Lec Steel Design Misan University

Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
BEAM COLUMNS
1. INTRODUCTION
While many structural members can be treated as axially loaded columns or as beams
with only flexural loading, most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of
both bending and axial load.
Structural members that are subjected to combined axial and bending loads are called
beam–columns. Beam–columns could be part of braced frames or unbraced frames (i.e.,
moment frames).
Many columns can be treated as pure compression members with negligible error. If the
column is a one-story member and can be treated as pinned at both ends, the only
bending will result from minor accidental eccentricity of the load. For many structural
members, however, there will be a significant amount of both effects, and such
members are called beam–columns. Most columns in rigid frames are actually beam–
columns, and the effects of bending should not be ignored.
Moments in tension members are not as serious as those in compression members,
because tension tends to reduce lateral deflections while compression increases them.
Increased lateral deflections in turn results in large moments, which cause larger lateral
deflection.

Hanger with eccentric axial load Columns in braced frames.

Lecture 6 ....... Page 1

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6

Moment, or unbraced, frames.

Top and bottom chords of trusses

2. INTERACTION FORMULAS

The beam–column design interaction equations from Chapter H of the AISC are given as
follows:
Pu
1  For  0.2
 c Pn

Pu 8  M ux M uy 
     1.0
 c Pn 9   b M nx  b M ny 


Pu
2  For  0.2
 c Pn

Pu  M ux M uy 
    1.0
2  c Pn   b M nx  b M ny 
 
where
Pu = Factored axial compression or tension load or the required axial strength,

ɸc Pu = Compression design strength or tension design strength,

Note that for the case of beam–columns with axial compression loads and bending
moments, the factored moments about the x–x and y–y axes (i.e., Mux and Muy , respectively)
must include the effect of the slenderness of the compression member (i.e., the so-called P-
delta effects).

Lecture 6 ....... Page 2

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
3. METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR REQUIRED STRENGTH
The foregoing approach to the analysis of members subjected to both bending and axial load
is satisfactory so long as the axial load is not too large. The presence of the axial load
produces secondary moments, and unless the axial load is relatively small, these additional
moments must be accounted for.
Ordinary structural analysis methods that do not take the displaced geometry into account
are called first-order methods (first type of P-δ effect). Iterative analyses that account for
these effects are referred to as second-order methods (second type of P-Δ effect).

AISC Specification Chapter C, “Design for Stability,” provides three approaches for
determining the required flexural and axial compressive strength: the direct analysis
method, the effective length method, and the first-order analysis method.

1. The direct analysis method is a second-order analysis that considers both P-δ and P-Δ
effects. This approach uses amplified first-order moments and axial loads. In the direct
analysis method, member stiffnesses are reduced, and an effective length factor of K = l is
used both in the analysis and in computing the available strength from AISC Chapter 4.

2. The effective length method of analysis is covered in Appendix 7. It also requires a second-
order or approximate second-order analysis. Computation of the corresponding available
strength has been discussed in Chapter 4, “Compression Members.” As the name implies,
an effective length factor, K, must be determined. Member stiffnesses are not reduced.

3. The first-order analysis method is a simplified version of the direct analysis method that
can be used when certain conditions are satisfied. It is covered in Appendix 7. For the
available strength, an effective length factor of K = 1 is used. Member stiffnesses are not
reduced.

The direct analysis method is the preferred method. If the appropriate software is available,
a second-order analysis is the method of choice. If a second-order analysis is not available,
the moment amplification method, which is an acceptable direct analysis approach, can be
used.

Lecture 6 ....... Page 3

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
4. THE MOMENT AMPLIFICATION METHOD OR P-DELTA EFFECTS
The moment amplification method entails computing the maximum bending moment
resulting from flexural loading (transverse loads or member end moments) by a first order
analysis, then multiplying by a moment amplification factor to account for the secondary
moment.
there are two types of secondary moments: P-δ (caused by member deflection) and P-Δ
(caused by the effect of sway when the member is part of an unbraced frame [moment
frame]). Because of this, two amplification factors must be used.

Figure below illustrates these two components of

deflection. In Figure a, the member is restrained
against sidesway, and the maximum secondary
moment is P δ, which is added to the maximum
moment within the member. If the frame is actually
unbraced, there is an additional component of the
secondary moment, shown in Figure b, that is caused
by sidesway. This secondary moment has a
maximum value of PΔ, which represents an
amplification of the end moment.

To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors, B1 and B2 , are used for the
two types of moments. The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the
loads and moments as follows:

M u  B1 M nt  B2 M t

Mu = required moment strength

Mnt = maximum moment assuming that no sidesway occurs, whether the frame is
actually braced or not (the subscript nt is for “no translation”). These moments are
caused by gravity loads.

Lecture 6 ....... Page 4

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
Mt = maximum moment caused by sidesway (the subscript lt is for “lateral translation”).
This moment can be caused by lateral loads or by unbalanced gravity loads. Mlt will be
zero if the frame is actually braced. For most reasonably symmetric moment frames,
these moments are caused only by lateral wind or seismic loads. For braced frames,
there are no lateral translation moments; therefore, Mt =0.
B1 = amplification factor for the moments occurring in the member when it is braced
against sidesway (P-δ moments).
B2 = amplification factor for the moments resulting from sidesway (P-Δ moments).

5. Nonsway Moment Magnification Factor, B1

Cm  EA 2
B1  1.0 and Pe1  2
P
1 u  KL 
Pe1  
 r 
where KL/r is the slenderness ratio about the axis of bending.
K ≤ 1.0 (a practical value of K for columns in braced frames = 1.0), and
A = Gross cross-sectional area of the beam–column.
The moment reduction coefficient, Cm , accounts for the effect of moment gradient in
the column, and is obtained as follows:

1. If there are no transverse loads acting on the member,

M1
C m  0.6  0.4
M2

M1
 Absolute ratio of bending
M2

moment at the ends of the member (M1

is the smaller end moment, M2 is the
M1
larger end moment). is -ve for
M2

single-curvature bending, and +ve for Single- and double- Beam–columns with
curvature bending. transverse loads.
double-curvature bending.

2. For transversely loaded members, Cm can be taken as 1.0.

Lecture 6 ....... Page 5

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
6. Sway Moment Magnification factor, for Unbraced or Moment Frames B2,

1 1
B2   1.0
1
Pstory
1
 Pu
Pe 2story
 Pe2
2 E A
 Pe 2   KL / r 2 for all columns in the stroy
where

Pstory=  Pu = sum of the factored load for all columns in the story under consideration.
Pe2-story =  Pe 2 = sum of the buckling strength of all columns in the story under

consideration. Or
1
B2  1.0

1  oh
 Pu
L H
where

 H = Factored horizontal or lateral shear in the story under consideration,

L = Story or floor-to-floor height of the moment frame,
 oh = Interstory drift caused by the factored lateral shear, _H, and

 oh
= Drift limit for factored loads (typical values range from 1/500 to 1/400).
L
For practical situations, the drift index, or limit, can be assumed to be 1/500 for lateral
wind loads—which is an interstory drift limit commonly used in design practice to satisfy
serviceability requirements under wind loads. Since factored gravity and lateral loads are
used in equation above, the drift limit should be modified to the factored load level.
Therefore, a drift limit of 1/(500/1.6), or 1/312, may be used at the factored load level
for moment frames subjected to wind loads. For seismic loads, the drift limits given in
Table 12.12-1 of the ASCE 7 load specification should be used.

Lecture 6 ....... Page 6

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
Because of the many variables in the interaction formulas, the design of beam–columns
is essentially a trial-and-error process. A procedure developed by Aminmansour (2000)
simplifies this process, especially the evaluation of trial shapes. Part 6 of the Manual,
“Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading,” contains tables based on design aids
developed by Aminmansour.

Pu Pu 8  M ux M uy 
1  For  0.2 ,      1.0
 c Pn  c Pn 9   b M nx  b M ny 

The equation can be rewritten as
 1   8   8 
  Pu    M ux    M uy  1.0
 P  9  M    
 c n   b nx   9 b M ny 

or
p Pu  b x M ux  b y M uy  1.0

Pu  M ux M uy 
   1.0
Pu
2  If  0.2 OR p Pu  0.2 , 
 c Pn 2  c Pn   b M nx  b M ny 
 
The equation can be rewritten as

0.5 p Pu 
9
8
 
b x M ux  b y M uy  1.0

where
1
p
 c Pn

8
bx 
9  b M nx

8
by 
9  b M ny

Table 6-1 in Part 6 of the Manual gives values of p, bx , and by for all W shapes listed in
Part 1 of the Manual, “Dimensions and Properties,” except for those smaller than W8.,
in both LRFD and ASD format. The values of Cb ,B1 and B2 must be calculated
independently for use in the computation of Mu for LRFD).

Lecture 6 ....... Page 7

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
Example 2: A 12 ft W12*96(50 ksi steel) is used OR
as a beam-column in a braced frame. It is bent in From AISC Table 6-1, for W12*96 with KL=12 ft
single curvature with equal opposite end and Lb=12 ft
moments and is not subjected to intermediate p  0.924 *10 3 , b x  1.63 *10 3 , b y  3.51*10 3 ,
transverse loads. Is the section satisfactory if
Pu 690
PD=175 k, PL=300 k, and first order MDx=60 ft-k,   0.639  0.2 OR
 c Pn 1080
MLx=60 ft-k. Cb=1.0.
p Pu  0.924 *10 3 * 690  0.638  0.2
Solution p Pu  b x M ux  b y M uy  1.0

From AISC Manual for W12*96: A= 28.2 in2, Ix= 833

 0.924 * 10 3 (690)  1.63 * 10 3 *178.8  0  0.929  1.0
in4,  b M px  551 k.ft , Lp=10.9 ft, Lr=46.7 ft, , ry=3.09 , ,
OK
rx=5.44, Sx=131
M u  B1 M nt  B2 M t
For braced frames M t  0
Example 2: A 14 ft W14*120(50 ksi steel) is
M ux  B1 M ntx
used as a beam-column in a braced frame. It
Pu 1.2 PD  1.6 PL 1.2 *175 1.6 * 300  690 k is bent in single curvature with equal opposite
M ntx 1.2 * 60  1.6 * 60  168ft  k end moments and is not subjected to
For braced frame let K=1.0 intermediate transverse loads. Is the section
KLx  KLy 1.0 *12 12 ft satisfactory if PD=70 k, PL=100 k, and first
Enter Table 4-1 with KL)y=12 and for W12*96 and order MDx=60 ft-k, MLx=80 ft-k, order MDy=40
read   c Pn 1080 k ft-k, MLy=60 ft-k.
M1 M1
C m  0.6  0.4 , is  ve due to double curvaature
M2 M2 Solution
 168 
C mx  0.6  0.4    1.0 From AISC Manual for W14*120 A= 35.3 in2, Ix=
 168 
1380 in4, Iy= 495 in4,  b M px  551 k.ft , Lp=13.2 ft,
 2 E A  2 * 29000 * 28.2
Pe1x    11,519 k Lr=51.9 ft, , ry=3.74, rx=6.24, Sx=190 , Sy=67.5
 KL  2  12 * 12 
2
    ,Zy=102 , Zx=212,
 r x  5.44 
Cm 1.0 M u  B1 M nt  B2 M t
B1    1.064  1.0
1
Pu
1
690 For braced frames M t  0
Pe1 11519 M ux  B1x M ntx
M ux  B1 M ntx  1.064 *168  178.8 ft  k M uy  B1y M nty
Pu 1.2 PD  1.6 PL 1.2 * 70  1.6 *100  244 k
 L p  10.9 ft  L b  12  L r  46.6ft 
M ntx 1.2 * 60  1.6 * 80  200 ft  k
  Lb  Lp  M nty 1.2 * 40  1.6 * 60  144 ft  k
M n  C b M p  (M p  0.7 Fy S x )    M p
  Lr  Lp 
  For braced frame let K=1.0
  12  10.9 
KLx  KLy 1.0 *14 14 ft
M n  1.0 551  (551  0.7 * 50 * 131)    675.3
Enter Table 4-1 with KL)y=14 and for W14*120 and
  46.6  10.9 
read   c Pn 1370 k
M p  551  675 .3  M n  551   b M n  0.9 * 551  495.9
M1
Pu 690 C m  0.6  0.4 ,
  0.639  0.2  M2
 c Pn 1080
M1
is  ve due to double curvaature
Pu 8  M ux M uy 
     1.0 M2
 c Pn 9   b M nx  b M ny 
 200 
C mx  0.6  0.4     1.0
690 8  178.8   200 
   0   0.96  1.0  OK
1080 9  495.9 

Lecture 6 ....... Page 8

Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
 2 E A  2 * 29000 * 35.3
Pe1x    13,938 k
 KL  2  14 * 12 
2
   
 r x  6.24 

C mx 1.0
B1x    1.018  1.0
Pu 244
1 1
Pe1x 13938

M ux  B1x M ntx  1.018 * 200  203.6 ft  k

 144 
C my  0.6  0.4     1.0
 144 

 2 E A  2 * 29000 * 35.3
Pe1y    5007 k
 KL  2  14 * 12 
2
   
 r y  3.74 

C my 1.0
B1y    1.051  1.0
P 244
1 u 1
Pe1y 5007

M uy  B1y M nty  1.051*144  151.34 ft  k

From AISC Table 6-1, for W14*120 with KL=14 ft

and Lb=14 ft
p  0.729 *10 3 , b x  1.13 *10 3 , b y  2.32 *10 3 ,
Pu 244
  0.178  0.2 OR
 c Pn 1370
p Pu  0.729 *10 3 * 244  0.178  0.2

0.5 p Pu 
9
8
 
b x M ux  b y M uy  1.0

 0.5 * 0.729 * 10 3 (244) 

9
8
 
1.13 * 10 3 * 203.6  2.32 * 10 3 * 151.34  0.743  1.0

The section is satisfactory but perhaps overdesigned

Lecture 6 ....... Page 9