Physiology I
BM-115 Course Teacher: Ms. Fizza Zia Shaikh
Email: Fizzazia@neduet.edu.pk
Course Outline
• Levels of organization in human body
• Homeostatic control system
• Cell Physiology
• Plasma Membrane and membrane potential
• Muscle Physiology
• Cardiovascular system
• Blood
• Body Defences and Immune System
• Respiratory System
Text and Reference Books
• Text books
1. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,
Tortora & Derrickson, 13th Edition @ 2011
2. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems,
Lauralee Sherwood, 9th Edition @ 2014
• Reference Book
1. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton &
Hall, 13th Edition @2016
Marks Distribution
• Final Theory Exams: 60 Marks
• Sessionals: 40 Marks
• For Sessionals:
Assignment/Test – 10 Marks
Mid-term – 20 Marks
Quiz – 10 Marks
Course Learning Outcomes
S. Taxonomy
CLO Domain PLO
No. level
Define and Understand the concepts of
1. functioning of the physiological systems Cognitive 1 1
of human body
Describe and Explain the structural
organization and functional integration of
2. various activities of different systems of Cognitive 2 1
human body
Differentiate and Distinguish the normal
3. and abnormal functional activities of Cognitive 3 2
different systems of human body
Recognize the normal and abnormal
4 results of the experiments perform under Psychomotor 1 2
supervision
Learning Objectives
•To understand levels of organization in the
human body.
•To study main human tissues and their
functions.
•To understand different systems in human
body and their vital functions.
What is Physiology?
• It is the science of body functions.
• It focuses on function, or how structures at
different levels work.
Sub-specialities of Physiology
• Neurophysiology
• Endocrinology
• Cardiovascular physiology
• Immunology
• Respiratory physiology
• Renal physiology
• Exercise physiology
• Pathophysiology
Levels of Organization
1. Chemical Level
• Atoms essential for
maintaining life are C,
H, O, N, P, Ca and S.
• Molecules found in
Human body are fats,
proteins, carbohydrates
and nucleic acid (DNA).
2. Cellular Level
• Cells are the basic unit
of living organisms.
• They carry out functions of living
organisms.
• They are made up of organelles
such as mitochondria, nucleus etc.
Class Task 1
(2 minutes)
What are the most common
types of cells present in
human body?
Basic Functions of Cells
• Obtaining food (nutrients) and oxygen.
• Perform chemical reactions.
• Eliminating carbondioxide and other
byproducts.
• Synthesizing proteins and other components.
• Controlling exchange of materials.
• Moving materials internally.
• Being sensitive and responsive to changes.
• Reproducing.
Specialized Functions of
Cells
• The gland cells of digestive system secrete
digestive enzymes.
• Kidney cells can retain the substances needed
by the body.
• Muscle cells have the ability to produce
intracellular movement.
• Nerve cells generate and transmit electrical
impulses to other body regions.
3. Tissue Level
• Cell + Cell = Tissue
• Tissue is a group of cells that work
together to perform specific function.
• Four basic types of tissues in human
body
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Types of Tissues
• Connective tissue Connective tissue
connects and supports
parts of the body.
Example: Blood, fat,
ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons.
• Nervous tissue carries
Nervous tissue
signals back and forth
between the brain and
every other part.
Example: Brain, nerves
and spinal cord.
• Epithelial tissue covers Epithelial tissue
and lines the surfaces of
human body and organs,
inside and out.
Example: Skin , hair and
fingernails
• Muscle tissue can Muscle tissue
contract, or shorten,
enabling body to move.
Example: Heart, lungs,
Stomach, Biceps etc
Class Task 2
(2 minutes)
What cells make up these
basic types of tissues?
4. Organ Level
• Tissue + Tissue = Organ
• Organ: group of tissues
that work together to perform
specific function.
Lungs Heart
5. System Level
• Organ + Organ = Organ System
• Organ System: group of organs that work
together and perform specific function.
• There are 11 organ
systems in human
body.
Example: Nervous,
digestive, circulatory
etc.
Organ Systems in Body
1. Integumentary System
Components: Skin, hair,
nails, oil & sweat glands.
Function: Protection,
regulation & elimination.
2. Skeletal System
Components: Bones and
Cartilages.
Function: Provides support
and protection, helps in body
movement.
3. Muscular System
Components: Skeletal muscle
tissues.
Function: Participates in body
Movements.
4. Nervous System
Components: Brain, nerves
and Spinal cord.
Function: Regulates body
activities by generating
action potential.
5. Endocrine System
Components: Hormone
producing glands & cells.
Function: Regulates body
activities by releasing
hormones.
6. Circulatory System
Components: Heart and
blood vessels.
Function: Circulates blood
throughout the body, helps
in regulation.
7. Lymphatic System
and Immunity
Components: Lymphatic
Fluid and vessels, cells
carrying immune response.
Function: Carries lipids,
proteins and fluid to blood,
protection.
8. Respiratory System
Components: Lungs and
airpassage ways.
Function: Transfers oxygen and
carbondioxide and regulation.
9. Digestive System
Components: Organs of
Gastrointestinal tract.
Function: Digestion of food
and elimination of waste.
10. Urinary System
Components: Kidneys, ureter,
Urinary bladder and urethra.
Function: Eliminates urine and
waste nutrients, regulation and
maintaining acid base balance.
11. Reproductive
System
Components: Gonads of
(Testes in males and
Ovaries in females).
Function: Production
of gametes and
hormones that
take part in
formation of new
organism and
other processes.
Interactions between Systems
Respiratory
Digestive Nutritio Excretory
n
Circulatory
Nervous
Skeletal
Body
Muscular
Activities
Endocrine
Class Task 3
(2 minutes)
What organ systems are
involved in Cellular
Respiration and how they
interact to carry out this
process?
6. Organism Level
• Any living thing having all
characteristics of life.
• May exist as unicellular
or multicellular.
Video Animation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d
va-f_btvlk
Key Takeaways..
• 6 levels of organization in human body.
• Main human tissue types are nervous,
epithelial, connective and muscle tissue.
• 11 organ systems in human body that
work together in coordinated way.
Quick Question
• Are there any organs or
organ systems we could
live without?
(1 minute)
References
1. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,
Tortora & Derrickson, 13th Edition @ 2011
2. Human Physiology: From Cells to
Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th Edition
@ 2014
