Lecture 1
Data Communication and Media
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Concept and Model of Communications
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Analogy Signal and Digital n
Signal
i and Bandwidth
Signal Frequency, Spectrum
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System FrequencyE
Response and Bandwidth
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Transmissiono
Media and Types
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Transmission
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F & Serial Transmission
- Parallel
- Asynchronous & Synchronous Transmissions
- Simplex & Duplex Transmission
Communication Standards: RS/EIA-232 & Others
Lecture 1
Concept and Model of Communications
General Communications: face-to-face conversation, write a letter, etc.
Electronic Communications: telephone, wireless phone, TV, radar, etc.
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Our Focus Computer Communication
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General Communication Model in
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S(t)
T(t) Transmission
T (t)
S (t)
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Source
Transmitter
Receiver
Destination
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System
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Microphone
Telephone
Computer
Scanner
Transformer
Encoder
Compress
Modulator
Line/Cable
Fiber/Air
Satellite
Network
Transformer
Decoder
Uncompress
Demodulator
Speaker
Earphone
Computer
Printer
Basic Communication Criteria: Performance, Reliability, Security
Lecture 1
Analogy Signal and Digital Signal
Information must be converted into
electrical energy, called signal, before transmission.
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s(t) voltage
Text, voice
Video, etc
Converter
Encoder
Digital
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Text, voice
Video, etc
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Analog
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Input Signal s(t)
Signal Power: s (t)
Signal Energy:
s 2(t)dt
Component H()
Digital-to-Digital
Analogy-to-Digital
Digital-to-Analogy
Analogy-to-Analogy
Digital Signal
s(t) voltage
t
Analogy Signal
Output Signal o(t) =H[s(t)]
Lecture 1
Signal Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth
Signal in time domain
s(t)
cos2f1t
Transformation
Periodic
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period
s(t)
s(t)
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T=1/f1
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in
f: frequency
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S(f)
1,
Digital Signal
S(f)=s(t)e
-j2f
f1
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Aperiodic
Analogy Signal
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S(f)
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s(t)=Acos2f t + Bcos2f t T=LCM(1/f
1/f )
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F t Fourier Transform
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Signal in frequency domain
Spectrum
df
f1
f2
S(f)
S(f)
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Lecture 1
Time-Frequency Relation and Signal Bandwidth
General Relations:
Time Domain
Change Slow
Change Fast
Frequency Domain
Low Frequency
High Frequency
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Signal Bandwidth
small
large
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Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)
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Earthquake wave: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz
Nuclear explosion signal: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz
Electrocardiogram (ECG): 0 ~ 100 Hz
Wind noise: 100 ~ 1000 Hz
Speech: 100 ~ 4000 Hz (4 KHz)
Audio: 20 ~ 20000 Hz (20 KHz)
NTSC TV: 6 MHz
HDTV: > 10 MHz
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Lecture 1
System Frequency Response & Bandwidth
Input Signal x(t)
Input Spectrum:
X(f)
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Output Signal y(t) =H[x(t)]
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Output
Spectrum: Y(f)
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System: H()
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System Frequency Response: H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)
H(f)
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Signal can pass
Signal cant pass
Lecture 1
Transmission Media
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A transmission medium: - a connection between a sender and a receiver
- a signal can pass but with attenuation/distortion
- a special system with a transmission bandwidth
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Guided (Wired) Media
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Unguided
(Wireless) Media
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(lines)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz)
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LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone)
SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com.
Infrared (no frequency allocation)
Lecture 1
Frequency and Spectrum
ISM band
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902 928 Mhz
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2.4 2.4835 Ghz
LF
30kHz
10km
MF
VHF
HF
300kHz
1km
3MHz
30MHz
100m
10m
1 kHz
1 MHz
1m
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300MHz
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UHF
5.725 5.785 Ghz
SHF
3GHz
EHF
30GHz
300GHz
1cm
100mm
10cm
X rays
infrared visible UV
1 GHz
1 THz
1 PHz
Gamma rays
1 EHz
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band
Lecture 1
Parallel Transmission and Serial Transmission
011000110111010111
Segment the 0/1
stream into
N bits groups
N
Sender
Parallel Transmission
Sender
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Serial Transmission
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Receiver
Sender
0
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1
0
0
0
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0110001
P/S converter
7 (N) bits are sent together
7 (N) lines are needed
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0100 0110 1110 1011
0
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1
0
0
0
1
Receiver
0
1
1
0 Receiver
0
0
1
S/P converter
7 (N) bits are sent one after another
Only 1 line is needed
Lecture 1
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
Timing or synchronization between a sender and a receiver is very important for data transmission
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Asynchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)
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A bit stream is segmented into small groups characters (5~8 bits)
Add a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1) at the beginning and end of each character
Frame= start_bit+character+stop_bit (7~10 bits), but 2/9~2/10 no real data
Arbitrary long gap between two characters or frames
Sender
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1 0110001 0
1 1001100 0
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1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0
Receiver
independent
Synchronous transmission:
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2)
3)
4)
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A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
Frame=H_control_bits+character+T_control_bits
No gap between two characters in a data block
Sender
Con_bits 0110001
...
0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits
synchronized
Receiver
Lecture 1
Simplex Transmission and Duplex Transmission
Simplex
Transmission
Half Duplex
Transmission
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Device A
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Device B
One can send and the other can receive
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Direction of data at time 1
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Device A
Device B
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Full Duplex
Transmission
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Direction of data
Direction of data at time 2
Both can send and receive but in different time
Direction of data all the time
Device A
Device B
Both can send and receive simultaneously
Lecture 1
Communication Standards and Related Organizations
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Communications need standards for inter-operations of different devices
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- ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO number
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- ITU (International Telecommunication
Union): V.num & X.num
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- EIA (Electronic Industries Association):
EIA-num
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- IEEE (Institute of Electronics
Engineers): IEEE.num
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- ANSI (American National
Standards Institute): ASCII, etc.
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- ATM Forum and ATM
Consortium
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- IETF (Internet
Society and Internet Engineering Task Force): RFC num
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F Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML,
- W3C (World
Standard Organizations:
- WAP Forum (Wireless Application Protocol): WAP-num
Lecture 1
Serial & Asynchronous Transmission Standards
Standards of transmission in short distance:
- EIA-232 or RS-232
- V.24
- ISO 2110
- EIA-449/RS-422/RS-423
- EIA-530
- X.21
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Their common
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- Serial
& asynchronous transmission
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Transmissions of ASCII code, byte, char
- Use twisted copper lines
- Low speed: several Kbits ~ Mbits per second
- Short distance: < several tens of meters
Lecture 1
EIA/RS-232 Standard
Waveform of +, 2B or 0101101
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Device A
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Device B
Transmit characters (7 or 8 bits)
0 +15v and 1 -15v in a sender
0 (+3v, +15v) and 1 (-3v, -15v), otherwise error
Start bit (0) and stop bit (1) for every character 9/10 bits in total
A sender never leaves wire at 0v; when idle, puts 15v, i.e., 1
Lecture 1
EIA/RS-232 Standard (cont.)
Agreement of transmission timing or rate (bps bits per second)
- 300bps, 2.4Kbps, 4.8Kbps, , 19.2Kbps, 33.6Kbps, 56Kbps
Setting bit rates of devices/hardware
- switch (manually), software, auto-detection
Either simplex or duplex
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T: Transmitter R: Receiver G: Ground
Lecture 1
EIA/RS-232 and Other Standards
EIA-232: rate<64Kbps; connection length< 15 meters; 25 pin connector
- pin 2: receive (RxD); pin 3: transmit (TxD); pin 7: groud
- other pins for transmission control
EIA-449: rate<10Mbps; connection length< 12 meters; 37/9 pin connector
EIA-530: same as the above; 25 pin connector
X.21: 64/192 Kbps (N-ISDN rate); 15/8 pin connector
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Exercise 1
1. Two signals are given in the following figures. Whose bandwidth is large? Why?
s(t)
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s(t)
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2. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).
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3. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.
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4. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps. How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)
