The document discusses ANSYS's strategy for internal combustion engine simulations. ANSYS is investing in their FORTÉ CFD solution, integrating it with ANSYS Workbench and Fluent. FORTÉ features automatic mesh generation, validated fuel models with a fast solver, and state-of-the-art spray and combustion models. It allows practical turnaround times for simulations with detailed chemistry models. FORTÉ provides accurate predictions of ignition, emissions, and flame propagation when used with ANSYS's Model Fuels Library.
The document discusses ANSYS's strategy for internal combustion engine simulations. ANSYS is investing in their FORTÉ CFD solution, integrating it with ANSYS Workbench and Fluent. FORTÉ features automatic mesh generation, validated fuel models with a fast solver, and state-of-the-art spray and combustion models. It allows practical turnaround times for simulations with detailed chemistry models. FORTÉ provides accurate predictions of ignition, emissions, and flame propagation when used with ANSYS's Model Fuels Library.
Original Description:
The ANSYS strategy for IC engine simulations is: FORTÉ CFD
The document discusses ANSYS's strategy for internal combustion engine simulations. ANSYS is investing in their FORTÉ CFD solution, integrating it with ANSYS Workbench and Fluent. FORTÉ features automatic mesh generation, validated fuel models with a fast solver, and state-of-the-art spray and combustion models. It allows practical turnaround times for simulations with detailed chemistry models. FORTÉ provides accurate predictions of ignition, emissions, and flame propagation when used with ANSYS's Model Fuels Library.
The document discusses ANSYS's strategy for internal combustion engine simulations. ANSYS is investing in their FORTÉ CFD solution, integrating it with ANSYS Workbench and Fluent. FORTÉ features automatic mesh generation, validated fuel models with a fast solver, and state-of-the-art spray and combustion models. It allows practical turnaround times for simulations with detailed chemistry models. FORTÉ provides accurate predictions of ignition, emissions, and flame propagation when used with ANSYS's Model Fuels Library.
IC Engine Products at ANSYS • Workbench – ICE System (WB-ICE) ANSYS Workbench based ICE analysis • FORTÉ Full 3D CFD analysis for IC engine designers • Model Fuels Library Best-validated fuel models in the market (~60) • CHEMKIN PRO Ignition, flame-speed tables, zonal models • CHEMKIN-PRO REACTION WORKBENCH Fuel analysis and mechanism reduction The ANSYS strategy for IC engine simulations is: FORTÉ CFD • We are investing in the ANSYS FORTÉ solution: – Integrating RD Products into ANSYS Workbench and WB-ICE – Integrating with FLUENT for conjugate heat transfer (CHT) – Developing new capabilities – Performing extensive verification and validation tests – Continuing development of fuel models & fuel modeling tools
• FLUENT (with WB-ICE) remains a supported option for cold-flow
and scale-resolved turbulence simulation A brief history of FORTÉ CFD • Partnered with Profs. Rolf Reitz and Chris Rutland – State of the art spray models – Engine design expertise • Reaction Design – Combustion kinetics and kinetics solvers • Model Fuels Consortium experience – 7+ year, industry-led effort – Comprehensive library of fuel models for engine combustion simulation • Now part of ANSYS, Inc.! – Full suite of analysis tools and integration Key advantages of FORTÉ CFD • Set up tailored to IC Engines • Automatic mesh generation – On-the-fly, dynamic mesh motion • Well validated fuel-combustion kinetics with fast solver – Capture fuel effects – Predict ignition, emissions – Predict flame-front location and knocking in SI engines • State-of-the-art spray and spray- wall models – Capture physics accurately and robustly FORTÉ provides auto-generated, Cartesian immersed-boundary mesh • Dynamic mesh from CAD: – CAD STL data read directly into FORTÉ – WB-ICE can be used to provide geometry • E.g., Fluent *.msh file read in => surface mesh – FORTÉ generates the mesh on-the-fly • With automated refinement around valve gaps and small features • Preview the mesh in the Simulation Interface
• Flexible mesh options:
– Fully automatic Cartesian meshing – Body-fitted sector meshing for quick diesel design studies • Sector Mesh Generator included • ICEM-CFD can also be used FORTÉ integration with WB-ICE allows quick geometry preparation from CAD FORTÉ in ANSYS Workbench
Mesh Preview in FORTÉ Interface
CFD-Post 3D with FORTÉ results Advanced solution techniques allow practical turn-around with chemistry 700 CPU Time in Chemistry (Hours) Traditional CFD 600 FORTÉ CFD Accurate fuel models usually have at least 500 this level of detail 400
300
200
100
< 10 hours 0 0 200 400 600 800 Size of Chemistry Model (Number of Species)
A good chemistry mechanism is key to predicting engine combustion behavior
Example: Dual-fuel heavy-duty engine • RCCI Simulation with 470-species for Diesel & Gasoline • CPU time (16 CPUs): < 4 hours
CO
CO and UHC agree with experiment
From: K. Puduppakkam, et al., SAE 2011 World Congress Spark ignition and flame propagation use state-of-the-art modeling The spark ignites a kernel of gas The flame (typically <~0.01 mm thick) that is very small at first propagates through the unburned gas
Flame represented by the G=0 Iso-surface
Particles are used to track the initial Afterwards, the level-set (G-eq.) method kernel growth and flame location takes over in tracking the flame front The flame propagation responds to local turbulence conditions and chemistry is solved throughout SAE 2003-01-0722, 2003-01-1843, 2006-01-0243, 2007-01-0165 FORTÉ spray model captures all the physics with reduced mesh dependence • Even with a coarse mesh, the spray characteristics are well represented – Allows quick exploratory studies as well as detailed – Removes need to iteratively test for mesh “convergence”
From N. Abani, A. Munnannur, and R. D. Reitz, ILASS 2006
(Data from Naber and Siebers, SAE960034) FORTÉ includes advanced spray-wall interactions
• Important to many engine simulations:
– Cold start of PFI engines – Fuel/air mixing in DISI and GDI engines – Soot from small-bore diesel and GDI engines • FORTÉ includes physics for: – Droplet stick, rebound – Droplet splash – Film spread, separation (stripping) Work-in-progress for FORTÉ and WB-ICE
• Optional gradient-driven mesh refinement
• Multi-cylinder simulations • Conjugate Heat Transfer coupling with Fluent • Full automation & scripting through WB – Parameterization of geometry inputs – Optimization of geometry as well as other parameters Summary of key capabilities in FORTÉ • Ease of Use – Automatic mesh generation with moving boundaries – Workflow specifically for engine combustion simulations • Accuracy – Detailed kinetics tied to Model Fuels Library to capture fuel effects – Track flame front location using level-set method, DPIK for SI engines – State-of-the-art spray and spray-wall models – Capture correct physics on practical mesh – Direct prediction of ignition, emissions, particle size • Speed – Fast and accurate chemistry solver – Parallel (MPI) simulation using automatic domain decomposition • Integration with other simulation – Integration with WB-ICE, ANSYS Workbench for fluid-structural interactions Applying FORTÉ to Design Simulations: Importance of the Fuel Model Changing engine-design requirements shift the focus to the fuel model Fuel model Injector nozzle-flow
THE MODEL Gas flow equations • Computational mesh Fuel-air combustion chemistry model • Governing equations • Physics models Heat transfer and wall functions • Chemistry models Time-accurate numerical • Numerical methods Turbulence model solution methods Moving boundary treatment Model Fuels Library (MFL) • The MFL enables detailed fuel modeling – Represent complex “real” fuels with appropriate model fuels – Extensively validated chemistry • Results from the MF Consortium: – 7 years and $7 million invested – Involved 20 companies • The MFL is now continuously updated and maintained through a subscription program – Internal expertise adds & improves models – Advised by world-wide experts A model fuel should match real fuel properties Set target characteristics Desired Class composition Heating value Model Fuel Library Fuel Octane / Cetane # aromatics Properties H/C ratio, O content olefins Boiling points c-paraffins
Sooting threshold index i-paraffins
n-paraffins
CHEMKIN Reaction Workbench
Select surrogate components Optimize blend to match properties
n-heptane Surrogate fuel Iso-octane composition 19% 1-pentene Fuel 45% mc-hexane 15% m-xylene Model for 3% ethanol 1% Simulation 15% A good chemistry mechanism is key to describing the fuel combustion behavior The engine is a chemical plant: Fuel Chemical reactions between molecules
Horsepower Heat release Air (O2 + N2) CO2 , H2O CO, NOX ,PM Unburned HC Many other species The Model Fuel Library is a large set of validated fuel-component mechanisms ~ 60 Validated Fuel Models Biodiesel Components • Common core chemistry Diesel and Jet-Fuel Surrogates • Consistent rules for reaction Gasoline Surrogates rates Gaseous Fuels • Validated fuel- blending + behavior Detailed Particle-based and Pseudo-gas Soot Models With a good fuel model, we match emissions in high-performance Diesel engines • Detailed (7-component fuel model), 500 gas- phase species, multi-step soot model • Combustion and emissions trends captured with no change to model or model approach
Joint publication with BMW:
Puduppakkam, et al. SAE Powertrain Fuels and Lubes, 2014 Detailed kinetics also enable prediction of soot in GDI engines 7-component gasoline fuel model SAE 2014-01-1135, Naik, et al.. 230 species mechanism Full cycle simulations using RNG k-eps
Data from IFPEN,
Soot in Pires da Cruz et al.
laser plane FORTÉ can predict knocking tendency • Detailed chemistry predicts end-gas auto-ignition • Pressure sensor monitors, just like the test stand 16 0.8
• Allows exploration of trade-offs FORTÉ calculates Knock Intensity
– Fuel effects, spark timings, higher compression ratios, boost, etc.
SAE 2007-0Cal1-0165 Knocking can also be visualized in FORTÉ • White/Black grid line intersections shows flame front location • Contour plot shows temperature distribution in the engine No knocking observed Significant knocking observed
Flame Front
Auto-ignited end gas ahead of the flame front ● Intake Pressure = 0.9bar ● Intake Pressure = 1.2bar ● Spark Timing = -32CA ATDC ● Spark Timing = -32CA ATDC 24 Better fuel model = better predictions • Multi-component fuel model captures knock in the engine where a single-component fuel does not FORTÉ Prediction of Knock Tendency - Surrogate Comparison 20.0 1,400
25 Overall Summary • ANSYS is committed to advancing IC Engine Simulation • FORTÉ is the core of the ANSYS IC engine strategy – New capabilities and WB integration well underway – Integration with Fluent for CHT – Continuous improvement on performance and scalability – Validation and verification is an active and continuous process • The Model Fuels Library is key to accurate combustion, and for soot and knocking predictions • We are working closely with customers to fine-tune our long-term plan and address critical short-term needs
