A presentation on

CONCRETING WORK IN FIELD

CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 CONCRETE MATERIAL
 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE
 NEW DEVELOPMENTS
 FORMWORK
 BATCHING
 MIXING
 CURING
 QUALITY CONTROL
 DO &DON’T S IN CONCREATING IN FEILED
 CIVIL ENGG. LAB/CONSTRUCTION PR. LAB
 REFERENCE

2
INTRODUCTION

Today we are here to discuss about one of the

important and widely used material in construction
i.e. Concrete and how the job of quality control and
quality assurance in construction should involve
quality audit of both the inputs as well as the outputs.
Inputs are in the form of materials for concrete;
workmanship in all stages of batching, mixing,
transportation, placing, compaction and curing; and
the related plant, machinery and equipments;
resulting in the output in the form of concrete in
place.
3
CONCRETE MATERIAL

4
These should be tested for their Acidic or alkalinity

5
 COARSE AGGREGATES
• The material retained on 4.75 mm sieve is termed as coarse aggregate.
Natural gravels can be quarried from pits where they have been deposited
by alluvial glacial action and are normally composed of flint, quartz, schist
and igneous rock.
• Coarse aggregate is obtained by crushing various types of granites, hard
lime stone and good quality sand stone.
• When very high strength concrete is required, a very fine- grained granite
is perhaps the best aggregate.
• Coarse grained rocks make harsh concrete, and need high proportion of
sand and high water/cement ratio to get reasonable degree of workability.
• Hard and closed-grained crystalline lime stones are very suitable for
aggregate, is cheap, but should be used only in plain concrete
• Blast furnace slag, coal ashes, coke-breeze etc. may also be used as
aggregates to obtain light weight and insulating concrete of low strength.
• The aggregate must be angular, flaky and elongated particles effects the
concrete strength adversely.

6
• Sea shore sand may contain chlorides, sulphates & nitrates which
may causes corrosion of reinforcement as well as concrete surface
due to salt penetration.

7
Grading of Aggregate

8
Grading of Aggregate
The grading zone of fine aggregate (as per IS 383 & IRC 44) shall be
within limits as given:

9
Grading of Aggregate
Table: Combined aggregate gradation for quality concrete

As per IRC 44 (guideline for cement concrete mix design) & IRC
59( guideline for gap graded cement concrete mix.)
10
CEMENT
• Cement is fine soft powder-type substance act as binder
in concrete.
• It is made from a mixture of element that are found in
natural material such as lime stone, clay, or shale
• When cement is mixed with water it bind sand and
coarse aggregate into a hard solid mass called concrete

11
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) is most common type of cement in general
use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and
non-specialty grout.
 OPC is hydraulic cement as it hardens through chemical interaction with
water
Abb
COMPOSITI
COMPO- revi Abbrevi
NAME NAME ON
SITION atio ations
ns
Raw Materials By-products
Lime CaO C Tri-Calcium Silicate 3CaO. SiO2 C3 S
Silica SiO2 S Di-Calcium Silicate 2CaO. SiO2 C2 S
Alumina Al2O3 A Tri-Calcium 3CaO.Al2O3 C3 A
Aluminate
Iron Fe2O3 F Tetra-calcium 4CaO.Al2O3 C4 A
Alumino
magnesia MgO M Freeite Fe2O3 F 12
Special Concrete

Special Concrete means the concrete used or made

for special cases, such as for different applications
Some special properties to meet the specific requirements.
For example:- increased compressive and tensile strength,
water proofing, and improved chemical resistance are
achieved with polymers, either as admixtures or surface
treatment of hardened concrete.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORDINARY CONCRETE
AND SPECIAL CONCRETE
 Ordinary concrete is used for normal  This type of concrete is used for
work like building, bridges, road, etc. special type of structures like nuclear
reactor, buildings with acoustic
treatment, air conditioned building
etc.
 Ingredients of ordinary concrete are  In case of light weight aggregate
cement, sand, aggregate & water. concrete, light weight aggregates are
used. In polymer concrete, polymer
binder is used instead of water
  Concreting is done by special
Construction is carried out by
conventional method. techniques
  Properties of concrete like density
Properties of concrete like density
strength, etc. are of normal range. strength are of higher range. For
example density of light weight
concrete is about 500 – 2000 kg/ m3
and that of heavy weight concrete is
 It is economical about 3000 to 5000 kg/ m3.
 It is costly

14
15
 WATER
• Water is required for hydration of cement.

• Potable water is generally considers satisfactory for mixing and curing of

concrete.

16
• For given proportion of the materials, there is an amount of water which gives
the greatest strength, proper workability, can absorb the exothermic reaction
generated heat in the mix

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
POZZOLANA
 It’s use is as old as that of the art of concrete
construction.
 It lower the heat of hydrations and thermal shrinkage
 Increase the water tightness
 Reduce the alkali- aggregate reaction.
 Improve resistance to attack by sulphate soil sea water
 Improve extensibility.
 Lower susceptibility to dissolution and leaching.
 Improve workability
 Lower cost.

24
Silica fume (SF)
 It is by product of silicon and silicon alloy industry.
 Its density is less than 15% of density of cement
 It particle size range is between 0.1 – 0.2 µm.
 SF mainly comprise 85-95 % silica (SiO2) and rest are oxides of C, Al,
Fe, Ca, Mg, &Na.
 It improves bond between cement and aggregate and helps in
increasing the density of concrete.
 In presence of OPC, SF particle combine with lime to form calcium
silicate.
 It reduce permeability of concrete.
 Silica fume concrete tends to loose slump rapidly and a higher
slump initially is required to provide adequate time for placement
& compaction of concrete.

25
PLASTISIZER
 It is used as water reducing admixture in concrete.
 It helps to achieve a higher strength by decreasing water
cement ratio at the same workability as that of an
admixture free mix.
 It reduce heat of hydration in the mass concrete.
 As it improve workability it provide ease in placing
concrete in inaccessible locations.
Material used as plasticizers:
• Lingo sulphates and their derivatives and modifications
• Salts of sulphonates hydrocarbons.
• Polyglycol esters, acid of hydroxylated carboxylic acids
and their derivatives and modifications.
• Carbohydrates.
26
Retarding Agents
 Retarding admixture is defined as one that delays the time of setting
of Portland cement paste as well as that of it mix.
 It delay in the rate of hardening, or setting, include a delay in the
development of the early strength of the concrete, mortar, or paste
and an increase in later compressive strength of the respective
cementitious masses.

There are three types of retarding admixtures

1. Type B- which simply retards the hydration of the portland
cement
2. Type D, which not only retards the hydration but also acts to
disperse the cement and thereby provide water reduction
3. Type G, which is a high range water reducing and set retarding
admixture
27
Quick Setting Agents
Primary uses:
In fast setting concretes and mortars.
Concreting of pre-cast elements.
Concreting and rendering in very low
temperatures.
In reducing rebound losses in sprayed
mortar.
To waterproof plaster and concrete.

28
MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

29
30
CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH

31
32
33
MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

34
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & TARGET
STRENGTH
TARGET STRENGTH
(N/mm2)

15.775
20.775
26.6
31.6
38.25
43.25
48.25
53.25
58.25
63.25

In field 90 to 95% of target strength should be achieved.

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
 NEW DEVELOPMENTS
 Self-Compacting concrete:
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete which is able to flow under
its own weight, completely filling formwork & achieving full compaction,
even in the congested places. The SCC mixes have these attributes
because of their good deformability enabling them to maintain
homogeneity at fresh state. It can be placed & compacted under its self
weight with little or no vibration effort & which is at the same time is
cohesive enough to be handled without segregation & bleeding.

 Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC):

Ultra-high performance concrete is a newer concrete technology that
contains fibers but consists of mostly 80% traditional concrete. These
fibers range in strength from polyester to stainless steel and ultimately
deliver durability and strength to the final product. Additionally, UHPC
has a longer lifespan than traditional concrete; it’s up to more than 75
years, and traditional concrete has 15-25 years
44
What is Reinforced Cement Concrete
(RCC)?
Concrete is good in resisting compressive stress but is very weak in
resisting tensile stresses. Hence reinforcement is provided in the concrete
wherever tensile stress is expected. The best reinforcing material is steel,
since its tensile strength is high and bond between steel and concrete is The
composite material of steel and concrete called R.C.C. acts as a structural
member and can resist tensile as well as compressive forces efficiently.

45
Covering For Reinforcement Of Concrete
Covering for reinforcement in concrete is very important. The
thickness of cover depends on environmental conditions and type of
structural member. The correct cover shall be maintained by cement
mortar cubes (blocks) or other approved means. Concrete cover for
reinforcement in the site was as follows. (This may vary depending on
the construction site)

46
FORMWORK

 Formwork is the term given to

either temporary or
permanent molds into
which concrete or similar
materials are poured. In the
context of concrete
construction, the falsework
supports the shuttering moulds.

47
Requirements Of Good Formwork:
 Strong.
 Rigidly constructed & efficiently propped and braced.
 Leakage proof.
 Construction of formwork should permit removal of various
parts in desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
 To be set accurately to the desired line and levels.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted
when exposed to the elements.
 It should rest on firm base.

48
Types of formwork

Formwork can be made up of

 Timber
 Plywood
 Steel

49
 Cleaning & treatment of Formwork

 All rubbish, particularly, chippings, shavings and

sawdust shall be removed from the interior of the forms
before the concrete is placed.
 The face of formwork in contact with the concrete shall
be cleaned and treated with form release agent.
 Release agents should be applied so as to provide a thin
uniform coating to the forms without coating the
reinforcement.

50
 REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
 For removable forms, once the concrete has been poured
into formwork and has set (or cured), the formwork
is struck or stripped (removed) to expose the finished
concrete.
 Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved
a strength.

51
 Type of Formwork Minimum Period Before
Striking Formwork
Vertical formwork to columns, 16-24 h
walls, beams
Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days
(Props to be re-fixed immediately
after removal
of formwork)

Soffit formwork to beams 7 days

(Props to be re-fixed immediately
after removal of formwork)
Props to slabs:
1) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
2) Spanning over 4.5 m 14 day

Props to beams and arches:

1) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
2) Spanning over 6 m 21 days
SOME POINTS
 For other cements and lower temperature, the stripping time
recommended above may be suitably modified.
 Where the shape of the element is such that the formwork has
re-entrant angles, the formwork shall be removed as soon as
possible after the concrete has set, to avoid shrinkage cracking
occurring due to the restraint imposed.

53
 Order & method of removing formwork

The sequence of orders and method of removal of

formwork are as follows:

 Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams

and column sides should be removed first as they bear
no load but only retain the concrete.
 Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed
next.
 Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other
heavily loaded shuttering should be removed in the end.

All formworks should be eased gradually and carefully in order to

prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.
54
55
CONCRETE BATCHING

 A batch is one mixing of concrete and can be carried out by measuring

the quantities of materials required by
volume or weight.
 Type of Batching:
A. Volume Batching
B. Weight Batching

56
 VOLUME BATCHING
 Concrete mixes are often quoted
by ratio such
as 1 : 2 : 4 (cement : Sand :
coarse aggregate). Cement
weighing 50 kg has a volume of
0.033 m3 therefore for the above
mix 2 x 0.033 (0.066 m3 ) of sand
and 4 x 0.033 (0.132 m3 ) of
coarse aggregate is required.
 To ensure accurate amounts of
materials are used for each batch
a gauge box should be employed
its size being based on convenient
handling.
Fig. GUAGE BOX
57
WEIGH BATCHING
 More accurate than volume batching,
 The weight of sand is affected very little by its
dampness which in turn leads to greater accuracy in
proportioning materials.

Fig. Independent Weigh Batcher Fig. Integral Weigh Batcher 58

READY MIX CONCRETE
 Used mainly for large concrete batches of up to 6 m3 .
 Need no space to accommodate storage of material at
site.
 Produce consistent & reliable concrete mixes.
 Better facilities in any type of weathering conditions.

59
SPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 456:2000

 In batching concrete, the quantity of determined by mass

both cement and aggregate shall be; admixture, if solid, by
mass; liquid admixture may however be measured in
volume or mass; water shall be weighed or measured by
volume in a calibrated tank Ready-mixed concrete supplied
by RMC plant shall be preferred.
 The material should be stock-piled for several hours
preferably a day before use.
 The grading of CA & FA should be checked as frequently .

60
 Properly graded aggregate of uniform quality can be used
 The grading of aggregate should be controlled by obtaining
the coarse aggregate(CA) in different sizes and blending them
in the right proportions when required, the different sizes
being stocked in separate stock-piles.
 Proportion type and grading of aggregates shall be made by
trial in such a way so as to obtain densest possible concrete.
 All ingredients of the concrete should be used by mass only.
 Volume batching may be allowed only where weigh-batching
is not practical .
 The mass volume relationship should be checked .
 It is important to maintain the water-cement ratio constant at
its correct value.
 The amount-of the added water shall be adjusted to
compensate for any observed variations in the moisture
contents. 61
CONCRETE MIXING- INTRODUCTION

Apart from the very large output mixers

most concrete mixers in general use have
a rotating drum designed to produce a
concrete without segregation of the mix.

62
CONCRETE MIXING
 Concrete shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer.
 The mixer should comply with IS 1791 and IS 12119. The
mixers shall be fitted with water measuring (metering)
devices.
 The mixing shall be continued until there is a uniform
distribution of the materials and the mass is 24 uniform in
color and consistency.
 If there is segregation after unloading from the mixer, the
concrete should be remixed.
 For guidance, the mixing time shall be at least 2 min.
 Workability should be checked at frequent intervals
 Dosages of retarders, plasticisers and super plasticisers shall
be restricted to 0.5, l.0 and 2.0% respectively by weight of
cementitious materials .
63
Choice of Mixer ~
Depends upon:

1 . Maximum output required (m3/hour).

2. Total output required (m3).
3. Type or method of transporting the mixed concrete.
4.Discharge height of mixer (compatibility with
transporting method).

64
Medium Batch Mixers

 Outputs of these mixers

range from 200 to750 liters
and can be obtained at the
lower end of the range as a
tilting drum mixer or over the
complete range as a on-
tilting drum mixer with either
reversing drum or chute
discharge.

Fig. reversing drum mixer 65

CONCRETE PLACING :
 The concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its
final position to avoid re-handling.
 The concrete shall be placed and compacted before initial
setting of concrete commences and should not be subsequently
disturbed. Methods of placing should be such as to preclude
segregation.
 Care should be taken to avoid displacement of reinforcement
or movement of formwork. As a general guidance, the
maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as
1.5 m.

66
 This activity is usually carried out by hand with the
objectives of filling the mould, formwork or excavated
area to the correct depth, working the concrete around
any inserts or reinforcement and finally compacting the
concrete to the required consolidation.
 The compaction of concrete can be carried out using
simple tamping rods or boards or alternatively it can be
carried out with the aid of plant such as vibrators.

67
Concreating in special conditions
Extremely Hot Weather :-
1. Over the reinforcement and shuttering water should be
sprayed to cool it down.
2. The mixing water temp. Should be brought down to 20 to
30°C for that ice may be added.
3. Freshly laid concrete should be covered with white tarpaulin
plastic film or white plastic bags so that there is no moister
loss and it is not expose to direct sun.

Concrete In Extremely Cold Condition

4. Concreating should avoided if atmosphere temp is less than
10° C their too if unavoidable the mixing water should be
heated up to temp around 30° C and a hot water spray may be
used as the concrete advances in slabs etc.
68
Concreting Under Water
 In water logged areas specially in foundations wells
piles and raft and river beds or high water table areas
concreating is to be done under water
 Concrete mix is never to be placed dry, 20% extra
cement and higher water cement ratio is to be placed
as near to the bottom as possible. No vibration is
required concrete may have a slump around 150 mm

In Saline Areas
 In Saline area where ground water is salty sulphate
resistant cement with epoxy are to be used

69
Common defects in concrete
Segregation it takes place
 When w/c ratio is high.
 Concrete is not properly vibrated.
 Concrete is thrown instead of place.
 Its shuttering joints are leaking.
 Excessive vibration in concrete.
Honey combing
 Water cement ratio is very low.
 Concrete is not properly vibrated.
 Mix. Is poorly graded.
 Formwork is not rigid and watertight.
 Concrete is poured from more than the allowable height.
70
Pitting on surface
 On vertical surface like column walls on de shuttering pitting is
observed at many places the basic reason for this is entrapped air
between shuttering surface on the concrete surface to avoid this
shuttering plates should be thoroughly cleaned and oil after every
use
 On vertical walls and column etc. light hammering when vibrator
poker needle is inside the concrete avoids the air bubbles
 Use of burnt oil may also caused pitting on concrete surface as the
burnt oil may have some reactive compounds that may cause gas
emission it is advisable that form oil( is ) should be used.
Hollowness at joints of column and beams :
 due to closely placed reinforcement bars at column beam junctions
concrete is not flowing through the spacing to avoid this engineer
should asset the clear spacing between bar an reduce the coarse size
at such junctions. Min spacing required between bars is 2 Ø = dia.
of largest bar
 And extra care is to be taken for such area during vibration

71
COMPACTION
 Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully worked
around the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures and into
comers of the formwork.
 Concrete shall be compacted using mechanical vibrators
complying with IS 2505, IS 2506, IS 2514 and IS 4656. Over
vibration and under vibration of concrete are harmful and
should be avoided.
 Vibration of very wet mixes should also be avoided.
 Whenever vibration has to be applied externally, the design of
formwork and the disposition of vibrators should receive
special consideration to ensure efficient compaction and to
avoid surface blemishes.

72
CURING

73
 Quality Control
The operational technique and activities such as
reviewing, checking, inspecting, testing, etc. that
are used to fulfill requirements for quality.
Construction quality control comprise following
main elements of quality control
Inspection
Testing
Workmanship

74
How To Check Quality Of Cement On Site ?
TESTS OF CEMENT ON FIELD
 DATE OF PACKING:- Date of manufacture should be seen on the bag. It
is important because the strength of cement reduces with age.
 COLOUR:- The cement should be uniform in colour. In general the colour
of cement is grey with a light greenish shade. The colour of cement gives
an indication of excess lime or clay and the degree of burning.
 RUBBING:-Take a pinch of cement between fingers and rub it. It should
feel smooth while rubbing. If it is rough, that means adulteration with sand.
 HAND INSERTION:- Thrust your hand into the cement bag and it should
give cool feeling. It indicates that no hydration reaction is taking place in
the bag.
 FLOAT TEST:- Throw a small quantity of cement in a bucket of water. It
should sink and should not float on the surface.
 SMELL TEST:- Take a pinch of cement and smell it. If the cement contains
too much of pounded clay and silt as an adulterant, the paste will give an
earthy smell.
75
TESTS OF CEMENT ON FIELD
 PRESENCE OF LUMPS :-Open the bag and see that lumps should not be
present in the bag. It will ensure that no setting has taken place.
 SHAPE TEST:-Take 100g of cement and make a stiff paste. Prepare a cake
with sharp edges and put on the glass plate. Immerse this plate in water.
Observe that the shape shouldn’t get disturbed while settling. It should be
able to set and attain strength. Cement is capable of setting under water
also and that is why it is also called ‘Hydraulic Cement’.
 STRENGTH TEST:- A block of cement 25 mm*25 mm and 200 mm long
is prepared and it is immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on
supports 15000 mm apart and it is loaded with a weight of 340 N. the block
should not show any sign of failure.

76
77
The test which we performed

78
PROCEDURE

79
The test which we performed

80
Setting Time Test

Procedure
Preparation of Test Block
1. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the
water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled
water shall be used in preparing the paste. The paste shall be gauged in the
manner and under the conditions prescribed in IS:4031 (Part 4)-1988.
2. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the
Vicat mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a
nonporous plate. Fill the mold completely and smooth off the surface of the
paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus
prepared in the mold is the test block.
3. Immediately after molding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist
room and allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of
setting are being made.
81
 Determination of Initial Setting Time

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the
non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle(C);lower the
needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test
block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test
block. In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the
test block.
2. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact
with the test block and released as described above, fails to
pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom
of the mould. The period elapsing between the time when water
is added to the cement and the time at which the needle fails to
pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from the
bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.

82
Determination of Final Setting Time
 Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat
apparatus by the needle with an annular
attachment (F).
 The cement shall be considered as finally
set when, upon applying the needle gently
to the surface of the test block, the needle
makes an impression thereon, while the
attachment fails to do so.
 The period elapsing between the time
when water is added to the cement and
the time at which the needle makes an
impression on the surface of test block
while the attachment fails to do so shall
be the final setting time.
 In the event of a scum forming on the
surface of the test block, use the
underside of the block for the
determination. Vicat apparatus
83
The Test Which We Performed
1. Weight of given sample of cement is _ _ _ _ gm s

2. Volume of water addend (0.85 times the water required to

give a paste of standard consistency) for preparation of
test block _ _ _ _ ml

3. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is _

___%
Compressive Strength Test Of Concrete
Cubes And Cylinders
Compressive strength formula for any material is the load applied at the
point of failure to the cross-section area of the face on which load was
applied.
Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area

85
Procedure:
 For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm
X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of
aggregate are used.
 This concrete is poured in the mold and appropriately tempered so
as not to have any voids. The top surface of these specimen should
be made even and smooth. After 24 hours, molds are removed
 Specimens are put in water for curing.
 These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after
seven days curing or 28 days curing.
 Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per
minute till the Specimens fails.
 Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the
compressive strength of concrete.

86
Sampling of Cubes for Test
 Clean the mounds and apply oil.
 Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick.
 Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a
tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet-pointed at
lower end).
 Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel.
 On site we should cast at least 7 cubes samples

Calculations of Compressive Strength

 Size of the cube =15cmx15cmx15cm
 Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen )=225 cm 2
 Characteristic compressive strength(f ck)at 7 days =_____________
 Expected maximum load =fck x area x f.s
 Range to be selected is .......................
 Similar calculation should be done for 28 day compressive strength
 Maximum load applied =..........tones = .............N
 Compressive strength = (Load in N/ Area in mm 2)=...............N/mm2
 =............................N/mm2
87
Compressive Strength of Concrete at
Various Ages
Strength
Age
percent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

88
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF
CONCRETE (NDT)
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

90
Procedure
 Should be tested against the test anvil.
 Apply light pressure on the plunger and allow it to extend to
the ready position for the test.
 Apply a gradual increase in pressure until the hammer
impacts.
 Take the average of about 15 readings.

91
Interpretation of Results
The rebound reading on the indicator scale has been
calibrated by the manufacturer of the rebound
hammer for horizontal impact.
Average Quality of
Rebound Concrete
Number
>40 Very good hard
layer
30-40 Good layer

20-30 Fair

<20 Poor concrete

0 Delaminated
92
Do’s while concreating on filed
 See that concreting is done under skilled supervision. Never leave it to labour
on site.
 Always pour the concrete when the weather conditions are favorable.
 Suitable mix design should be used for particular specifications (i.e. M25, M30
etc.).
 Do slump test before placing the concrete.
 Concrete must be placed within 15 to 20 minutes of pouring water. If delayed
add fresh cement or concern the consultant.
 Do the proper compaction to the concrete with a vibrator or wooden tamp to
remove air from the concrete. If compaction is not well, it will create
voids/honeycomb in concrete resulting in leakages from the concrete structure,
thereby causing corrosion and also reducing the strength. This also affects the
life of the structure.
 Pour the concrete throughout in an even thickness.
 Give attention towards the bleeding in concrete. Water should not evaporate
rapidly.
 Do proper curing when the concrete has hardened initially. Start curing after 6
to 10 hours. 93
Don’ts while concreating on filed
 Don’t use damaged formwork. It affects the concrete resulting in the
honeycomb.
 Don’t use unwashed aggregates in concrete; it may result in a weak
concrete and substantial cost of maintenance.
 Don’t start concreting before casting of a concrete cube. The Strength
of the concrete should be as per predetermined mix design.
 Don’t use high concrete slump, excessively high air content, or
excessive fines.
 Don’t run concrete mixer more than two minutes resulting in
segregation of concrete constituents.
 Don’t add more water for ease of placement during the making of
concrete.
 Don’t do excess use of vibrators during compacting it will settle
aggregates.

94
Don’ts while concreating on filed
 Don’t use semi-dry concrete in pouring. There will be chances of
honeycomb inside the concrete.
 Don’t drop concrete form greater height as this will
cause segregation.
 Don’t allow heaping of concrete at one place during pouring.
 Don’t vibrate the concrete after the initial setting has taken place.
(i.e. after 30 minutes)
 Don’t finish the concrete while bleeding is present on the surface of
the concrete.
 Don’t remove formwork until the concrete has gained sufficient
strength.
 When finishing of the concrete is carried out, never throw or
sprinkle the water on to the concrete surface.
 Don’t try to finish the dried concrete.
95
CIVIL ENGG. LAB/CONSTRUCTION
SITE. LAB

96
CIVIL ENGG. LAB/CONSTRUCTION
SITE. LAB

97
CIVIL ENGG. LAB/CONSTRUCTION
SITE. LAB

Different cube and cylinder moulds for concrete 98

CIVIL ENGG. LAB/CONSTRUCTION
SITE. LAB

Cube moulds Cylindrical moulds

NOTE: Cube Moulds Size:-

For Concrete 150mmx150mmx150mm
For Mortar 75mmx75mmx75mm

99
 References
S.No. CODE NUMBERCODE NAME S.No. CODE NUMBER CODE NAME
Code of practice for use of screed board
1 IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice 36 IS 1193 - 1987
concrete vibrators
Specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from natural Specification for granulated slag for the
2 IS 383:1970 37 IS 12089 -1987
sources for concrete manufacture of Portland slag cement
General requirements for pan mixers for
3 IS 2386 1963 Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, 38 IS 12119 -1987
concrete
Method of test for abrasion resistance of
4 IS 2430-1986 Methods for Sampling of Aggregates for Concrete 39 IS 9284 -1979
concrete
Specification for Artificial Lightweight
5 IS 2116-1980 Sand for masonry mortars - Specifications 40 IS 9142 - 1979
Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
Method of making, curing and determining
Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry
6 IS 2250-1981 41 IS 9013-1978 compressive strength of accelerated cured
Mortars
concrete test specimens
7 IS 269-1989 Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 33 Grade 42 IS 9012 - 1978 Recommended practice for shortcreting
Code of practice for determination of specific
8 IS 8112-2013 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement 43 IS 8425-1977 surface area of powders by air permeability
methods
Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement Method of test for determining setting time of
9 IS 12269-1987 44 IS 8142-1976
(BI-LINGUAL) concrete by penetration resistance
Dimensions and materials of cement rotary
10 IS 455-1989 Portland Slag Cement - Specification 45 IS 8125-1976 kilns, components and auxiliaries (dry process
with suspension preheater)
Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland
11 IS 1489-1991 Specification for Portland Pozzolana cement, 46 IS 8112-1989
cement
12 IS 6909-1990 Specification for supersulphated cement 47 IS8042-1989 White Portland Cement

13 IS 8041-1990 Specification for rapid hardening Portland cement 48 IS 8043-1991 Specification for hydrophobic Portland cement
Code of practice for extreme weather
IS 7861 - 1981 (Part-
14 IS 12330-1988 Specification for sulfate resisting Portland cement 49 concreting, Part 2: Recommended practice for
II)
cold weather concreting
Code of practice for extreme weather
Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement,
15 IS 6452 (B)-1989 50 IS 7861 - 1975 (Part-I) concreting, Part 1: Recommended practice for
A18:C19
hot weather concreting 100
 Specification for apparatus for determining constituents of
16 IS 4031-1996 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement, 51 S 7325 - 1974
fresh concrete

Recommendations for use of table vibrators for

17 IS 10262-2009 Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning 52 IS 7246 - 1974
consolidating concrete

18 SP 23-1982 Hand Book on Concrete Mixes 53 IS 7320 - 1974 Specification for concrete slump test apparatus

Specification for Methods of Test for Determination of

19 IS 1199-1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete 54 IS 6925 - 1973
Water Soluble Chlorides in Concrete Admixtures

20 IS 516-1959 Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete 55 IS 6909 - 1990 Specification for supersulphated cement

Specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic

21 IS 13311-1992 Method of Non-destructive testing of concrete, 56 IS 5512-1983
cements and pozzolanic materials

22 IS 9103-1999 Specification for Concrete Admixtures 57 IS 5513 - 1996 Specification for vicat apparatus
23 IS 1077-1992 Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks -Specification 58 IS 5514 - 1996 Specification Apparatus Used in 'Le-chatelier' Test
24 IS 3495-1992 Methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks: 59 IS 5515 - 1983 Specification compacting factor apparatus

Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 33 Grade (Fifth Specification variable flow type air-permeability apparatus
25 IS 269 - 2013 60 IS 5516 - 1996
Revision) (Blaine type)

Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in

26 IS SP23 - 1982 Handbook on Concrete Mixes 61 IS 5525 - 1969
reinforced concrete works

27 IS SP34 - 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing 62 is.4926.2003 Code of Practice Ready-Mixed Concrete

Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice Methods for testing performance of batch-type concrete
28 IS SP24 - 1983 63 is.4634.1991
for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (IS 456:1978) mixers

29 IS SP16 - 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:1978 64 IS 4031 - 1988 Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement,
30 IS 14687 - 1999 Guidelines for falsework for concrete structures 65 IS 3535 - 1986 Methods of sampling hydraulic cement

Requirements for compression testing machine used for

31 IS 14858 - 2000 66 IS 3466 - 1988 Specification for masonry cement
testing of concrete and mortar

Method of Test determination of water soluble and acid Code of practice Concrete structures for the storage of
32 IS 14959 - 2001 67 IS 3370 - 2009
soluble chlorides in mortar and concrete, liquids, Part
Method of Test for Permeability of Cement Mortar and
33 IS 15388 - 2003 Specification for Silica Fume 68 IS 3085 - 1965
Concrete
Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars for
34 IS 12269 - 2013 53 grade ordinary Portland cement 69 IS 2502 - 1963
Concrete Reinforcement

Code of practice for use of immersion vibrators for Integral Waterproofing Compounds for Cement Mortar and
35 IS 3558 - 1983 70 IS 2645 - 2003
consolidating concrete Concrete -Specification
101
THANK YOU
102