The document provides specifications for a vacuum crystallizer, including technical data, design dimensions, nozzle design, stream compositions, and equations for calculating supersaturation, crystal size, population balance, nucleation rate, and number of crystals per unit size per unit volume. Key details include the crystallizer operating at 30°C and 70 kPa with a volume of 27.7971 m3. Sodium carbonate crystals produced are on average 250-500 μm in size and needle-like in shape.
The document provides specifications for a vacuum crystallizer, including technical data, design dimensions, nozzle design, stream compositions, and equations for calculating supersaturation, crystal size, population balance, nucleation rate, and number of crystals per unit size per unit volume. Key details include the crystallizer operating at 30°C and 70 kPa with a volume of 27.7971 m3. Sodium carbonate crystals produced are on average 250-500 μm in size and needle-like in shape.
The document provides specifications for a vacuum crystallizer, including technical data, design dimensions, nozzle design, stream compositions, and equations for calculating supersaturation, crystal size, population balance, nucleation rate, and number of crystals per unit size per unit volume. Key details include the crystallizer operating at 30°C and 70 kPa with a volume of 27.7971 m3. Sodium carbonate crystals produced are on average 250-500 μm in size and needle-like in shape.
The document provides specifications for a vacuum crystallizer, including technical data, design dimensions, nozzle design, stream compositions, and equations for calculating supersaturation, crystal size, population balance, nucleation rate, and number of crystals per unit size per unit volume. Key details include the crystallizer operating at 30°C and 70 kPa with a volume of 27.7971 m3. Sodium carbonate crystals produced are on average 250-500 μm in size and needle-like in shape.
CRYSTALLIZER CR – 102 Technological Institute of the Philippines
SPECIFICATION SHEET
CRYSTALLIZER SPECIFICATION SHEET
TECHNICAL DATA Type Vacuum Crystallizer Material of Construction ASTM Type 304 Operating Temperature 30 oC Operating Pressure 70 kPa Volumetric Flowrate 18.1639 m3/hr Residence Time 1.5303 hr DESIGN DIMENSIONS Volume 27.7971 m3 Diameter 2.8682 m Height 4.3023 m NOZZLE DESIGN Nozzle Area 5.58 in2 Nozzle Inside Diameter 3.634 in Nozzle Outside Diameter 4.5 in Nozzle Thickness 0.438 in
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Stream 27 Composition Mass H2O(g) 134.97 Total 134.97
Stream 28 Stream 26 Composition Mass Composition Mass NaCl(aq) 58.45 NaCl(aq) 581.69 H2O(l) 18.00 H2O(l) 1,789.91 Na2CO3-H2O(s) 124.00 Na2CO3(aq) 5,854.85 Na2CO3(aq) 106.00 NaHCO3(aq) 769.34 NaHCO3(aq) 84.00 Total 8,995.79 Total 8,859.22
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Supersaturation From Particle Technology and Separation Processes, Vol. 2, 5 th edition. (Coulson and Richardson).
∆c = c − c ∗ c S= c∗ ∆c ∅= = S−1 c∗ Where:
c = solution concentration
c* = equilibrium saturation value
S = supersaturation ratio
∅ = relative supersaturation
Supersaturation can be generated depending on the solubility of the solute or more
𝑑𝑐∗ precisely on the slope of the solubility – temperature curve, . 𝑑𝑡
Solubility of Na2CO3 39.5 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.0082x + 35.629 39 R² = 0.9998
Gτ = 1.3333 × 10−4 m Substitute to the population balance equation, L n′ = n° exp (− ) Gτ n′ L = exp (− ) 𝑛° Gτ n′ 0.0004 = exp (− ) 𝑛° 1.3333 × 10−4 n′ = 4.9787 × 10−2 (4.9787%) 𝑛° Thus 95.021219 % have been discharged by the time it reaches 400 μm.
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Number of crystals/unit size/ unit volume:
n′ = 4.9787 × 10−2 𝑛° n′ = 4.9787 × 10−2 crystals 0.4.3945 m − m3 crytals n′ = 0.2188 m − m3 Nucleation Rate n° B= 𝐺 B = k b ∆c b G = kgS
Where B = nucleation rate G = growth rate Kb = nucleation rate constant Kg = growth rate constant b = nucleation order The nucleation rate constant for vacuum crystallizers with temperature profile 6.0920×10−8 ranging from 10°C to 40°C is , and nucleation order is 2.4930. (Molenaar, 𝑚3 −𝑚𝑖𝑛
2011).
B = k b ∆c b
6.0920 × 10−8 1min
B=( )( ) (0.1300)2.4930 𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60s crystals B = 6.2783 × 10−12 m3 − s
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(4.3945)(2.1094 × 10−12 )(0.0004)
G= (4.3579 × 10−12 )
G = 7.97665 × 10−4
Gτ = 1.3333 × 10−4
(7.97553 × 10−4 )τ = 1.3333 × 10−4
1.3333 × 10−4 1 ℎ𝑟 τ= −4 × 7.97553 × 10 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 𝛕 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 Total Crystal Number (NT) NT = n°Gτ crystals NT = (4.3945 ) (1.3333 × 10−4 m) m − m3 crystals NT = 5.8594 × 10−4 m3
Solids Production Rate
P = 𝜌𝑀 𝑄 Where P = production rate 𝜌𝑀 = magma density Q = volumetric flowrate
Magma density (from aspen) 1,485.7675 kg/m3
Total flowrate 8,995.79 kg/hr
𝑆ince the process is batch, the basis is 1 day of operation
Shell Thickness PD tp = +C 2fJ − P Where: tp = thickness of the shell P = internal pressure D = internal diameter f = allowable working stress for stainless steel 304 (137.896 N/mm2) J = efficiency (0.7) C = corrosion allowance (2 mm) PD tp = +C 2Se − P 1000 mm (0.3901 kPa)(2.8682 m × ) tp = m + 3.81 mm 2(0.7)(165) − (0.3901 kPa) t p = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟒 𝐦𝐦
Nozzle Inside Diameter
kg Density = 1,485.7675 m3 kg ρV 2 = 1000 ms 2 kg 1000 v=√ ms 2 kg 1,485.7675 3 m
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m v = 0.8204 s kg feed flow rate = 7.4965 s 𝑘𝑔 m (7.4965 ) 𝑠 A= = ρv (1,485.7675 𝑘𝑔 ) (0.8204 𝑘𝑔) 𝑚3 𝑠
𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝐦𝟐 Nozzle Inside Diameter
4A D=√ π
4(0.0062 𝑚2 ) D=√ π
𝐃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝐦 ≈ 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝐦𝐦
Wall thickness of nozzle
Using the same computation for shell thickness in solving thickness of nozzle:
Pi do tno = +C 2Jf − Pi
N 1000 mm (0.3901 2 ) ( 0.0885 m × m ) tno = mm + 3.81 mm N N 2(0.70) (165 ) − (0.3901 ) mm2 mm2
𝐭 𝐧𝐨 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟒 𝐦𝐦
Nozzle outside diameter, do
do = di + tno
do = 88.4904 mm + 4 mm
𝐝𝐨 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟒 𝐦
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Table 1 Nominal Sizing for nozzle pipe
Nominal Pipe Size 4 in
Schedule Number 120 Inside Diameter 3.624 in Outside Diameter 4.5 in Wall thickness 0.438 in Area 5.58 in2 Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th Ed.
