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11 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women

by Adashi Margaret Odama, Valerie Otti, Shuai Xu, Olamide Adebayo and Adetunji T. Toriola

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113852 - 28 Oct 2021

Viewed by 2906

Abstract

Studies have investigated the associations of coffee and tea with mammographic breast density (MBD) in premenopausal women with inconsistent results. We analyzed data from 375 premenopausal women who attended a screening mammogram at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO in 2016, [...] Read more.

Studies have investigated the associations of coffee and tea with mammographic breast density (MBD) in premenopausal women with inconsistent results. We analyzed data from 375 premenopausal women who attended a screening mammogram at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO in 2016, and stratified the analyses by race (non-Hispanic White (NHW) vs. Black/African American). Participants self-reported the number of servings of coffee, caffeinated tea, and decaffeinated tea they consumed. Volpara software was used to determine volumetric percent density (VPD), dense volume (DV), and non-dense volume (NDV). We used generalized linear regression models to quantify the associations of coffee and tea intake with MBD measures. Coffee: ≥1 time/day (β = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.93–1.21; p-trend = 0.61) and caffeinated tea: ≥1 time/day (β = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.88–1.17; p-trend = 0.61) were not associated with VPD. Decaffeinated tea (≥1 time/week) was positively associated with VPD in NHW women (β = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.06–1.39) but not in African American women (β = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.73–1.17; p-interaction = 0.02). Coffee (≥1 time/day) was positively associated with DV in African American women (β = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.11–2.07) but not in NHW women (β = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.95–1.29; p-interaction = 0.02). Our findings do not support associations of coffee and caffeinated tea intake with VPD in premenopausal women. Positive associations of decaffeinated tea with VPD, with suggestions of effect modification by race, require confirmation in larger studies with diverse study populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

18 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling Is Downregulated in Barrett’s Esophagus Patients Undergoing a Moderate Calorie and Protein Restriction Program: A Randomized 2-Year Trial

by Diletta Arcidiacono, Alice Zaramella, Federico Fabris, Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez, Daniele Nucci, Matteo Fassan, Mariateresa Nardi, Clara Benna, Chiara Cristofori, Tiziana Morbin, Salvatore Pucciarelli, Alberto Fantin and Stefano Realdon

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3638; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103638 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Obesity and associated insulin resistance (Ins-R) have been identified as important risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma development. Elevated calories and protein consumption are also associated with Ins-R and glucose intolerance. We investigated the effect of a 24-month moderate calorie and protein restriction program [...] Read more.

Obesity and associated insulin resistance (Ins-R) have been identified as important risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma development. Elevated calories and protein consumption are also associated with Ins-R and glucose intolerance. We investigated the effect of a 24-month moderate calorie and protein restriction program on overweight or obese patients affected by Barrett’s esophagus (BE), as no similar dietary approach has been attempted to date in this disease context. Anthropometric parameters, levels of serum analytes related to obesity and Ins-R, and the esophageal insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway were analyzed. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03813381. Insulin, C-peptide, IGF-1, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), adipokines, and esophageal expression of the main proteins involved in insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction were quantified using Luminex-XMAP^® technology in 46 patients who followed the restriction program (IA) and in 54 controls (CA). Body mass index and waist circumference significantly decreased in 76.1% of IA and 35.2% of CA. IGF-1 levels were reduced in 71.7% of IA and 51.8% of CA. The simultaneous reduction of glycaemia, IGF-1, the IGF-1/IGFBP3 ratio, and the improvement in weight loss-dependent insulin sensitivity, were associated with the downregulation of the insulin/IGF-1 signal on BE tissue. The proposed intervention program was an effective approach to counteract obesity-associated cancer risk factors. The improvement in metabolic condition resulted in a downregulation of the ERK-mediated mitogenic signal in 43.5% of patients, probably affecting the molecular mechanism driving adenocarcinoma development in BE lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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Figure 1
The trial’s CONSORT flow diagram. Full article ">Figure 2
Waist circumference variation (ΔWC) and BMI (ΔBMI) in the control arm (CA) and intervention arm (IA) at the end of the 24 months of the intervention program. (a) ΔWC and (b) ΔBMI were calculated as the difference between the value measured at T24 and the baseline value. The dashed red lines (ΔWC = −4 cm and ΔBMI = −1.11 kg/m2) show the cutoffs between the two arms, which were mathematically corresponding to the 25th percentile of the whole data distribution. Each square represents a single patient from the CA and each triangle represents a single patient from the IA. Full article ">Figure 3
Total protein expression involved in insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction in esophageal tissue affected by Barrett’s esophagus. Protein expression was analyzed at baseline (T0, white boxes) and 24 months later (T24, black boxes) in both the control arm (CA) and intervention arm (IA). Data are expressed as the median (Q1; Q3) related to an arbitrary unit (A.U.), defined as described in the Materials and Methods Section. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare measurements at T0 and T24 within the same group. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to evaluate differences between the CA and IA at baseline. ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 4
Main protein phosphorylation levels in insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction in esophageal tissue affected by Barrett’s esophagus. Protein expression was analyzed at baseline (T0) and 24 months later (T24) in both the control arm (CA) and the intervention arm (IA). Data are expressed as the median (Q1; Q3) of relative phosphorylation levels related to an arbitrary unit (A.U.) defined as described in the Materials and Methods Section. Each symbol represents a different data set: ● CA at T0, ∎ CA at T24, ▲ IA at T0, ▼IA at T24. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare measurements at T0 and T24 within the same group. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to evaluate differences in baseline measurements between the CA and IA. * p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
Identification of different patient subpopulations based on the modulation of IRS1 expression after 24 months from the start of the intervention program. Patients were divided on the basis of the downregulation (lower) or upregulation (higher) of IRS1 expression at the end of the intervention program compared to the basal expression at the time of enrollment. Within the lower IRS1 subpopulation, patients who had improved glycaemic control and patients who had unchanged or worsened glycaemic control were analyzed separately. For each group of patients, data regarding anthropometric parameters, serum analytes, total expression, and the relative phosphorylation level of proteins extracted from Barrett’s lesion were reported. Data indicate the median variation (T24−T0) of the parameter considered, followed by a p-value (the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare measurements at T0 and T24 within the same group). A reduction in protein levels was indicated as the median of the variation expressed as a percentage (%). An increase in protein level was indicated as n-fold of the amount detected at baseline. Parameters not included in this diagram were not significantly modified. 1 The Fisher’s exact test was performed to assess differences between the proportions of patients belonging to the two arms within each subpopulation identified. The up/down arrow indicates an increase/decrease in the parameter’s measure at 24 months compared to baseline. The green arrow indicates a positive change (protective against cancer evolution) in the parameter considered. The red arrow indicates a negative change (procancer) in the parameter considered. Full article ">

13 pages, 880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Dietary Recommendations after One Year of Intervention in Breast Cancer Women: The DIANA-5 Trial

by Eleonora Bruno, Vittorio Krogh, Giuliana Gargano, Sara Grioni, Manuela Bellegotti, Elisabetta Venturelli, Salvatore Panico, Maria Santucci de Magistris, Bernardo Bonanni, Emanuela Zagallo, Angelica Mercandino, Maria Chiara Bassi, Rosalba Amodio, Maurizio Zarcone, Rocco Galasso, Maggiorino Barbero, Milena Simeoni, Maria Piera Mano, Franco Berrino, Anna Villarini and Patrizia Pasanisi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 2990; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092990 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3906

Abstract

The Diet and Androgen-5 (DIANA-5) trial aimed at testing whether a dietary change based on the Mediterranean diet and on macrobiotic principles can reduce the incidence of breast cancer (BC)-related events. We analyzed the adherence to the DIANA-5 dietary recommendations by randomization group [...] Read more.

The Diet and Androgen-5 (DIANA-5) trial aimed at testing whether a dietary change based on the Mediterranean diet and on macrobiotic principles can reduce the incidence of breast cancer (BC)-related events. We analyzed the adherence to the DIANA-5 dietary recommendations by randomization group after 1 year of intervention. We evaluated the association between dietary adherence and changes in body weight and metabolic syndrome (MS) parameters. BC women aged 35–70 years were eligible. After the baseline examinations, women were randomized into an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). A total of 1344 BC women (689 IG and 655 CG) concluded the first year of dietary intervention. IG showed greater anthropometric and metabolic improvements compared to CG. These changes were significantly associated with increased adherence to the dietary recommendations. Women who increased recommended foods consumption or reduced discouraged foods consumption showed an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.37 (0.70–2.67) and 2.02 (1.03–3.98) to improve three or more MS parameters. Moreover, women in the higher category of dietary change showed a four times higher OR of reducing body weight compared to the lower category (p < 0.001). The DIANA-5 dietary intervention is effective in reducing body weight and MS parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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16 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Natural Fiber-Rich Food Product Is Safe and Reduces Aberrant Crypt Foci in a Pre-Clinical Model

by Luane Aparecida do Amaral, Taina da Silva Fleming de Almeida, Gabriel Henrique Oliveira de Souza, Adrivanio Baranoski, Rafael Souza Maris, Felipe Francisco Bittencourt Junior, Bruna Paola Murino Rafacho, Antonio Carlos Duenhas Monreal, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya, Andréia Conceição Milan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva, Elisvânia Freitas dos Santos and Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2708; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082708 - 6 Aug 2021

Viewed by 3208

Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer is a highly prevalent disease, requiring effective strategies for prevention and treatment. The present research aimed to formulate a natural fiber-rich food product (NFRFP) and to evaluate its safety, toxicogenetics, and effects on aberrant crypt foci induced by 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine in [...] Read more.

Background: Colorectal cancer is a highly prevalent disease, requiring effective strategies for prevention and treatment. The present research aimed to formulate a natural fiber-rich food product (NFRFP) and to evaluate its safety, toxicogenetics, and effects on aberrant crypt foci induced by 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine in a preclinical model. Methods: A total of 78 male Wistar rats were distributed in six experimental groups: negative control, positive control (1,2-Dimethylhydrazine—40 mg/Kg), and four groups fed with 10% NFRFP: NFRFP, pre-treatment protocol, simultaneous treatment, and post-treatment protocol. Results: The NFRFP was shown to be a good source of fibers and did not change biometric, biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters, and did not induce signs of toxicity and genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. NFRFP exhibited a chemopreventive effect, in all protocols, with damage reduction (% DR) of 75% in the comet test. NFRFP reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt outbreaks by 49.36% in the post-treatment protocol. Conclusions: The results suggest the applicability of NFRFP in the human diet due to potential production at an industrial scale and easy technological application in different products, since it could be incorporated in food without altering or causing small changes in final product sensory characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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Experimental design. NFRFP—Natural Food Product Rich in Fiber; EDTA—ethylenedia-mine tetra-acetic acid; DMH—1,2-dimethylhydrazine; i.p.—intraperitoneal. Full article ">Figure 2
Chemopreventive action of Natural Fiber-Rich Food Product (NFRFP), by the comet assay, in different protocols for inducing DNA damage by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine. (A) % DNA in the tail; (B) % Reduction of DNA damage in the tail DNA; (C) Moment of the tail; (D) % Reduction of damage in tail moment. Internal Control—was performed with B16F10 cells treated with doxorubicin (5 µM). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (Statistical Test: ANOVA/Tukey; p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 3
Chemopreventive action of the Natural Fiber-Rich Food Product (NFRFP), by the micronucleus assay, in different protocols for inducing DNA damage by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine. (A) Average frequency of micronuclei; (B) DNA Damage Reduction Percentage. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (Statistical Test: Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn; p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 4
Effect of consumption of the Natural Fiber Rich Food Product (NFRFP) on the expression of the cytokines IFN-y (A), IL-6 (B), IL-10 (C), IL-12p70 (D), MCP-1 (E) and TNF-α (F) in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (Statistical Test: ANOVA/Tukey; p < 0.05). Full article ">

15 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Methyl-Group Donor Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

by Heleen Van Puyvelde, Nikos Papadimitriou, Joanna Clasen, David Muller, Carine Biessy, Pietro Ferrari, Jytte Halkjær, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjønneland, Renée T. Fortner, Verena Katzke, Matthias B. Schulze, Paolo Chiodini, Giovanna Masala, Valeria Pala, Carlotta Sacerdote, Rosario Tumino, Marije F. Bakker, Antonio Agudo, Eva Ardanaz, María Dolores Chirlaque López, Maria-Jose Sánchez, Ulrika Ericson, Björn Gylling, Therese Karlsson, Jonas Manjer, Julie A. Schmidt, Geneviève Nicolas, Corinne Casagrande, Elisabete Weiderpass, Alicia K. Heath, Lode Godderis, Koen Van Herck, Dirk De Bacquer, Marc J. Gunter and Inge Huybrechts Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061843 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4148

Abstract

(1) Background: Methyl-group donors (MGDs), including folate, choline, betaine, and methionine, may influence breast cancer (BC) risk through their role in one-carbon metabolism; (2) Methods: We studied the relationship between dietary intakes of MGDs and BC risk, adopting data from the European Prospective [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Methyl-group donors (MGDs), including folate, choline, betaine, and methionine, may influence breast cancer (BC) risk through their role in one-carbon metabolism; (2) Methods: We studied the relationship between dietary intakes of MGDs and BC risk, adopting data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort; (3) Results: 318,686 pre- and postmenopausal women were followed between enrolment in 1992–2000 and December 2013–December 2015. Dietary MGD intakes were estimated at baseline through food-frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to quantify the association between dietary intake of MGDs, measured both as a calculated score based on their sum and individually, and BC risk. Subgroup analyses were performed by hormone receptor status, menopausal status, and level of alcohol intake. During a mean follow-up time of 14.1 years, 13,320 women with malignant BC were identified. No associations were found between dietary intakes of the MGD score or individual MGDs and BC risk. However, a potential U-shaped relationship was observed between dietary folate intake and overall BC risk, suggesting an inverse association for intakes up to 350 µg/day compared to a reference intake of 205 µg/day. No statistically significant differences in the associations were observed by hormone receptor status, menopausal status, or level of alcohol intake; (4) Conclusions: There was no strong evidence for an association between MGDs involved in one-carbon metabolism and BC risk. However, a potential U-shaped trend was suggested for dietary folate intake and BC risk. Further research is needed to clarify this association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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13 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coffee Consumption and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in an Adult Mediterranean Population

by Laura Torres-Collado, Laura María Compañ-Gabucio, Sandra González-Palacios, Leyre Notario-Barandiaran, Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas, Jesús Vioque and Manuela García-de la Hera

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041241 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 22004

Abstract

We assessed the association between usual coffee consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and cancer mortality in an adult population in Spain, taking into account both the amount and type of coffee consumed. We used baseline data on coffee consumption and other personal variables, [...] Read more.

We assessed the association between usual coffee consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and cancer mortality in an adult population in Spain, taking into account both the amount and type of coffee consumed. We used baseline data on coffee consumption and other personal variables, and the number of deaths during an 18-year follow-up period, for 1567 participants aged 20 years and older from the Valencia Nutrition Study in Spain. Total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During the 18-year follow-up period, 317 died; 115 due to CV disease and 82 due to cancer. Compared with no-consumption, the consumption of ≤1 cup per day and >1 cup per day of coffee was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, HR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.56–0.97) and HR 0.56 (95% CI: 0.41–0.77), respectively. A lower cancer mortality was observed among drinkers of more than 1 cup per day compared with nondrinkers, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.20–0.86). Regarding the type of coffee, only the overall consumption of caffeinated coffee was associated with lower all-cause mortality at 12 and 18 years of follow-up, HR = 0.66 (95% CI:0.46–0.94) and HR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.44–0.79), respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that the moderate consumption of coffee, particularly caffeinated coffee (range 1–6.5 cups per day), is associated with a lower all-cause and cancer mortality after a long follow-up period. No significant association was found between coffee consumption and CVD mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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Review

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26 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lifestyle, WCRF/AICR Recommendations, and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature

by Daniele Nucci, Alessio Marino, Stefano Realdon, Mariateresa Nardi, Cristina Fatigoni and Vincenza Gianfredi

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103525 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3237

Abstract

One of the most notable changes in the epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC) is the rising incidence and prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in developed countries. The aim of this systematic review was to collect and summarize all the available evidence regarding lifestyle, [...] Read more.

One of the most notable changes in the epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC) is the rising incidence and prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in developed countries. The aim of this systematic review was to collect and summarize all the available evidence regarding lifestyle, diet, and EAC risk. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases in January 2021 for studies providing information about lifestyle, diet, WCRF/AICR recommendations, and EAC risk; published in English; without a time filter. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. The results are stratified by risk factor. A total of 106 publications were included. Half of the case-control studies were judged as high quality, whilst practically all cohort studies were judged as high quality. Body mass index and waist circumference were associated with increased EAC risk. Physical activity did not appear to have a significant direct role in EAC risk. A diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains appeared to be more protective than a Western diet. Alcohol does not seem to be related to EAC, whereas smokers, particularly heavy smokers, have an increased risk of EAC. Prevention remains the best option to avert EAC. Comprehensible and easy to follow recommendations should be provided to all subjects. Protocol ID number: CRD-42021228762, no funds received. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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25 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessReview

Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis

by Lucilla Crudele, Elena Piccinin and Antonio Moschetta

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062101 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6425

Abstract

The prevalence of being overweight and obese has been expanded dramatically in recent years worldwide. Obesity usually occurs when the energetic introit overtakes energy expenditure from metabolic and physical activity, leading to fat accumulation mainly in the visceral depots. Excessive fat accumulation represents [...] Read more.

The prevalence of being overweight and obese has been expanded dramatically in recent years worldwide. Obesity usually occurs when the energetic introit overtakes energy expenditure from metabolic and physical activity, leading to fat accumulation mainly in the visceral depots. Excessive fat accumulation represents a risk factor for many chronic diseases, including cancer. Adiposity, chronic low-grade inflammation, and hyperinsulinemia are essential factors of obesity that also play a crucial role in tumor onset. In recent years, several strategies have been pointed toward boundary fat accumulation, thus limiting the burden of cancer attributable to obesity. While remodeling fat via adipocytes browning seems a tempting prospect, lifestyle interventions still represent the main pathway to prevent cancer and enhance the efficacy of treatments. Specifically, the Mediterranean Diet stands out as one of the best dietary approaches to curtail visceral adiposity and, therefore, cancer risk. In this Review, the close relationship between obesity and cancer has been investigated, highlighting the biological mechanisms at the basis of this link. Finally, strategies to remodel fat, including browning and lifestyle interventions, have been taken into consideration as a major perspective to limit excess body weight and tumor onset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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25 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

by Dominika Radomska, Robert Czarnomysy, Dominik Radomski, Anna Bielawska and Krzysztof Bielawski

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051649 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 7316

Abstract

This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is discussed in this paper, as well as the effects of its deficiency [...] Read more.

This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is discussed in this paper, as well as the effects of its deficiency and excess in the body. Moreover, the biological activity of selenium, which it performs mainly through selenoproteins, is discussed. These specific proteins are responsible for thyroid hormone management, fertility, the aging process, and immunity, but their key role is to maintain a redox balance in cells. Furthermore, taking into account world news and the current SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, the impact of selenium on the course of COVID-19 is also discussed. Another worldwide problem is the number of new cancer cases and cancer-related mortality. Thus, the last part of the article discusses the impact of selenium on cancer risk based on clinical trials (including NPC and SELECT), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Additionally, this review discusses the possible mechanisms of selenium action that prevent cancer development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

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