Concrete Technology

presentation
 Types of Cements
“OPC” Ordinary Portland Cement
 “SRC“Sulphate Resistance Cement “SRC”
 ”PPC” Portland-Pozzolana Cement
“RHC” Rapid Hardening Cement
“LHC” Low Heat Cement
“PSC” Portland Slag Cement
White Cement
 Cement
• Main two types are:

Ordinary Portland Cement “OPC”

 Sulphate Resistance Cement “SRC”

 Types of Portland cement:

• a) Type (I) Normal

• b) Type (II) moderate Sulphate resistance (exposed to soil)

• c) Type (III) high early strength

• d) Type (IV) low heat of hydration

• e) Type (V) high Sulphate resistance (sea water)

 Cement Components

• Tricalcium silicate
• Di-calcium silicate
• Tri-calcium aluminate
• Tetra calcium alumino ferrite.
 Important Notes
Ultimate strength to cement is provided by
Di-calcium silicate

In the cement the compound quickest to react

with water, is:
Tricalcium aluminate
 Important Notes
For the manufacture of Portland cement, the
proportions of raw materials used, are:
- lime 63%
- silica 22%
- other ingredients 15%

Setting time:
- Initial 45 minutes.
- Final 10 hours.
Portland Cement Setting Time

Time
Test Method Set Type
Specification
Initial ≥ 45 minutes
Vicat
Final ≤ 375 minutes
 Soundness
• refers to the ability of cement paste to retain
its volume after it has get hardened.
... Soundness of cement is the property by
virtue of which the cement does not undergo
any significant expansion (or change in
volume) after it has set, thus eliminating any
chances of disrupting the mortar or concrete.
 Bleeding

• Separation of water from concrete

• Method to reduce bleeding:

Use air entrainment
 Creep

• A time-dependent deformation that begins

immediately but continuous at a decreasing
rate for as long as the concrete is loaded
 Ingredients of concrete

• Cement “reduce bleeding”

• Aggregates “reduce shrinkage”

• Water “increase slump”

• Admixtures
Strength of concrete primarily depends on

- Quality of water
- Quality of aggregates
- Quantity of cement
- W / C ratio
 Concrete hydration means
• Reaction between cement and water

Separation of water from freshly concrete

known as:
• Bleeding

Weight of reinforcement concrete in kg / m3 is:

• 2400
 Notes
• Process of keeping Concrete moist for certain
period after casting is:
- Curing of Concrete

• Slump test of Concrete used to test:

- Workability

• Value of Concrete Cube strength is given at:

- 28 Days
 Notes
• slump layers of concrete are required in slump
test:
- 3 layers

• Soundness of concrete is tested by:

- Le-chatelier apparatus
Function of aggregates in concrete

Reduction in shrinkage & expansion

Gradation
Describes the particle size distribution of the
aggregates
 Why steel is used as reinforcement in R .Concrete

- Good bond to concrete

- Easily available
- Coefficient of thermal expansion is same for
steel and concrete
 Admixtures are used in Concrete for

- Increasing strength of concrete

- Reduce heat of concrete
- To increase workability of concrete
- Increase air content
 ADMIXTURES

• To modify the concrete properties, to shorten the time of

setting or to delay the setting time of cement Admixtures
are used and they are as follows:

• ACCELERATORS : To shorten the time of setting or increase

the rate of hardening or strength development Ex: calcium
chloride, Uses: Repair works , precast production , cold
weather.

• RETARDERS: To delay the setting time of cement Ex: soluble

zinc salts gypsum ,sugar, carbohydrate products, ligno
sulphates. Uses: Hot weather.
 Normal Concrete vs. High-Strength Concrete
Properties and Difference
• Concrete as a construction material are grouped as normal
concrete or high strength concrete based on its compressive
strength. The compressive strength of normal concrete has a
value ranging between 20 and 40 MPa.

• The high strength concrete will have strength above 40MPa.

• With time and changes in the history, now high strength

concrete can attain strength that is greater than 800 MPa.
 Normal and High Strength Concrete
• In terms of application, the normal strength
concrete is the most used type compared with
high strength concrete.

• The main objective of using high strength

concrete is to reduce the weight, creep or the
permeability issues, to improve the durability
of the structure.
 Workability Factors of Normal and High
Strength Concrete
• The Normal strength concrete possesses good
workability given that all the concrete ingredients
are in proper and accurate proportions.

• High strength concrete mix is often sticky and is

found very difficult to be handled and placed.
This is the condition even if the plasticizers are
used. This condition is mainly due to the high
cement content in it.
 High Strength Concrete
• When compared to normal strength concrete,
the high strength concrete does not bleed.
This is because the high strength concrete has
smaller water content and a high amount of
cementitious materials. The air entrained
concrete also has less chances to bleed.
 Permeability of High Strength Concrete

• All the durability concerns like corrosion resistance,

resistance to chemical attacks, creep have a direct
relationship with the permeability of the concrete.

• high strength concrete has a lower value of

permeability compared to normal strength concrete.
This is because the high – strength concrete is designed
with lower water cement ratio. They commonly use
silica fume in their mix. The high strength concrete has
a permeability coefficient that ranges from 1 x 10-11 to
1 x 10-13 cm/sec.
 High Strength Concrete
• High strength concrete thus has lower
permeability and higher resistance to
chloride attack and this makes it suitable
for the construction of bridges, parking
decks and those structures that are more
exposed to seawater.
 Hints
• It is very necessary that the concrete mixture
must not undergo bleeding or segregation
during the handling or transportation.

• Uniform distribution of aggregates in the

concrete helps in controlling the segregation.
 Decrease in permeability helps in

• Improving sulfate and chemical attack resistance

• Resistance to corrosion
• Resistance to chloride penetration
• Lower the water cement ratio with adequate curing period
helps in having a concrete of lower permeability. For a
normal strength concrete the permeability is found to be in
the range of 1 x 10-10 cm/sec.

• Addition of supplementary cementitious materials into the

concrete mix like silica fume, fly ash and GGBFS helps in
reducing the permeability of the concrete.
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR CIVIL SITE
ENGINEERS
• Following are few general points to remember for civil site engineers to
make the construction work easier while maintaining quality of
construction.
• Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
• Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.
• For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.

• Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.

• Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross
C/S.
• Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column.

• Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain
bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of
slab thickness.
 Important Notes
• Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
• Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
• Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m.
• Lap slices not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.
• Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
• PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
• Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.
• In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.
• In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for
core cutting test for every 100m2.
 Density of Materials

Material Density
Bricks 1600 – 1920 kg/m3
Concrete block 1920 kg/ m3

Reinforced concrete 2310 – 2700 kg/ m3

 Curing time of RCC Members for
different types of cement
• Super Sulphate cement: 7 days

• Ordinary Portland cement OPC: 10 days

• Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days

 De-Shuttering time of different RCC
Members
• Arches spanning over 6m 21 days
RCC Member De-shuttering time

For columns, walls, vertical form

16-24 hrs.
works

3 days (props to be refixed after

Soffit formwork to slabs
removal)

7 days (props to refixed after

Soffit to beams props
removal)

Beams spanning upto 4.5m 7 days

Beams spanning over 4.5m 14 days<

Arches spanning up to 6m 14 days

Cube samples required for different
quantity of concrete
Quantity of Concrete No. of cubes required

1 – 5 m3 1 No’s

6 -- 15 m3 2 No’s

16 – 30 m3 3 No’s

31 – 50 m3 4 No’s

4 + 1 No’s of addition of each

Above 50 m3
50 m3