Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a rare multisystem disorder and is the most common early-onset hereditary ataxia in populations of European, Arab and Indian descent. This article reviews the milestones in FRDA translational and clinical research over the past 10 years and outlines the priorities for future FRDA research.

Evidence for the effects of sex hormones on inflammation, myelination and neurodegeneration has implications for both cisgender and gender-diverse individuals with multiple sclerosis. Here, the authors summarize what is known about the effects of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones, and they highlight the need for future research inclusive of gender-diverse individuals.

Anti-amyloid treatments for early symptomatic Alzheimer disease have greatly increased the need for biomarker confirmation of amyloid pathology and blood biomarker tests offer an accessible and scalable biomarker test. This Consensus Statement provides recommendations for the minimum acceptable performance of blood biomarker tests for clinical use.

Alzheimer disease is a complex and multifactorial condition. The authors of this Perspective suggest that its lack of a singular common pathogenesis prevents it from being regarded as a straightforward ‘disease’ and that treatment will therefore require a multifaceted approach.

New research suggests that pathological α-synuclein in Parkinson disease can propagate from kidney to brain.

Implementation of patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) to enable patients and carers to feel included and equal to healthcare professionals is challenging to do well. Here, leaders of a PPIE group share their lived experience and highlight the importance of addressing the needs of all participants to enable true partnership.