For L p  L b  L r  M n  C b M p  (M p  0.7 Fy Sx )    M p
 L L 
  r p 
2
C 2 E Jc  Lb 
3  For L b  L r  M n  Fcr Sx  M p where Fcr  b 2
1  0.078  
(L b / rts ) Sx h o  rts 
where : Cb = Moment gradient factor

If the moment within the unbraced length Lb is uniform (constant), there is no moment
gradient and Cb = 1.0. If there is a moment gradient, the value of Cb is given by:
 C b  1.0  For uniform (cons tan t ) moment within L b


Cb  
C b  12.5 M max
 For Non  u inf orm moment with L b

 2.5 M max  3 M A  4 M B  3 M C
where
Mmax= absolute value of the maximum moment within the unbraced length (including the
end points of the unbraced length)

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MA = absolute value of the moment at the quarter point of the unbraced length
MB = absolute value of the moment at the midpoint of the unbraced length
MC = absolute value of the moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced
length
Cb for several common cases of loading and lateral support can be found in Part 3 of the AISC
Manual (example is shown in figure below). A value of 1.0 is always conservative, regardless
of beam configuration or loading, but in some cases it may be excessively conservative.

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Example 3: The beam shown in Figure is a Example 4: Determine the flexural strength of
W16*31 of A992 steel. It supports a reinforced a W14* 68 of A992 steel subject to:
concrete floor slab that provides continuous
lateral support of the compression flange. The a. Continuous lateral support.
service dead load is 450 lb/ft. This load is b. An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb= 1.0.
superimposed on the beam; it does not include c. An unbraced length of 30 ft with Cb= 1.0.
the weight of the beam itself. The service live
load is 550 lb/ft. Does this beam have adequate
Solution
moment strength?
From AISC Manual, for W14*68: bf /2 tf = 6.97,
Zx =115 in3
Solution bf
 6.97  0.38
E
 9.15  6.28  Flange is compact
2 tf Fy
Fy  50 ksi
h E
w D  450 lb / ft not including selfweight  3.76  The web is compact
tw Fy
w D  450  31  481lb / ft  0.481 k / ft
w L  550 lb / ft  0.55 k / ft
Thus the section is classified as Compact Section
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * 0.481  1.6 * 0.55 1.457 k / ft a- Continuous lateral support
2
w u L 1.457 * 30 2
continuous lateral support  L b  0
Mu   164 k.ft
8 8 For Compact shape and L b  L p  M n  M p
From AISC Manual, for W16*31: bf =5.53 in M n  M p  Fy Z x  50 *115  5750 kips.in  479.2 kips.ft
tf =0.44 in , bf /2 tf = 6.28, Zx =54 in3 Design strength =  b M n  0.9 * 479.2  431kips.ft
b- An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb= 1.0.

- Determine whether the shape is compact, L b  20 ft , C b  1.0
noncompact, or slender:
From AISC Manual, for W14*68: ry = 2.46 in,
Sx =103 in3, Iy = 121 in4, Cw=5380 in6 , rts = 2.8 in
bf 5.53 tf = 0.72 in, d = 14.0 in, ho = 13.3 in, J=3.01 in4
  6.28 or directly from Manual  6.28
2 tf 2 * 0.44
E 29000
E 29000 L p 1.76 ry 1.76 * 2.46 104.3 in  8.692 ft
0.38  0.38  9.15  6.28  Flange is compact Fy 50
Fy 50
2
h E E Jc  0.7 Fy S x h o 
 3.76  The web is compact L r 1.95 rts 1  1  6.76  
tw Fy 0.7 Fy Sx h o  E J c 
1/ 2
( web is compact for all shapes in Manual )  Iy Cw   121 * 5380 
1/ 2
Thus the section is classified as Compact Section rts       7.833 in 2

 Sx  
 103 

 
continuous lateral support  L b  0
h o  d  t f 14.0  0.72 13.28 in
For Compact shape and L b  L p  M n  M p
c  1.0  For doubly symmertic I  Shapes
M n  M p  Fy Z x  50 *54.0  2700 kips.in  225 kips.ft
Jc 3.01*1.0
  0.002201
Design strength =  b M n  0.9 * 225  203 kips.ft S x h o 103*13.28
  b M n 203 kips.ft  M u 164 k.ft  OK E 29000

  828.571
0.7 Fy 0.7 * 50
Thus W16*31 is satisfactory

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Example 4: cont. Solution
2 For non-uniform moment within Lb
E Jc  0.7 Fy S x h o 
L r 1.95 rts 1  1  6.76  
0.7 Fy Sx h o  E J c  12.5 M max
Cb 
2.5 M max  3 M A  4 M B  3 M C
L r 1.95 * 2.799 * 828.571 * 0.002201 *
2
 1 1 
1  1  6.76    351.3 in  29.28 ft
 828.571 0.002201 
 L p  8.692  L b  20  L r  29.28 
  Lb  Lp 
M n  C b M p  (M p  0.7 Fy S x )    M p
  Lr  Lp 
 
  20  8.692 
M n  1.0 5750  (5750  0.7 * 50 * 103)  
  29.28  8.692  w L2
M B  M max 
8
 4572 k.in  381.0 k.ft  M p  479.2  OK
Also because of symmetry, the moment at the
Design strength =  b M n  0.9 *381  343 kips.ft quarter point equals the moment at the three-
quarter point. MA= MC
c- An unbraced length of 30 ft with Cb= 1.0.
L b  30 ft , C b  1.0
L r  29.28ft
 L b  L r  M n  Fcr S x  M p
2
Cb 2 E Jc  Lb 
where Fcr  1  0.078  
(L b / rts ) 2 r 
Sx h o  ts 
1.0 *  2 * 29000 3.01 *1.0  30 *12 

2 wL L wL L 3
Fcr  1  0.078  
MA  MC  *  *  w L2
(30 *12 / 2.799) 2 103 *13.28  2.799  2 4 4 8 32
 33.9 ksi 1
12.5 *  
 M n  Fcr S x  33.90 *103  3492 k.in  291.0 k.ft Cb  8 1.14
1  3  1  3 
291.0 k.ft  M p  479.2 k.ft  OK 2.5 *    3 *    4 *    3*  
8  32  8  32 
Design strength =  b M n  0.9 * 291  261.9 kips.ft
Example 6: Determine Cb for the beam below.
Example 5: Determine Cb for a uniformly loaded,

simply supported W shape with lateral support
at its ends only.
Cb=1.67 Cb=1.0 Cb=1.67

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10. BENDING STRENGTH OF NONCOMPACT SHAPES
As previously noted, most standard W, M, S, and C shapes are compact. A few are
noncompact because of the flange width-to-thickness ratio, but none are slender.
In general, a noncompact beam may fail by lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling,
or web local buckling. Any of these types of failure can be in either the elastic range or the
inelastic range. The strength corresponding to each of these three limit states must be
computed, and the smallest value will control.
The webs of all hot-rolled shapes in the Manual are compact, so the noncompact shapes are
subject only to the limit states of lateral-torsional buckling LTB and flange local buckling FLB.
Built-up welded shapes, however, can have noncompact or slender webs as well as
noncompact or slender flanges.
From AISC, , the flange is noncompact if  p     r and buckling will be inelastic, where
bf

2 tf
E
 p  0.38
Fy
E
 r  1.0
Fy
11. Determination of Nominal Flexural Strength
If the shape is noncompact because of the flange, the nominal strength will be the smaller of
the strengths corresponding to flange local buckling FLB and lateral-torsional buckling LTB.
a- Flange Local Buckling FLB:
If    p  there is no FLB  M n  M p
   p 
If  p     r  the flange is non  compact  M n  M p  (M p  0.7 Fy Sx )  
   
 r p 
b. Lateral-Torsional Buckling LTB:
1  For L b  L p  there is no LTB  M n  M p

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  Lb  Lp 
2  For L p  L b  L r  Inelastic LTB  M n  C b M p  (M p  0.7 Fy Sx )    M p
 L L 
  r p 
2
C 2 E Jc  Lb 
3  For L b  L r  elastic LTB  M n  Fcr Sx  M p where Fcr  b 2
1  0.078  
(L b / rts ) Sx h o  rts 
c- Use smaller value from FLB and LTB
Note: For non-compact shapes, the value of Lp, must be computed from the equation :
E
L p  1.76 ry
Fy
Example 7: A simply supported beam with a span b. Lateral-Torsional Buckling Capacity LTB:
length of 45 feet is laterally supported at its ends and L b  45 ft
is subjected to the following service loads:
From AISC Zx Table for W14*68:
Dead load = 400 lb/ft (including the weight of the beam) Lp = 15.1 ft
Live load = 1000 lb/ft Lr = 42.5 ft
If Fy = 50 ksi, is a W14 × 90 adequate?  L p  L b  L r  Elastic LTB

M n  Fcr Sx  M p
Solution
From AISC Manual, for W14*68: Iy = 362 in4,
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * 0.400  1.6 *1.000  2.080 k / ft Cw=16000 in6 , rts = 4.11 in, ho = 13.3 in, J=4.06 in4
w u L2 2.080 * 45 2
Mu    527 k.ft
8 8 2
Cb 2 E Jc  Lb 
- Determine whether the shape is compact, Fcr  1  0.078  
(L b / rts ) 2 Sx h o  rts 
noncompact, or slender:
From AISC Manual, for W14*90: c  1.0  For doubly symmertic I  Shapes
bf /2 tf = 10.2, Zx =157 in3 , Sx =143 in3 For simply supported beam with uniformly
0.38
E
 0.38
29000
 9.15  10.2  Flange noncompact distributed load 
Fy 50 C b  1.14
b 2
  f 10.2 1.14 *  2 * 29000 4.06 *1.0  45 *12 
2tf Fcr  1  0.078  
(45 *12 / 4.11) 2 143 *13.3  4.11 
E  37.2 ksi
 p  0.38  9.15
Fy  M n  Fcr S x  37.2 *143  5320k.in  443.33 k.ft
E 29000 5320k.in  M p  7850  OK
 r 1.0  1.0  24.1
Fy 50
 M n (FLB)  637.5  M n (LTB)  443.33
  p     r  the shape is non  compact
a- Flange Local Buckling Capacity, FLB:  M n  443.33 kips.ft
Design strength =  b M n  0.9 * 443.33  399 kips.ft
M p  Fy Z x  50 *157  7850 kips.in
  b M n  399  M u  527  NG
   p 
M n  M p  (M p  0.7 Fy S x )   Thus the beam does not have adequate moment
 r  p 
  strength.
 10.2  9.15 
M n  7850  (7850  0.7 50 *143)  
 24.1  9.15 
 7650 k.in  637.5 kips.ft

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12. SHEAR STRENGTH
In the design process for steel beams, shear rarely controls the design; therefore, most
beams need to be designed only for bending and deflection. Special loading conditions, such
as heavy concentrated loads or heavy loads on a short span beam, might cause shear to
control the design of beams.
From mechanics of materials, the general formula for shear stress in a beam is
where
VQ
fv 
Ib
f v = shear stress at the point under consideration,

V = vertical shear at a point along the beam under consideration,
Q = first moment, about the neutral axis, of the area of the cross section between the point
of interest and the top or bottom of the cross section,
I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis, and
b = thickness of the section at the point under consideration.
the AISC specification allows the design for shear to be based on an approximate or average
shear stress distribution as shown in Figure, where the shear stress is concentrated only in
the vertical section of the beam, for which the aspect ratio between the beam depth, d, and
the web thickness, tw, is generally high. In the AISC specification, the shear yield stress is
taken as 60% of the yield stress, Fy. The design shear strength is defined as
V
fv   0.6 Fy
Aw
where Aw = area of the web.

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13. AISC Specification Requirements for Shear
For LRFD, the relationship between required and available strength is

Vu   v Vn
where
Vu = maximum shear based on the controlling combination of factored loads
 v = resistance factor for shear
The design shear strength is defined as

Vn  0.6 Fy A w C v
where
Aw = area of the web = d * t
d = overall depth of the beam
Cv= ratio of critical web stress to shear yield stress
The value of Cv depends on whether the limit state is web yielding, web inelastic buckling, or
web elastic buckling.
Case 1: For Hot-rolled I shapes, the limit state is shear yielding if
h E
 2.24  C v  1.0 and  v  1.0
tw Fy
Most W shapes with F y ≤ 50 ksi fall into this category.
Case 1: For all other doubly or singly symmetric shapes

1   v  0.9
2  C v is det er min ed as foolows :
h kv E
a  If  1.10  No web instabilit y
tw Fy
C v  1.0
kv E h kv E
b  If 1.10   1.37  Limite state is inelastic web bucklinng
Fy tw Fy
kv E
1.10
Fy
Cv 
h / tw

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h kv E
c  If  1.37  Limite state is elastic web bucklinng
tw Fy
1.51 k v E
Cv 
h / t w 2 Fy
Where k v  5
Shear is rarely a problem in rolled steel beams; the usual practice is to design a beam for
flexure and then to check it for shear.
Values of  v Vn are given in several tables in Part 3 of the Manual, including the Zx table, so
computation of shear strength is unnecessary for hot-rolled shapes.
Example 8: A simply supported beam with a span 29000

length of 45 feet is laterally supported at its ends and  2.24  54.0
50
is subjected to the following service loads:
h E
Dead load = 400 lb/ft (including the weight of the beam)  2.24  C v 1.0 and  v 1.0
tw Fy
Live load = 1000 lb/ft
If Fy = 50 ksi, check the W14 × 90 for shear? Vn  0.6 Fy A w C v
Solution  0.6 * 50 * 6.160 *1.0  184.8 kips
w u  1.2 w D  1.6 w L
v Vn 1.0 *184.8 185 kips
 1.2 * 0.400  1.6 *1.000  2.080 k / ft
From AISC Manual, for W14*90: h / tw = 25.9, tw=0.44

d=14 w u L 2.080 * 45
Vu    46.8 kips 185 kips
2 2
Aw = d * tw = 14 * 0.44 = 6.160  OK

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14. DEFLECTION
In addition to designing for bending and shear, beams also need to be checked for
serviceability. There are two main serviceability requirements: deflection and floor
vibrations.
For a beam, being serviceable usually means that the deformations, primarily the vertical
sag, or deflection, must be limited. For beams, deflections must be limited such that the
occupants of the structure perceive that the structure is safe.
Excessive deflection is usually an indication of a very flexible beam, which can lead to
problems with vibrations. The deflection itself can cause problems if elements attached to
the beam can be damaged by small distortions. In addition, users of the structure may view
large deflections negatively and wrongly assume that the structure is unsafe.
For the common case of a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam such as that in Figure
below, the maximum vertical deflection is:
5 w L4

384 E I
Deflection formulas for a variety of beams and loading conditions can be found in Part 3, of
the AISC Manual. For more unusual situations, standard analytical methods such as the
method of virtual work may be used.
The basic deflection limits are

summarized in Table below. Note that
only service level loads are used for
serviceability considerations. The limits
shown due to dead load do not apply to
steel beams, because the dead load
deflection is usually compensated for by
some means, such as cambering.
Example 9: Is the beam W18*35 shown below 5 w L L4 5 0.55 / 12 * (30 * 12) 4

L    0.678 in
satisfactory with respect to deflection requirements. 384 E I 384 29000 * 510
   D   L  0.616  0.678 1.294 in
wD = 500 lb/ft and wL = 550 lb/ft
The maximum permissible deflection is
Solution L

30 *12
1.0 in 1.294 IN  NG
360 360
From AISC Manual, for W18*35: Ix= 510 in4
5 w D L4 5 0.5 / 12 * (30 * 12) 4
Thus the beam not satisfies the deflection
D    0.616 in criterion.
384 E I 384 29000 * 510

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15.DESIGN TABLES OF BEAMS
1- AISCM, Tables 3-2 through 3-5 can be used to select the most economical beam based on
section properties. AISCM, Table 3-2 lists the plastic section modulus, Zx, for a given series of
shapes, with the most economical in one series at the top of the list in bold font. The most
economical shapes for Ix, , Zy, , and Iy are provided in AISCM, Tables 3-3, 3-4, and 3-5,
respectively.
2- AISCM, Table 3-6 provides a useful summary of the beam design parameters for W-
shapes. The lower part of the table provides values for  M p ,  M r  Vn , Lp , and Lr for
any given shape. The upper portion of the table provides the maximum possible load that a
beam may support based on either shear or bending strength. When the unbraced length is
between Lp and Lr, the design bending strength is
 b M n   b M p  BF (L b  L p )
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3- AISCM, Tables 3-10 and 3-11 gives the design bending strength b M n for sections
normally used as beams are given in AISC (W-shapes and C-shapes) and plotted for wide
range of unbraced length in the plastic and inelastic and elastic ranges. They are cover
almost all of the unbraced lengths encountered in practice and they are plotted for a
moment gradient factor of Cb = 1.0, which is conservative for all cases, and yield strengths of
Fy= 50 ksi for W-shapes and Fy= 36 ksi for C-shapes.
For beams with Cb greater than 1.0, multiply the moment capacity calculated using these
tables by the Cb value to obtain the actual design moment capacity of the beam for design
moment. Note that Cb  M p must always be less than  M p .
If Cb  1.0  effective b M n  Cb * b M n 
from chart
Mu
 effective M u 
Cb

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For each of the shapes, Lp is indicated with solid circle (●), while Lr is shown with a hollow
circle (⃝).
In the beam design tables, the sections that appear in bold font are the lightest and,
therefore, the most economical sections available for a given group of section shapes; these
sections should be used especially for small unbraced lengths where possible.
First proceed up from the bottom of the chart for an L b until intersect a horizontal line from
the b M n column. Any section to the right and above this intersection point (↗) will have a
greater unbraced length and a greater design moment capacity. When moving up and to the
right (↗), if dash lines faced, the dashed lines indicate that the sections will provide the
necessary moment capacities, but are in an uneconomical range, thus proceed further up
and to the right (↗), the first solid line encountered will represent the lightest satisfactory
section.

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Example 10: Solve example 3 by AISCM Tables Example12: Solve example7 by AISCM Tables
The beam shown in Figure is a W16*31 of A992 A simply supported beam with a span length of 45
steel. It supports a reinforced concrete floor slab feet is laterally supported at its ends and is
that provides continuous lateral support of the subjected to the following service loads:
compression flange. The service dead load is 450 Dead load = 400 lb/ft (including the weight of the
lb/ft. This load is superimposed on the beam; it beam). Live load = 1000 lb/ft
does not include the weight of the beam itself.
If Fy = 50 ksi, is a W14 × 90 adequate?
The service live load is 550 lb/ft. Does this beam
have adequate moment strength, span =30ft?
Solution
Solution
w u  1.2 * 0.400  1.6 *1.000  2.080 k / ft
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * (0.45  0.031)  1.6 * 0.55 1.457 k / ft
w u L2 2.080 * 45 2
w L2 1.457 * 30 2 Mu    527 k.ft
Mu  u  164 k.ft 8 8
8 8
continuous lateral support  L b  0 - From Table 3-10 AISC Manual for W14*90 and
- From Table 3-10 AISC Manual for W16*31 and Lb=45, Fy=50 ksi:
Lb=0, Fy=50 ksi:
Maximum unbraced length for W14*90 is 33 ft
 b M n  203 kips.ft  M u 164 k.ft  OK thus for Lb=45 ---- NG
Thus W16*31 is satisfactory Or from Table 3-6 maximum span for W14*90
=35ft thus for Lb=45 ---- NG
Example 11: Solve Example 4 by AISCM Tables
Determine the flexural strength of a W14* 68 of Example13: Solve example8 by AISCM Tables
A992 steel subject to:
a. Continuous lateral support. A simply supported beam with a span length of 45
feet is laterally supported at its ends and is
b. An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb= 1.0.
subjected to the following service loads:Dead load
c. An unbraced length of 30 ft with Cb= 1.0.
= 400 lb/ft (including the weight of the beam)
Solution
Live load = 1000 lb/ft
- For W14*68 and Fy=50 ksi:
If Fy = 50 ksi, check the W14 × 90 for shear?
a- Lb=0 Solution
From Table 3-10 AISC Manual :  b M n  431kips.ft
1.2 * 0.400 1.6 *1.000  2.080 k / ft
Or from Table 3-6 or 3.2 for W14*68 :
 b M n   b M p  431kips.ft From Table 3-6 or 3.2 for W14*90:  v Vn  185 kips
b- Lb=20 ft with Cb= 1.0.
From Table 3-10 AISC Manual :  b M n  343 kips.ft w u L 2.080 * 45
Vu    46.8 kips 185 kips  OK
Or from Table 3-6 or 3.2 for W14*68 :  b M p  431 2 2
 b M r  270 L p  8.69 , L r  29.3 BF  7.81

 Lp  Lb  Lr 
  Lb  Lp 
b M n  Cb  b M p  ( b M p  b M r )    M p
  Lr  Lp 
 
  20  8.69 
1.0  431  ( 431  270)    343  431
  29.3  8.69 
OR  b M n   b M p  BF (L b  L p )
 431  7.81(20  8.69)  343
c- Lb=30 ft with Cb= 1.0.
From Table 3-10 AISC Manual :  b M n  261.9 kips.ft
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16. DESIGN OF BEAMS
Beam design entails the selection of a cross-sectional shape that will have enough strength
in bending and adequate stiffness for serviceability. Shear typically does not control, but it
should be checked as well.
The design process can be outlined as follows.
1. Determine the service and factored loads on the beam. Service loads are used for
deflection calculations and factored loads are used for strength design. The weight of the
beam would be unknown at this stage, but the self-weight can be initially estimated and is
usually comparatively small enough not to affect the design.
2. Determine the factored shear and moments on the beam.
3. Select a shape that satisfies this strength requirement. This can be done in one of two
ways:
a. For shapes listed in the AISC beam design tables, select the most economical beam to
support the factored moment. Then check deflection and shear for the selected shape.
b. For shapes not listed in the AISC beam design tables, assume a shape, compute the
available strength, and compare it with the required strength. Revise if necessary.
4. Check the deflection, if deflection exceed limits redesign the section and select new
section based on Ix Tables. Firstly find required Ix from deflection formula, then enter to Ix
Tables and select Ix > Ix required.
5. Check the shear strength.

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Example 13: Select a standard hot-rolled shape of Example 14: Design a 30 ft span simply
A992 steel for a 30ft simply supported beam. The supported beam subjected to uniformly
beam has continuous lateral support and must distributed dead load of 450 lbs/ft. and a
support a uniform service live load of 4.5 kips/ft. The uniformly distributed live load of 550 lbs/ft. The
maximum permissible live load deflection is L=240. dead load does not include the self-weight of the
beam. The beam has continuous lateral support.
The maximum permissible load deflection is
Solution L=360. Fy = 50 ksi.
Assume selfweight of beam = 0.1 kips/ft Solution
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * 0.1  1.6 * 4.5  7.32 k / ft Assume selfweight of beam = 0.1 kips/ft
w u L2 7.32 * 30 2 w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * (0.1  0.45)  1.6 * 0.55  1.54 k / ft
Mu    823.5 k.ft
8 8 w u L2 1.54 * 30 2
Mu    173.25 k.ft
8 8
continuous lateral support  L b  0 continuous lateral support  L b  0
Assume compact section Assume compact section
For Compact shape and L b  L p  M n  M p
For Compact shape and L b  L p  M n  M p  Z x Fy
b M b  M u
 b M n  M u   b Z x Fy  M u 
Enter to Zx table with  b M b 173.25 and select
Mu 823.5 *12 section W 14*30 of b M b 177 173.25  OK
Zx    219.6 in 3
 b Fy 0.9 * 50
Enter to Zx table and select section W 24*84 of Selfweight of beam 0.030 < 0.1 assumed OK, no
Zx=224 > 219.5 OK need recalculation of  b M b .
- Check service load deflection
Selfweight of beam 0.084 < 0.1 assumed OK, no need 5 w L L4 5 1.1 / 12 * (30 * 12) 4
recalculation of Zx.  D L    2.296 in
384 E I 384 29000 * 301
- Check live load deflection The maximum permissible deflection is

5 w L L4 5 4.5 / 12 * (30 * 12) 4 L 30 *12
L   1.19 in  1.0 in  1.19 in  NG
384 E I 384 29000 * 2370 360 360
The maximum permissible deflection is Redesign with service-load deflection as design

L 30 *12 criteria
 1.5 in 1.19 in  OK
240 240
5 w L L4 L

-Check for local buckling: 384 E I 360
bf E 5 1.1 / 12 * (30 *12) 4
 5.86  0.38  9.15  Flangeis compact  1.0  required I x  691.3
2 tf Fy 384 29000 * I x
h
 3.76
E
 The web is compact Enter to Ix table with I x  691.3 and select section
tw Fy
W 21*44 of I x 843  691.3  OK
Thus the section is compact as assumed ----OK 5 w L L4 5 1.1 / 12 * (30 *12) 4
 D L  
384 E I 384 29000 * 843
- Check Shear L
 0.82 in   Ok
360
From Zx Table for W24*84:  v Vn  340 kips
-Check for local buckling: compact as assumed
w u L 7.32 * 30 - Check Shear:From Zx Table for W21*44:
Vu   109.8 kips  340 kips  OK v Vn  217 kips
2 2
w u L 1.54 * 30
Vu    23.1kips  217 kips  OK
Use W24*84 2 2
Use W24*84
Lec
Example 13: Design the beam shown below. The Example 14: Design the simply-supported beam
concentrated live loads acting on the beam are shown below. The uniformly distributed dead load
shown in the Figure. The beam is laterally supported is equal to 1 kips/ft. and the uniformly distributed
at the load and reaction points. Do not check live load is equal to 2 kips/ft. A concentrated live
deflection. 30 kips 30 kips load equal to 10 kips acts at the mid-span. Lateral
supports are provided at the end reactions and at
the mid-span.
Solution
Assume selfweight of beam = 0.1 kips/ft
Pu  1.2 *0 1.6 *30  48 kips Solution

w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2* 0.11.6* 0  0.12 k / ft Assume selfweight of beam = 0.1 kips/ft
If the weight of the beam is neglected, The bending
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2*(0.1 1) 1.6* 2  4.52 k / ft
moment diagram:
From AISC Table 3-23
Cb =1.0 Pu 1.6 *10  16 kips
assume
d Cb =1.67 Since this is a symmetric problem, need to consider
a 12' , b 10' , L  28' Cb =1.67 only span AB, Lb=12 ft.
P - Calculate Cb : From AISC Table 3-23
R1  (L  a  b)  44.6
L w x P x
Mu( x )  u (L  x )  u
P 2 2
R 2  (L  a  b)  51.4
L 4.52 x 16 x
M1  M max  R1 a , M 2  R 2 b  (24  x )   62.24x  2.26x 2
2 2
Span Lb,ft Cb Mu, k.ft Mueffective = Mu/Cb M A  Mu( x  3 ft ) 166.38 k.ft  quarter  po int along L b 12'
AB 12 1.67 535.2 320.48 M B  Mu( x  6ft )  292.08  half  po int along L b 12'
BC 8 1.0 535.2 535.2 M A  Mu( x  9 ft )  377.1 three  quarter po int along L b 12'
CD 10 1.67 514 307.78
M max  Mu( x  12 ft )  421.44  max . moment along L b 12'
Assume that span BC is the controlling span because it has
the largest Mu/Cb although the corresponding Lb is the 12.5 M max
Cb  1.37
smallest. 2.5 M max  3 M A  4 M B  3 M C
Enter AISC Table 3-10 with Lb = 8' and Mu=535.2 and Select
W21*68 which is first solid line with ɸbMn =570.
Span Lb,ft Cb Mu, k.ft Mueffective = Mu/Cb
AB 12 1.37 421.44 421.44/1.37=307.62
Check the selected section for spans AB, BC, and CD Enter AISC Table 3-10 with Lb = 12' and Mu=307.62 and
Span Lb ɸbMn Cb Cb*ɸbMn Limit
Select W21*48 which is first solid line with ɸbMn =311
,ft from chart ɸbMn
AB 12 495 1.67 826.7 600
Check the selected section
BC 8 570 1.0 570
CD 10 531 1.67 886.8 600 Span Lb ɸbMn Cb Cb*ɸbMn Limit
,ft from chart ɸbMb
AB 12 311 1.37 426.07 398
0.068 * 282
Moment due to w u  M u   6.7 k.ft
8 Thus, for span AB, ɸbMn=398 <Mu=421.44 → NG
Thus, for span AB, ɸbMn=600 >Mu+6.7 → OK
for span BC, ɸbMn=570> Mu +6.7 → OK Redesign the section
For span CD, ɸbMn=600> Mu+6.7 → OK - Select the next section with greater capacity than
-Check for local buckling: Section is compact (there is W21 x 48.
no footnote in the dimensions and properties Select W18*55 with ɸbMn =342 k.ft
indicate that it isnon-compact)
- Check Shear: From Table for W21*68: v Vn  273 kips Check the selected section
Vu  R 2  51.4 kips  273 kips  OK Span Lb ɸbMn Cb Cb*ɸbMn Limit
Use W21*68 AB 12 342 1.37 468.54 420

Lec
Thus, for span AB, ɸbMn=420 <Mu=421.44 → NG Enter AISC Table 3-10 with Lb = 24' and Mu=192 and
Select W12*53 which is first solid line with ɸbMn
Redesign the section =208.5.
- Select the next section W21*55 with ɸbMn =376 k.ft
0.053 * 24 2
Moment due to w u  M u   3.82 k.ft
Check the selected section 8
Span Lb ɸbMn Cb Cb*ɸbMn Limit ɸbMn =208.5 > Mu=192+3.82 ------OK
AB 12 376 1.37 515.12 473 -Check for local buckling: Section is compact
(there is no footnote in the dimensions and
Thus, for span AB, ɸbMn=473 >Mu=421.44 → OK properties indicate that it is non-compact).
-Check for local buckling: Section is compact (there is

no footnote in the dimensions and properties - Check live load deflection
indicate that it is non-compact). Pa
L  (3L2  4 a 2 )
24 E I
- Check Shear: From Table for W21*55: v Vn  234 kips 20 * (6 *12)
 [ 3 * (24 *12) 2  4 (6 *12) 2 ] 1.11in
4.52 * 24 16 24 * 29000 * 425
Vu    62.24 kips  234 kips  OK
2 2
The maximum permissible deflection is
Use W21*55 L 24 *12
 1.2in 1.11in  OK
240 240
Example 14: The beam shown in Figure must support - Check Shear: From Table for W12*53:
two concentrated live loads of 20 kips each at the quarter
points. The maximum live load deflection must not exceed  v Vn 125 kips
L/240. Lateral support is provided at the ends of the beam. 1.2(0.053) * 24
Use A992 steel and select a W shape. Vu   32  32.8 kips 125 kips  OK
2
Use W12*53
Solution
Assume selfweight of beam = 0.1 kips/ft
Pu  1.6 * 20  32 kips
w u  1.2 * 0.1 0.12 k / ft
If the weight of the beam is neglected, The bending
moment diagram:
From AISC Table 3-23
a  6'
M max  P a  32* 6  192 kipd.ft
M A  M B  M C  M max  Cb 1.0
Thus the charts to be used without modification.

Lec
17.BEAM BEARING PLATES
The function of the bearing plate is to distribute a concentrated load to the supporting
material. Two types of beam bearing plates are considered: one that transmits the beam
reaction to a support such as a concrete wall and one that transmits a load to the top flange
of a beam. In the case of bearing on concrete or masonry, the bearing plate is large enough
such that the bearing strength of the concrete or masonry is not exceeded. In the case of
bearing on another steel section, the bearing plate is designed to be large enough such that
local buckling does not occur in the supporting steel section as shown in Figure below.
The design of the bearing plate consists of three steps.

1. Determine dimension N so that web yielding and web crippling are prevented.
2. Determine dimension B so that the area B*N is sufficient to prevent the supporting
material (usually concrete) from being crushed in bearing.
3. Determine the thickness t so that the plate has sufficient bending strength.
For practical purposes, N is usually a minimum of 6 in. and B is usually greater than or equal
to the beam flange width, bf. This allows for reasonable construction tolerances in placing
the bearing plate and beam. Both the plate dimension B and N should be selected in
increments of 1 in., and the plate thickness, t , is usually selected in increments of 1⁄4 in.
The basic design checks for beam bearing are web yielding and web crippling in the beam,
plate bearing and plate bending in the plate, and bearing stress in the concrete or masonry.

Lec
17.1Web Yielding
At the support and the points of concentrated loads, the web behaves like a short column,
and the beam must transfer compression from the wide flange to the narrow web. When
the magnitude of the reaction or concentrated load is excessive, high compressive stresses
may cause yielding at the junction of the web and the flange.
Web yielding is the crushing of a beam web subjected to compression stress due to a
concentrated load. This concentrated load could be an end reaction from a support , or it
could be a load delivered to the top flange by a column or another beam.
Yielding occurs when the compressive stress on a horizontal section through the web
reaches the yield point. When the load is transmitted through a plate, web yielding is
assumed to take place on the nearest section of width t w. In a rolled shape, this section will
be at the toe of the fillet, a distance k from the outside face of the flange.
The compression stress is assumed to be distributed on a ratio of 1:2.5 through the beam
flange and inner radius as shown below.
a- The area at the support subject to yielding is tw (2.5k + N). Multiplying this area by the
yield stress gives the nominal strength for web yielding at the support:
R n  Fy t w (2.5 k  N)
b- At the interior load, the length of the section subject to yielding is 2(2.5k) + N= 5k + N and
the nominal strength is
R n  Fy t w (5 k  N)
 wy R n  R u where wy 1.0

Lec
17.2 Web Crippling
Web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the compressive force delivered through the
flange.
a- For an interior load, the nominal strength for web crippling is
 1.5 
N t  E Fy t f
R n  0.80 t 2w 1  3    w  
  d   tf   tw
 
b- For a load at or near the support (no greater than half the beam depth from the end),
the nominal strength is
     E Fy t f
1.5
 If N  0.2  R n  0.40 t 2w 1  3  N   t w  
   
d  d   tf   tw
  
Rn  
  1.5 
If N  0.2  R  0.40 t 2 1   4 N  0.2   t w  
E Fy t f
 d n w
  d  
  tf   tw
  
wcR n  R u where wc  0.75
17.3 Concrete Bearing Strength
The concrete support beam must resist the bearing load applied by the steel plate. The
bearing strength of the supporting concrete in crushing is:
A2
c Pp  c (0.85 f c ) A1  c 1.7 f c A1 and c  0.65
A1
A1 = Area of steel bearing = BN, and

A2 = Maximum area of the support geometrically similar and concentric with the
loaded area = (B + 2e)(N + 2e). Note that the dimension e is the minimum distance from
the edge of the plate to the edge of the concrete support.

Lec
17.4 Plate Thickness
Once the length and width of the plate have been determined, the average bearing pressure
is treated as a uniform load on the bottom of the plate. The plate is treated as a cantilever of
span length n = (B – 2k)/2 and a width of N.
N
N
2 Ru n2 B  2k
t where n 
0.9 B N Fy 2
For the limit states of web yielding and web crippling, a pair of transverse stiffeners or a web
doubler plate is added to reinforce the beam section when the design strength is less than
the applied loads.
The design procedure for bearing plates can be summarized as follows:

1. Assume a value for the bearing plate length, N.
2. Check the beam for web yielding and web crippling for the assumed value of N;
adjust the value of N as required.
3. Determine the bearing plate width, B, such that the bearing plate area, A1= BN, is
sufficient to prevent crushing of the concrete or masonry support.
5. Determine the thickness, t, of the beam bearing plate so that the plate has adequate
strength in bending.

Lec
Example 13: Check web yielding and web crippling Solution
for the beam shown in Figure. The steel is ASTM
w u 1.2 w D  1.6 w L 1.2 * (1.5)  1.6 * 2  5.0 k / ft
A572, grade 50.
w u L 5 * 20
Ru    150 kips
2 2
From AISCM for W 18*50: k=0.972" , tw=0.355"
d=18" , tf=0.57"
Assume N=6" (recommended practical value)
a- Check Web Yielding

Solution  wy R n   wy Fy t w (2.5 k  N)
From AISCM for W 18*50: k=0.972" , tw=0.355" 1.0 * 36 * 0.355 (2.5 * 0.972  6)
107 kips  R u  50 kips  OK
d=18" , tf=0.57"
b- Check Web Crippling
N = 6" (From figure)
N 6
a- Check Web Yielding   0.33  0.2 
d 18
 wy R n   wy Fy t w (5 k  N)
  4N t 
1.5 
E Fy t f
 1.0 * 50 * 0.355 (5 * 0.972  6)  wc R n   wc 0.40 t 2w 1    0.2   w  
 192 kips  100 kips  OK   d   tf   tw
 
  4*6   0.355  
1.5
E Fy t f
b- Check Web Crippling  wc R n  0.75 * 0.40 * 0.355 2 1    0.2    
  18   0.57   tw
  tw 
1.5 
1  3    72 kips  R u  50 kips  OK
N E Fy t f
 wc R n   wc 0.80 t 2w   
  d  tf   tw
  -Determine dimension B from a consideration of
  6   0.355 
1.5 
E Fy * 0.57 bearing strength. If conservatively assumed that
 0.75 * 0.80 * 0.355 2 1  3     
  18   0.57   0.355 the full area of the support is used, the required
172 kips 100 kips  OK plate area A1
The W18 *50 beam is adequate for web yielding and
 c Pp   c (0.85 f c ) A1  R u
web crippling.
50  0.65 * (0.85 * 4) A1 
A1  22.62 in 2
Example 13: A W18 *50 beam is simply supported A1
on 10-in.-thick concrete walls at both ends as shown B  3.78"
N
in Figure. Design a beam bearing plate at the B min  b f  7.495  B  B min  7.495
concrete wall supports assuming the following:
Say B  8"
– Beam span =20 ft. center-to-center of support
- concrete strength = 4000 psi
- Determine Thickness
–wL = 2 kips/ft , – wD =1.5 kips/ft
– ASTM A36 steel for the beam and bearing plate B  2k 8  2 * 0.972
n   3.028
2 2
2Ru n2 2 * 50 * 3.028 2
t   0.768
0.9 B N Fy 0.9 * 8 * 6 * 36
Say t = 1"
Use Bearing Plate 6" * 8" * 1"

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Lec Steel Design Misan University

Lecture 4 ....... Page 1

The bending capacity of available rolled sections may be increased

2.3 Composite Beams

3- CONSIDERATIONS OF BEAM DESIGN

4- BENDING STRESS AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR STAGES OF STEEL BEAMS

Lecture 4 ....... Page 3

Lecture 4 ....... Page 4

5- PLASTIC HINGES AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT

Lecture 4 ....... Page 5

Lecture 4 ....... Page 6

The design plastic strength

Mp= plastic moment, which must be ≤ 1.5 M for homogenous cross-sections

Lecture 4 ....... Page 7

9 * 0.75 / 2  7.125* 7.875  15 *15.5

0.753 *12 13 *15

This result, is the same as the value given in the

y2 = centroid of bottom half area about plastic centroid

12 * 0.75*13.5 13.125 * 0.5 * 6.5625

15 *1 *1.625 1.125 * 0.5 * 0.5625

Design strength according to AISC

 b M p  0.9 * 788.58  709.72 k.ft 1.5 * 635.15  949.725 k.ft

Lecture 4 ....... Page 8

The hot-rolled steel sections are thin-walled sections

AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, noncompact, or slender, depending on the

Lecture 4 ....... Page 9

7- LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

Lecture 4 ....... Page 10

Lateral bracing, which prevents lateral translation, should

Lecture 4 ....... Page 11

8- BENDING DESIGN STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES

and the web: b f  0.38 E

Lb= Laterally unsupported length

Lecture 4 ....... Page 13

9- DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR COMPACT SHAPES

where : Cb = Moment gradient factor

Lecture 4 ....... Page 14

Lecture 4 ....... Page 15

b- An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb= 1.0.

Thus the section is classified as Compact Section rts       7.833 in 2

  b M n 203 kips.ft  M u 164 k.ft  OK E 29000

Lecture 4 ....... Page 16

1.0 *  2 * 29000 3.01 *1.0  30 *12 

Example 5: Determine Cb for a uniformly loaded,

Cb=1.67 Cb=1.0 Cb=1.67

Lecture 4 ....... Page 17

11. Determination of Nominal Flexural Strength

a- Flange Local Buckling FLB:

1  For L b  L p  there is no LTB  M n  M p

Lecture 4 ....... Page 18

If Fy = 50 ksi, is a W14 × 90 adequate?  L p  L b  L r  Elastic LTB

Lecture 4 ....... Page 19

f v = shear stress at the point under consideration,

where Aw = area of the web.

Lecture 4 ....... Page 20

For LRFD, the relationship between required and available strength is

The design shear strength is defined as

0.753 12 13 15

12 * 0.7513.5 13.125 0.5 * 6.5625

15 1 1.625 1.125 * 0.5 * 0.5625

1.0 *  2 * 29000 3.01 1.0  30 12 

Example 9: Is the beam W1835 shown below 5 w L L4 5 0.55 / 12 (30 * 12) 4

Pu  1.2 0 1.6 30  48 kips Solution