Basic civil engineering

Construction Materials & Structural Engineering

Important materials in construction
 Cement
 Concrete
 Brick
 Aggregates
 Steel
 CEMENT
 Cement is a binding material
 It is produced from burning of calcareous (calcium) and argillaceous (clay) material at very
high temperature and then grinding the product (clinker) to a fine powder.
 The process of burning is known as Calcination.
 The calcined product is known as clinker
 It was first produced by Joseph Aspidin, a mason of England. Got it patented as “Portland
Cement” in 1842.
 This product resembled with a type of sand stone in Portland, for which it was named as
Portland cement.
CEMENT
 Use of CEMENT

Cement is the second most consumed material after

water

India is the second largest producer of cement in the world.

FLOW DIAGRAM OF CEMENT PRODUCTION
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT:
1) Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2) Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3) Portland Slag Cement (PSC)
4) Acid Resistant cement
5) Sulphate Resistant Cement
6) High Alumina Cement
7) Low heat Cement
8) Rapid Hardening Cement
9) Quick Setting Cement
10) Expanding Cement
11) Hydrophobic Cement
12) Coloured Cement
13) White Cement
Out of above OPC, PPC and PSC are in common use.
 Portland cement :
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC):
 There are three grades of this cement:
 Grade 33 – IS 269-1989
 Grade 43 – IS 8112-1989
 Grade 53 – IS 12269-1987
 The gradation is made on strength of cement. Grade 33, 43 and 53 give
compressive strength 33, 43 and 53 MPa at 28 days.
 Portland cement :
Portland Slag Cement (PSC)
 The governing IS code is IS 455-1989
 Slag is a waste product obtained from obtained from the blast furnace during the
manufacturing process of pig iron and contains the basic elements of cements like
alumina, lime and silica.
 Clinkers of cement are ground with 60-65% of slag.
 The early age strength of this cement is less, it requires longer curing period.
 It is economical due to waste utilization
 Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC):
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC): Advantages of PPC:
There are two types of this cement:  It attains compressive strength with age
 It can resists action of sulphates
 Fly ash - based – IS 1489 (Part-I)-1991
 It evolves less heat during the setting
 Calcined clay - based – 1489 (Part-II)-  It imparts higher degree of water tightness
1991  It imparts plasticity and workability and plasticity
 Pozzolana is a volcanic powder found in to mortar and concrete
Italy.  It is cheap
 It can also be processed from shales and  It offers great resistance to expansion
certain types of clays  It possesses higher tensile strength

 PPC contains 10-30% pozzolanic Disadvantages of PPC:

material  Its compressive strength in early days is less
than OPC
 Less resistance to corrosion and weathering
action
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
Oxides of Cement
Ordinary Portland cement contains two basic ingredients:
1. Argillaceous : Clay is the main constituent
2. Calcareous : Calcium carbonate is another constituent
Ingredients Content (%) Range (%)
Lime CaO 62 60-67
Silica SiO2 22 17-25
Alumina Al2O3 5.5 3-8
Iron Oxide Fe2O3 3 0.5-5
Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 3.5 3-4
Magnesia MgO 2 0.1-3
Sulphur Trioxide SO3 1 1-3
Alkalis 1 0.4-1.3
 FUNCTIONS OF OXIDES

Ingredients Formula Function

Lime CaO Provide strength
Silica SiO2 Provide strength
Alumina Al2O3 Quick setting
Iron Oxide MgO Colour, hardness, strength
Magnesia MgO hardness, colour

Sulphur Trioxide SO3 Increase setting time

Alkalie K2O, Na2O Sulphate resistant

Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 Provide strength

 CONSTITUENT OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

 The raw materials containing above oxides when burnt in kiln (calcined), interact
with one another and form complex compound like:

Name of compound Formula Abbreviated formula Content (%)

Tricalcium silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S 40

Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S 30

Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A 11

Tetracalcium alumino 4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF 11

ferrite
 HYDRATION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
 When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction takes place that is known as
hydration.
 Cement starts loosing its plasticity because of hydration.
 The hydration is a continuous process and continues over a year
 As hydration takes place, the cement binds its own particles as well as other inert
material like aggregates around it.
 Finally it sets into hard material like stone

 The time taken in between addition of water and cement starts losing its plasticity is
known as initial setting time
 The time taken in between addition of water and cement completely loses its
plasticity is known as final setting time
 HYDRATION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
• During hydration a lot of heat is generated known as heat of hydration
• When water is added, C3A reacts first with generation of heat
• C3S hydrates early and imparts early age strength
• C2S hydrates slowly and imparts late age strength
• Tetracalcium alumino ferrite (C4AF) is a comparatively inactive compound
• Two important products of hydration are:
§ Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H gel)- It imparts strength
§ Calcium Hydroxide- It is an unimportant product, water soluble and
leaches out.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
 TESTS FOR CEMENT
1. Field test
2. Laboratory test

Field test
a) Open the bag and take a good look at the cement. There should not be
any visible lumps.
b) The colour of the cement should normally be greenish grey.
c) Thrust your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling.
There should not be any lump inside.
d) Take a pinch of cement and feel-between the fingers. It should give a
smooth and not a gritty feeling.
e) Take a handful of cement and throw it on a bucket full of water, the
particles should float for some time before they sink.
 TESTS FOR CEMENT

Laboratory tests for cement:

 Fineness test
 Normal consistency
 Setting time
 Soundness
 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
 CONCRETE
 Concrete is a mixture of binding material(cement), coarse aggregate (crushed
stones), fine aggregates (sand) and water.
 When these above materials are mixed together, a homogenous plastic mix is
obtained and on hardening it becomes as like as stone.
Ingredients of concrete:
 Cement
 Fine aggregate (sand)
 Coarse aggregate (crushed stone)
 Water
 CEMENT
CONCRETE
A good quality concrete is essentially a homogeneous mixture of
cement, coarse and fine aggregates and water which consolidates into a
hard mass due to chemical action between the cement and water.
Each of the four constituents has a specific function.

q The coarser aggregate acts as a filler.

q The fine aggregate fills up the voids between the paste and the
coarse aggregate.
q The cement in conjunction with water acts as a binder.
q The mobility of the mixture is aided by the cement paste, fines and
nowadays, increasingly by the use of admixtures.
 CONCRETE

Favourable properties of concrete:

vIt is very strong in compression

vIt is durable
vIt can be moulded to any form
vIts coefficient of thermal expansion matches with steel
vIt prevents corrosion of steel
vIt is economical
vIt can be prepared with locally available materials
vIt can be prepared to desired quality and strength.
 CONCRETE
Unfavourable properties of concrete:
 It is week in tension
 It undergoes shrinkage
 Requires careful attention during preparation, placement,
compaction and curing of concrete
 Concrete members like beams and columns are heavier than steel
 GRADE OF CONCRETE

M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20: for PCC

M20, M25, M30, M35, M35, M40, M45 and so on: for RCC

MIX M 25 28-day Characteristic compressive

strength
 MIX PROPORTIONING

Nominal Mix Design Mix

 MIX PROPORTIONING

 Selection of types of concrete mix depends on the requirement of strength and

nature of work.
 The mix proportions like (1:1:2), [1:1.5:3], {1:2:4}, (1:3:6), [1:4:8] etc. are
adopted in nominal mix of concrete without any scientific base, only on the
basis on past empirical studies.
 The nominal mix is preferred to simpler, relatively unimportant, repair and
small concrete works.
 Design mix is preferred to nominal mix and at these days use of nominal mix
is discouraged
 NOMINAL MIX DESIGN
Prescribed concrete Mix ratios for all grades of concrete are given below
GRADE MIX RATIO

M5 1 : 5 : 10

M 7.5 1:4:8

M 10 1:3:6

M 15 1:2:4

M 20 1 : 1.5 : 3
Mix proportioning:
 MIX PROPORTIONING
Design Mix
WATER CEMENT RATIO :
 WATER CEMENT RATIO :

 The ratio of weight of mixing water to the weight of cement used

in the concrete is known as water – cement ratio.
 The strength of the concrete depends on W/C. The more the water
content, the lesser is the strength.
 In order to achieve good strength and workability at the same
time, as a normal practice W/C is used 0.40 – 0.50 for machine
mixing and 0.50- 0.60 for hand mixing
 About W/C of 0.24 is required for hydration and balance water
for workability
 Workability:
The term workability is used to describe ease or difficulty with which the
concrete is handled, transported, placed, compacted and finished.

Measurement:
 Slump test
 Compaction factor test
 Vee-Bee Consisto meter test

Out of above slump test is common in use

Workability:
Slump test:
 Slump test is carried out by a slump cone.
 It is a vessel in the form of frustum of a cone
 The cone placed on levelled surface, filled in 4 layers and compacted with 25 blows
using a 1mm dia tampering rod.
 Then its top surface is levelled and the cone is pulled up.
 The decrease in height is called slump and its value is the measure of workability.
Workability:
 STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE :

Following properties are important:

 Compressive strength
 Spitting tensile strength
 Flexural strength

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection.
 STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE :
Procedure for Compressive strength test:-
 For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x
10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used.
 For most of the works cubical molds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.
 This concrete is poured in the mold and appropriately tempered so as not to have any voids. After
24 hours, molds are removed, and test specimens are put in water for curing.
 These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after seven days curing or 28 days
curing.Ensure that concrete specimen must be surface dried before placing it on the UTM
 Weight of samples is noted in order to proceed with testing and it must not be less than 8.1Kg.
 The loading must be applied axially on specimen without any shock and increased at the rate of
140kg/sq cm/min. till the specimen collapse.
 Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at a point & final breakdown
of the specimen must be noted.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE :
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE :
 Splitting Tensile Strength Test
Equipment Procedure of Splitting Tensile Test:
 After curing, wipe out water from the surface of
 Compression testing machine specimen
 Two packing strips of plywood 30  Using a marker, draw diametrical lines on the two
ends of the specimen to verify that they are on the
cm long and 12 mm wide same axial place.
 Measure the dimensions of the specimen.
 Keep the plywood strip on the lower plate and place
the specimen.
 Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the
ends are vertical and cantered over the bottom plate.
 Place the other plywood strip above the specimen and
bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.
 Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate of
Calculation of Tensile Strength approximately 14-21 kg/cm2/minute (Which
The splitting tensile strength, Tsp = 2P / π DL corresponds to a total load of 9.9 ton/minute to 14.85
Where P is the applied load, D is the diameter of ton/minute)
the specimen and L is length of the specimen  Write the breaking load (P)
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
 The flexural strength of a material is
defined as the maximum bending
stress that can be applied to that
material before it yields.
 Flexural strength is also known as
bending strength, modulus of rupture
or transverse rupture strength.

Unit:
 Flexural strength is the maximum
amount of stress the material can take
and it’s quoted as a force (in Newton)
per unit area (in millimeters squared).
Tests
As per IS 516-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)
 MIXING OF CONCRETE

 Site Mix Concrete

 Ready-mix concrete (RMC)
SITE MIX CONCRETE
 READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC)
 Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a type of concrete which is manufactured in a cement
factory, or specifically known as the batching plant, according to a given set of
proportions, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted with mixers.
 This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed
and implemented on construction sites.
 Batching Plant

 A concrete batching plant is a facility where the ingredients of concrete are mixed
and blended skillfully.
 It combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include
water, admixtures, sand, aggregate, fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.
 Transit Mixture

Ø A transit mixer is a truck with a rotating drum which mixes and blends the concrete while
on transit.
Ø The transit mixer is very much beneficial for the construction sites which require prompt
delivery of freshly mixed concrete.
Handling and Transporting Concrete
Concrete may be handled and transported by several methods:

 Truck Mixer
 Concrete Dumper
 Concrete Pumps
 Buckets handled by cranes
 Chutes
 Belt Conveyors
Concrete Dumper Concrete Truck Mixer
Concrete Pumps
Bucket Handled by Cranes
Chutes Belt Conveyor
Thank you !!