Lecture 2

Modulation and Multiplexing

o c . s 2-Values & Multi-Values Encoding, and r Baud Rate & Bit Rate e Speed & Bandwidth Nyquist Theorem Relationship between e n Shannon Theorem Relationship between Speed & Noise i g Digital Encoding n E Carrier, Modulation, O Demodulation and Modem o - Digital Modulations: FSK, ASK, PSK, QAM D a Multiplexing and Demultiplexing a - FDMF (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing) - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

How to send data fast and far? m

Lecture 2

Increase Signal Transmission Speed

Pulse (2-values) interval=T 0 0 T 1 0 0 1 0

2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

bit rate = 1/T unit: bps bits per second

Encoder
Pulse (2-values) half T

0 1 00 1 0

Pulse (4-values) interval=T

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0 0 T

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Decoder

Increase bit rate by reducing T

Minimum T?

0 1 0 010 1110

2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

M-values encoding 1 pulse = log2M bits = k bits

Increase bit rate by increasing M=2k

Maximum M?

Lecture 2 Relationship between Transmission Speed and System Bandwidth

0 0 T 1 0 0 1 0

Nyquist Theorem

2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

Encoder
Nyquist Theorem (1920):

1) Given a system/channel bandwidth B, the minimum T=1/2B, i.e., the maximum signal rate D=2B pulses/sec (baud rate, Baud) = 2Blog2M bits/sec (bit rate, bps) 2) To transmit data in bit rate D, the minimum bandwidth of a system/channel must be B>=D/2log2M (Hz)

Explanations:

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1) 2)

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Transmission System/Channel Bandwidth=B

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Data Transmission Speed Maximum Signal Rate: D

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Decoder

A hardware cannot change voltages so fast because of its physical limitation

Questions:
Assume a telephone channel bandwidth B=3000Hz and M=1024, whats its maximum rate? Can we use the above channel to send a TV signal in real time? Why?

Lecture 2 Relationship between Transmission Speed and Noise

0 1 0 0 1 0

Shannon Theorem

Encoder

Transmission s(t) System/Channel Bandwidth=B

Shannon Theorem (1948):

1) Given a system/channel bandwidth B and signal-to-noise ratio S/N, the maximum value of

M = (1+S/N) when baud rate equals B, and its channel capacity is,
C = Blog2(1+S/N) bits/sec (bps, bite rate) 2) To transmit data in bit rate D, the channel capacity of a system/channel must be C>=D
Two theorems give upper bounds of bit rates implement-able without giving implemental method.

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Maximum Signal Rate Data Transmission Speed

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Decoder

Channel Capacity

Noise n(t) S/N=s(t)/n(t) =10log10S/N (dB, decibel) called signal-to-noise ratio

Lecture 2

Channel Capacity
Shannon theorem C = Blog2(1+S/N) shows that the maximum rate or channel capacity of a system/channel depends on bandwidth, signal energy and noise intensity. Thus, to increase the capacity, three possible ways are 1) increase bandwidth; 2) raise signal energy;

Examples 1. For an extremely noise channel S/N 0, C 0, cannot send any data regardless of bandwidth 2. 3. If S/N=1 (signal and noise in a same level), C=B The theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line where B=3000Hz and S/N=35dB. 10log10(S/N)=35 log2(S/N)= 3.5x log210 C= Blog2(1+S/N) =~ Blog2(S/N) =3000x3.5x log210=34.86 Kbps If B is fixed, we have to increase signal-to-noise ration for increasing transmission rate.

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3) reduce noise

Shannon theorem tell us that we cannot send data faster than the channel capacity, but we can send data through a channel at the rate near its capacity. However, it has not told us any method to attain such transmission rate of the capacity.

Lecture 2

Digital Encoding

010010110

Digital Encoder

a a F

Encoding Schemes: - RZ (Return to Zero) - NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) # NRZ-I, NRZ-L (RS-232, RS-422) # AMI (ISDN) - Biphase # Manchester and Differential Manchester (LAN) # B8ZS, HDB3

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Short Distance < 100m

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Digital System Channel

Lecture 2

Carrier and Modulation

Important facts: - The RS-232 connects two devices in a short distance (<15m). - It cannot be propagated far because its signal energy rapidly becomes weak with the increase of transmission distance. - A sine wave can propagate farther. The sine wave is an analogy signal. - A signal can be carried by the sine wave, called carrier, for long distance. Carrier: Acos(2fct+) where fc is called carrier frequency Modulation: change or modify values of A, fc, according to input signal s(t) - modify A A[s(t)]: Amplitude Modulation (AM) - modify fc fc[s(t)]: Frequency Modulation (FM) - modify [s(t)]: Phase Modulation (PM)

s(t)

a a F Modulator

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modulated signal: m(t)

Acos(2fct+)

Lecture 2

Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation input: digital signal output: analogy signal FSK Frequency Shift Keying Digital signal

ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 2-ASK 0: A1cos2fct 1: A2cos2fct

PSK Phase Shift Keying 4-PSK 00: Acos(2fct+ 0 ) 01: Acos(2fct+ / ) 10: Acos(2fct+ ) 11: Acos(2fct+ 3/2)

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2ASK

ASK modulated signal

PSK modulated signal

4PSK

0 0

1 0

1 0

1 1

Lecture 2

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QAM: a combinational modulation of amplitude and phase

m(t) = A[s(t)] cos{2fct+[s(t)]} = p(t) cos(2fct) + q(t) sin(2fct) /4 (90) phase difference between cos() and sin(), called quadrature QAM is currently more common in digital communications 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM,

8-QAM

sin
011 010

101

o . D . a .F.a. . . .
100 000 001 110 111

E O
cos

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0101 1101

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0100 1011

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16-QAM

1100

0111

. . . .

0011 0010

. . . .

sin

0001

0000

1010 1111

. . . .

1110

0110

. . . .

1001

cos

1000

bit_rate = 3 x baud _rate

bit_rate = 4 x baud _rate

Lecture 2

Modulator, Demodulator and Modem

Modulator: accept bit sequence and modulate a carrier Demodulator: accepted a modulated signal, and recreated bit sequence Modem: a single device = modulator + demodulator

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Lecture 2

Multiplexing, Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows simultaneous transmissions of multiple signals across a single data link.
CompA1 CompB1 CompC1 Rate Da Rate Db Rate Dc Da 3 links: cost & inflexible

CompA1 CompB1

Db

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CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

1 shared link: rate D

D>=Da+Db+Dc

CompC1 Dc

D E M U X

CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

Multiplexer

Demultiplexer

Lecture 2

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDM: - A set of signals are put in different frequency positions of a link/medium - Bandwidth of the link must be larger than a sum of signal bandwidths - Each signal is modulated using its own carrier frequency - Examples: radio, TV, telephone backbone, satellite,

A1 B1

C1

a a F
Mod Mod

Mod

1 f1

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3 f3 2

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Dem Dem
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A2 B2 C2

Dem

Lecture 2

Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Spread Spectrum

WDM: - conceptually the same as FDM - using visible light signals (color division multiplexing) - sending multiple light waves across a single optical fiber

Spread Spectrum: - spread the signal over a wider bandwidth for reliability and security - its carrier frequency is not fixed and dynamically changed - such changes is controlled by a pseudorandom 0/1 sequence (code) - the signal is represented in code-domain
s(t)

a Mod Code a F
..0011001001010

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Digital Mod
Acos2fct

Pseudorandom code

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): different codes for different signals

WIDEBAND CDMA (3G)

The W-CDMA concept:
4.096 Mcps Direct Sequence CDMA Variable spreading and multicode operation Coherent in both up-and downlink
= Codes with different spreading, giving 8-500 kbps

....
P f

High rate multicode user

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4.4-5 MHz

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Variable rate users 10 ms frame

8C32810.138ppt-Cimini-7/98

Lecture 2

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDM: - Multiple data streams are sent in different time in single data link/medium - Data rate of the link must be larger than a sum of the multiple streams - Data streams take turn to transmit in a short interval - widely used in digital communication networks

CompA1 CompB1 CompC1

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CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

Exercise 2
1. Use Nyquist's Theorem to determine the maximum rate in bits per second at which data can be send across a transmission system that has a bandwidth of 4000 Hz and use four values of voltage to encode information. What's the maximum rate when encoding the information with 16 values of voltage? 2. Is it possible to increase a number of the encoded values without limit in order to increase transmission speed of system? Why? Assume a bandwidth of a system is 4000 Hz and a signal-to-noise ratio S/N=1023, What's the maximum rate of the system? 3. (True/false) A digital modulator using ASK, PSK or QAM is a digital-to-digital system. 4. (1) If the bit rate of 4-PSK signal is 2400bps, whats its baud rate? (2) If the baud rate of 256-QAM is 2400 baud, whats its bit rate?

5. The bite rate of one digital telephone channel is 64Kbps. If a single mode optical fiber can transmit at 2 Gbps, how many telephone channel can be multiplexed to the fiber. Assume TDM is used.

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