Concrete
Structures
Overview
Introduction
Concrete Properties
History of Manufacture
Composition:
Cement
Aggregates
Admixtures
Setting and hydration
Making and Testing of concrete
Concrete mix design
Reinforced steel
Types of concrete
Introduction
Rocklike Material
Ingredients
Portland Cement
Course Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Water
Admixtures (optional)
Concrete properties
Versatile
Pliable when mixed
Strong & Durable
Does not Rust or Rot
Does Not Need a Coating
Resists Fire
History of manufacture
Egyptian Pyramids
The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete
over 5000 years ago to build pyramids
Roman Architecture
Romans used a material that is remarkably close
to modern cement to build many of their
architectural marvels
1824-Portland Cement Invented
Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the
invention of modern Portland cement.
Egyptian pyramid
Roman Architecture
Cement
Chemical
is:
Lime
Silica
Alumina
Iron oxide
Gypsum
Composition of cement
63%
22%
06%
03%
01 to 04%
Types of cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS)
Oil Well Cement
Rapid Hardening
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
White Cement
Aggregates
Aggregates make up to 59-75% of
concrete volume
Strength of concrete is dependent on the
strength of aggregate particles and the
strength of hardened paste
Properties of aggregates
Compressive strength: Should be higher than
concrete strength
Voids: Represent the amount of air space
between the aggregate particles
Moisture content: The amount of water in
aggregates
Gradation: Particle size distribution of a
representative sample of an aggregate
Admixtures
Admixture are materials that
are added to plastic concrete to
change one or more properties
of fresh or hardened concrete.
To fresh concrete
Added to influence its
workability, setting times and
heat of hydration.
To hardened concrete
Added to influence the
concretes durability and
strength.
Types of Admixtures
Chemical (Accelerators, retarders, waterreducing and air-entraining).
Mineral (Strength and durability).
Chemical admixtures
Accelerating admixtures
Compounds added to cement to decrease its
setting time
Retarding admixtures
Added to concrete to increase its setting time
Water-reducing admixtures and super
plasticizers
Used to reduce the amount of water used in
concrete mixes
Air-entraining admixtures
Allows dispersal of microscopic air bubbles
Foaming agents
Vinsol resin; Sulphonated lignin compounds;
Petroleum acid compounds; Alkyd benzene
compounds.
Mineral Admixtures
Used in concrete to replace part of cement
or sand.
When used to replace sand called as
supplementary cementing materials.
Added in large quantities compared to
chemical admixtures.
Pozzolans
Fly ash
Silica fume
Setting and Hydration
Due to hydration cement undergoes a
series of chemical reactions
Constituents slowly crystallize
Interlocking of their crystals gives cement
its strength
During setting, paste losses its fluids and
hardens
At the final stage cement gains its strength
Formation of hydration products over time
leads to
Stiffening (loss of workability)
Setting (solidification)
Gypsum reduces the speed of hardening
Hot water increases the speed
Portland cement vs rapid set
cement
Making and testing of concrete
Mixing
Pumping and placing:
Involves weighing out all the ingredients for a batch
of concrete and mixing them together
Concrete is conveyed to the construction site or
pumped
Concrete should be placed as near as possible to its
final position
Finishing:
The concrete must be leveled and surface made
smooth/flat
Transit Mix Truck (ReadyMix Truck)
Placement Today - Direct
From the Transit Mixer, or
Improperly consolidated Concrete
Making and testing of concrete
Curing of concrete :
Process of maintaining enough moisture in concrete
to maintain the rate of hydration
Methods of curing:
Ponding or immersion
spraying or fogging
wet coverings
Plastic sheets
Steam curing
Top of Slab being protected during cold weather
Properties of Fresh Concrete
Consistency and Workability
The mix should maintain its uniformity and not
bleed excessively
Consistency is a measure of its wetness and fluidity
- Measured by the slump test
Strength
Tensile strength: Obtained using split cylinder tests
Flexural strength: Determined by third point loading
- Modulus of rupture
Sample collected
Cone Removed and Concrete
Allowed to Slump
Slump Cone Filled
Slump Measured
Concrete Mix Design
Concept : Determining the suitable proportion
e
of ingredients
that would produce a workable
concrete mix that is durable, and of required
strength, and cost-effective
Principles of Mix Design
Workable mix
Use as little cement & water as possible
Gravel and sand to be proportioned to achieve a dense
mix
Maximum size of aggregates should be as large as
possible, to minimize surface area of aggregates
Methods of Mix Design
Volumetric method
Proportioning from field data method
Proportioning by trial mixtures method
Mass proportioning method
Using the given data
Select the maximum slump as per the task
Select the maximum size of aggregates
Estimate the mixing water and air content
Select the w/c ratio
Estimate the weight of dry rodded coarse aggregates
Estimate the fine aggregate content
Find the weights of field mix (containing moisture) per
unit volume
Concept of reinforcing
concrete with steel
reinforcement
Steel is good at withstanding tensile stress
Concrete is good at bearing compressive stress
but can crack under tensile stress.
The concept of reinforced concrete is to combine
these two qualities to produce a material that is
stronger than either material alone.
Reinforcing Steel
Sizes
There are 11 Standard Diameters
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18
(Number refers to 1/8ths of an inch)
Grades
40, 50, 60
Steel Yield Strength (in thousands of psi)
Details marked on a Reinforcing
Steel
Types of Concrete
No fine concrete
Lime concrete
Plum concrete
Cement concrete
Shotcrete (sprayed concrete)
Air entrained concrete
Light weight concrete
No fine concrete
Consists of cement and coarse
aggregate only
has good drainage properties
due to its open texture
Mix proportions of aggregate to cement is in the
range 1:5 to 1:10 or as specified
Material should be poured as soon as possible
after mixing
Lime concrete
Made from a mixture of lime, sand,
and gravel
Generally lime & sand are taken in
ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 by volume
Used for foundation bases
of load bearing walls, columns,
and under layers of floors
Plum concrete
Consist of hard rock of
approved sizes
A layer of concrete not less
than
50 mm thick shall be placed
Plums placed should be allowed
to sink in their own weight
Plums should not be
completely covered
Used mostly in mass concrete
works like concrete gravity
dams
