Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis
<p>Overweight and obesity increased the risk for developing cancer in different sites. Body fat has been associated with increased risks for a number of cancers that occur in different sites according to sex. The cancer types depicted in the figure displayed increased mortality rate if in association with an obesity condition. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Main biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk. Obesity constitutes major determinants of the increasing incidence and prevalence of cancer. Several aspects underlying obesity, such as hyperinsulinemia, adiposity, and low grade inflammation, have been found as the major causes leading to cancer onset. Downward arrow indicates a decrease, whereas upward arrow indicates an increase. Abbreviations: GHR: Growth Hormone Receptor; IGFBP-1: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1; SHBG: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin; TNF-alfa, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IGF-1: Insulin Growth Factor-1. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Obesity and Cancer
1.1. Incidence: When Obesity Promotes Cancer
1.2. Obesity and Cancer: Prognosis and Mortality
2. Obesity and Cancer: Deepening the Relationship
2.1. Adiposity
2.2. Adipokines and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
2.3. Hyperinsulinemia
3. Perspectives into Visceral Adiposity and Cancer
3.1. Anthropometric Assessment: How to Identify Visceral Obesity
3.2. Browning of Adipose Tissue: Remodeling Fat Amount
3.3. Lifestyle Interventions—Let Food Be Your Medicine
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cancer Site or Type | Renehan et al. 1 (2008) | IARC Working Group 2 (2006) | Wang et al. 3 (2016) |
---|---|---|---|
Thyroid | Men (p = 0.02) | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p = 0.001) | Women (p = 0.728) | ||
Kidney | Men (p < 0.0001) | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p < 0.0001) | Women (p < 0.0001) | ||
Colon | Men (p < 0.0001) | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p < 0.0001) | (colorectal) | Women (p = 0.005) | |
Rectum | Men (p < 0.0001) | (colorectal) | |
Esophagus | Men (p < 0.0001) | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p < 0.0001) | (adenocarcinoma) | Women (p = 0.041) | |
(adenocarcinoma) | (esophagus and stomach) | ||
Stomach | - | Yes | |
Multiple Myeloma | Men (p < 0.001) | Yes | - |
Women (p < 0.0001) | |||
Leukemia | Men (p < 0.0001) | - | - |
Women (p = 0.01) | |||
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma | Men (p < 0.0001) | - | - |
Women (p = 0.01) | |||
Melanoma | Men (p = 0.04) | - | - |
Gallbladder | Women (p = 0.04) | Yes | - |
Pancreas | Women (p = 0.01) | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p = 0.014) | |||
Liver | - | Yes | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Women (p = 0.9) | |||
Meningioma | - | Yes | - |
Ovary | - | Yes | Women (p = 0.009) |
Prostate | - | - | Men (p < 0.0001) |
Endometrium | Women (p < 0.001) | Yes | - |
(corpus uteri) | |||
Postmenopausal Breast cancer | Women (p < 0.0001) | Yes | Women (p < 0.0001) |
Method | Description |
---|---|
Every-Other-Day Fasting | Food is withdrawn for 24 h on alternate days, with water provided ad libitum. Overall calorie intake need not be limited. |
Time-Restricted Feeding | It restricts the timing of meals, without regard to their caloric content, to a time window of few hours in a day. |
Periodic Fasting | It lasts 2 or more days and is separated from the next cycle by at least 1 week of normal feeding. |
Brandhorst | It lasts 4 days and provides 10–50% of the normal caloric intake |
Fasting Mimicking Diet | Periodic cycle of diets that provides a relatively high caloric content but mimics effects of fasting. |
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Crudele, L.; Piccinin, E.; Moschetta, A. Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062101
Crudele L, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062101
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrudele, Lucilla, Elena Piccinin, and Antonio Moschetta. 2021. "Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062101