ANATOMY and

PHYSIOLOGY
An Introduction
By:
Butch Dumdum
www.docbutch.blogspot.com

ANATOMY
Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting
(tome)

Disciplines of anatomy

Macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Neuroanatomy

Approach to study of gross anatomy

Upper extremity
Back
Head and neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and perineum
Lower extremity

DISCIPLINES

Gross Anatomy: structures studied with the naked eye.

Systematic anatomy: organized by systems, e.g., digestive,
nervous, endocrine, etc.
Regional anatomy: study of all structures in an area of the
body, e.g., upper extremity bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

Cell biology
Developmental anatomy (embryology)
Pathological anatomy
Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI)
Other areas? (surgery)

Levels of Structural
Organization

Biochemical (atoms, molecules)

Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

Medical Imaging Techniques

X-rays
CT Scan
PET
Ultrasound imaging
MRI
Anatomy is important!

Anatomical position a common visual reference

point
Person

stands erect with feet together and eyes

forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body

Regional terms names of specific body areas

Axial region the main axis of the body
Appendicular region the limbs

Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Regional Terms

Regional Terms

PLANES and SECTIONS

A plane is an imaginary flat surface
that passes through the body.
A section is one of the 2 surfaces
(pieces) that results when the body is
cut by a plane passing through it.

Sagittal
Plane
Sagittal plane

Other Planes and

Sections
Frontal or coronal plane

divides the body

or an organ into
left and right
sides

Midsagittal plane
produces equal
halves

Parasagittal plane
produces
unequal halves

divides the body or an organ

into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions

Transverse(cross-sectional)
or horizontal plane
divides the body or an organ
into upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions

Oblique plane
some combination of 2 other
planes

Body Planes and Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically
and divides body into anterior (front)
and posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane lies vertically and
divides the body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal
plane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally and

divides body into superior (up) and
inferior (down) parts

Body Sections

Body Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Oblique section through the trunk

Figure 1.6

BODY CAVITIES and

MEMBRANES

Body Cavities and

Membranes
Dorsal body
cavity
Cavity
subdivided into
the cranial cavity
and the vertebral
cavity.
Cranial cavity
houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord

Body Cavities and

Membranes

Ventral body
cavity
subdivided into:

Thoracic cavity
divided into
three parts
Two lateral parts
each containing a
lung surrounded
by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac

Body Cavities and

Membranes

Ventral body cavity

Abdominopelvic
cavity divided
into two parts

Abdominal cavity
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
Pelvic cavity
contains the
bladder, some
reproductive organs,
and rectum

Body Cavities and

Membranes
Serous cavities a slit-like space lined
by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

Serous Cavities

Double walled sac

Pleural cavity
pericardium
peritoneum

Parietal serosa
Visceral serosa
Serous fluid

SEROUS MEMBRANE
Thin slippery membrane lines body
cavities not open to the outside
parietal layer lines walls of cavities
visceral layer covers viscera within the
cavities

Serous fluid reduces friction

Body Cavities and

Membranes

Pleural & Pericardial

Cavities

Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs --Parietal pleura lines chest wall
Visceral pericardium covers heart --- Parietal
pericardium lines pericardial sac

Peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum --- serous membrane

that covers the abdominal viscera
Parietal peritoneum --- serous membrane
that lines the abdominal wall

Mucous Membranes
Lines body cavities open to the outside
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system

Other Body Cavities

Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

Abdominal Regions and

Quadrants

Abdominal regions divide the

abdomen into nine regions

Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into
four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants

THE CELL

CELL

CELL CYCLE

TISSUES

FOUR TYPES OF
ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)
Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
One side of epithelium exposed to
air or internal fluid, other side
attached to a basement
membrane, a dense mat of
extracellular matrix (connective
tissue)
Covers the outside of the body and
lines the internal organs and cavities
Barrier against mechanical injury,
invasive microorganisms, and fluid
loss
Provides surface for absorption,
excretion and transport of molecules

TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Cell shape
Squamous (flat & thin)
Cuboidal (box or square)
Columnar (rectangular)
Number of cell layers
Simple (one)
Stratified (two or more)
Pseudostratified (one
but appears to be two)
RELATE STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION!

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
Main function:
binding and support
other tissues
Large amount of
extra-cellular matrix
with fewer cells
Connective tissue
cells secrete the
extra-cellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
consists of network
of fibers in liquid,
jelly-like or solid
matrix

MUSCLE TISSUE
Composed of long cells
(MOVEMENT)
called muscle fibers
Contraction movement

NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)
Senses stimuli and
transmits signals
called nerve
impulses from one
part of an animal
to another
Consists of a cell
body and long
extensions called
dendrites (towards
cell body) and
axons (towards
another cell or an
effector)

Axon

Dendrite
Cell body

Tissue Type

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Cell Shape

Flattened,
cuboidal,
columnar

Irregular or round

Elongated

Cell appendages
branched

Cell
Arrangement

Single
multilayered

Scattered in
matrix

In sheets or
bundles

Isolated or
networked

Location

Body covering or
lining organs or
cavities

Supports other
organs

Lining internal
organs, make
skeletal muscles

Concentrated in
brain and spinal
cord + all over
the body

Surface Feature
of Cells

Cilia, microvilli

Matrix Type

Basement
membrane

Varied protein
fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm
to calcified

Matrix Amount

Minimal

Extensive

Absent

Absent

Unique Feature

No direct blood
supply, except for
glands

Cartilage has no
blood supply

Can generate
electrical signals,
force and
movement

Can generate
electrical signal

SYSTEMS

The Skeletal System

The basic framework of the body is a system of over 200 bones
with their joints, collectively known as the skeleton.
Protects and supports body organs.
Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
Blood cells are formed within bones.
Stores minerals.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The Muscular System
Body movements are due to the action of the muscles which
are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are
present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the
heart.
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and
facial expression.
Maintains posture.
Produces heat.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes all
make up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body
tissues, bringing with it food, oxygen and other substances, and
carrying away waste materials.
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
This system comprises all organs which have to do with taking in
food and converting the useful parts of it into substances that the
body cells can use. Examples of these organs are the mouth,the
teeth, and the alimentary tract (esophagus, stomach, intestine,and
accessory organs such as the liver and the pancreas).
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells.
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them.
The purpose of this system is to take in air, and from it extract
oxygenwhich is then dissolved in the blood and conveyed to all the
tissues.
A waste product of the cells, carbon dioxide, is taken by the blood to
the lungs, whence it is expelled to the outside air.
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide.
The gaseous changes occur through the walls of the air sacs of the
lungs.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
skin. The skin
is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system.
It includes the hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, and other related
structures.
Forms the external body covering.
Protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesis vitamin D.
Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat
and oil glands.

URINARY SYSTEM
This is also called the excretory system. Its main components
arethe kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. Its
purpose isto filter out and rid the body of certain waste products
taken by the blood from the cells. (Note that other waste
products are removed via the digestive and respiratory
systems).
Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the
blood.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
The brain, the spinal cord and the nerves all make up this very complex
system by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated.
The organs of special sense (such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and
organsof smell), sometimes classed as a separate sensory system,
together with the sense of tough, receive stimuli from the outside world,
which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
The brain determines to a great extent the bodys responses to messages
from without and within, and in it occur such higher functions as memory
and reasoning.
Fast-acting control system of the body.
Responds to internal and external changes by activating
appropriate
muscles and glands.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A few scattered organs known as endocrine
glands produce special substances called
hormones, which regulate such body functions
as growth, food utilization within the cells, and
reproduction. Examples of endocrine glands
are the thyroid and pituitary glands.
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction and
nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
This system includes the external sex organs and all related inner
structures which are concerned with the production of new
individuals.
Overall function is production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands
aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone; remaining
structures
serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the
newborn.