Viet Nam

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has drastically increased in Vietnam since 2004. This increase can even be seen as a second investment boom, following the first surge in investment during the latter half of the 1990s. The total value of approved FDI projects increased by 56% from 2006 to 2007, reaching US$ 21 billion  in 2007 (GSO, 2008). However, most of these FDI enterprises were attracted to Vietnam by the abundance of good and low-wage production-line workers. While this investment has contributed to the initial stage of industrialization, sustainable industrialization and economic growth will require high-level industrial human resources such as excellent technicians and production-line leaders who can improve production operations. Such workers are needed, not only for foreign subsidiaries that receive direct technology transfer through FDI, but also for local suppliers that may receive indirect technology transfer from the spillover effects of FDI enterprises. Local suppliers are very important for supporting industries together with FDI suppliers. Without the development of supporting industries, international competitiveness in the machine-manufacturing sector cannot be improved even if final assemblers are accumulated .

It is widely recognized that Vietnam has high potential for developing industrial human resources, but the shortage of technicians and middle managers has become apparent. For now, FDI assemblers are expanding their investment in Vietnam, but they may move to other countries with lower-wage production-line workers when the wages increase in Vietnam. For further industrialization, it is essential for Vietnam to develop highly skilled industrial human resources who can increase productivity and manufacturing value-adding before the country loses the advantages of a low-wage labor force.

One of the measures for skill development would be to accelerate technology transfer from FDI enterprises, taking advantage of Vietnam’s better position to attract FDI.  This technology transfer may happen in various ways including through on-and-off-the-job training within FDI enterprises, increasing business relationships between FDI enterprises and local suppliers, and interaction with schools which provide technical and vocational education and training (TVET).

Focusing on skill development in the machine industry, through the interaction between FDI enterprises and TVET institutions for advanced education, the main task of this paper is to address the question: How can TVET institutions build partnerships with FDI enterprises in order to accelerate technology transfer in the electrical and electronics, motorcycle, and automobile sectors? In order to answer this research question, the following section will explore the demand for skilled industrial human resources. Section 3 reviews the structure of the TVET system in Vietnam. In Section 4, the good practices in Malaysia and Thailand are introduced. Section 5 explores emerging cases of interaction between TVET institutions and FDI enterprises in Vietnam. Section 6 analyzes how those TVET institutions in Vietnam have mobilized partnerships with FDI enterprises. Section 7 provides concluding remarks.

The historical evolution of van chai from within the administrative structure of farming villages is explained, and their geographical distribution described. The social and management functions and administration of the ‘floating village’ type of van chai is explained with particular reference to the lagoons of Thua Thien Hue Province. The van chai is the focus for the spiritual activities of fishing, so in each fishing community founded by migrants along the South-Central coast a van chai was established to worship the Whale God. These reflected the traditional folk and professional beliefs and mutual assistance within the community. Analysis of the religious and social functions and organization of the ‘guild-type’ van chai of the South-Central coast is based on Van Thuy Tu, Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province. The general design principles of pre-existing management systems in Vietnam are examined in terms of rights, rules, monitoring and accountability, conflict resolution, and sanctions.

The following article explains that the only way to avoid a disaster was to develop the economy and finance of the country. It is made with excerpts from my book “Viet Nam- Political History of the two wars- Independence War (1858–1954) and Ideological War (1945–1975)” prefaced in the English version by Professor Janet Hoskins (USC, LA) and in the French version by Historian Pierre Brocheux.

Reading plays an integral part in the education of individuals, especially children and young adults. It is defned as a basic life skill, a cornerstone for a child’s success in school, and indeed throughout the life. Reading is so important that it cannot be eliminated from the education process. Therefore, reading is vital for the individual in different ways. Different people read for diverse purposes, like formal education, entertainment, informal education, obtaining social knowledge, professional development, etc.

In the early twentieth century, a lot of Oc Eo cultural artifacts were discovered in the South of Viet Nam. Till 1942, Oc Eo archaeological site was discovered in the area of Ba The Mountain. In1944, Louis Malleret excavated many sites in the field of Oc Eo at the foot of Ba The Mountain such as Go Cay Thi, Go Oc Eo, Go De, Giong Cat, Linh Son... (in Thoai Son district, An Giang province) and then expanded gradually to the south-western region. His subsequent publications on Oc Eo Culture which were material evidences of ancient Funan Kingdom that existed till the early seventh century in the world of archaeology.

The Indochina War was the one that France led from 1945 to 1954 in Laos, Cambodia and Việt Nam, the three countries that formed "Indochina" when it still dominated them.  The three countries had fallen into the hands of France as it advanced in the conquest of their territories in 1858 - with the attack of Đà Nẳng (Việt Nam) which it called Tourane-to the creation of the Indochinese Union by the decrees of 17 and 20 October 1887. It was then composed of Việt Nam-divided into three kỳ (regions or countries, kỳ meaning flag), Cochinchina in the south, Annam in the centre and Tonkin in the north - and Cambodia and was administered by a Governor-General of Indochina (GGI). Cochinchina was a colony ruled by a governor while the other three parties were protectorates each managed by a "superior resident". The Laotian protectorate established in 1893 and the 1300 km2 Kouang Tcheou Wan (or Guangzhouwan) 广州湾 territory in South China with a 99-year lease signed in 1898 were later added to this Indochinese Union.

With the Geneva talks and its likely outcome, a change of power in South Viet Nam was needed. It was necessary to find a Prime Minister appropriate to the new situation because he would have to review everything, to build, to rebuild, and to be prepared in front of a militarily and ideologically powerful North.
Even if the final decision on his choice was up to the head of state Bảo Đại, France and the United States had their say. For France, it was necessary to preserve the property of the French settled for decades, as well as the French culture brought to the country since the beginning of colonization. For the Americans who held the purse strings, the new government had to respond to their desire to contain the expansion of communism, the only objective that led them to take an interest in this distant country.

Translation into Vietnamese of Maurice Durand's  Imagerie populaire vietnamienne (1960).
La collection des quelque 400 images populaires rassemblée par Maurice Durand, avec l’aide de Trần Văn Giáp, Trần Huy Bá, Louis Bezacier et Paul Lévy, est exceptionnelle.D’abord parce que, à de rares exceptions près, elle a été parfaitement conservée. Ensuite parce qu’elle est unique puisqu’à notre connaissance il n’en existe aucune qui soit aussi abondante et aussi diverse. Elle inclut en effet des images qui concernent tous les sujets : la vie quotidienne, les petits métiers, les souhaits et les talismans protecteurs, les religions et les pratiques religieuses, l’histoire, la littérature, la morale familiale, les dictons et proverbes, sans compter les scénettes d’agrément représentant des paysages, des fleurs ou des animaux.
La caractéristique principale de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler le « fonds Durand », collecté dans la rue pendant les périodes de fête, est qu’il correspond parfaitement à l’idée de cette imagerie vendue feuille à feuille, par des colporteurs ou dans de modestes boutiques, pour un prix très bas, et qui n’était pas destinée à durer plus que le temps des réjouissances, des cérémonies ou plus simplement de l’envie qu’on avait de décorer son intérieur de telle ou telle manière.
Ces images n’étaient pas conçues comme des illustrations de livres ou des estampes précieuses, mais étaient destinées au petit peuple de la ville. Pour être largement diffusées, elles étaient produites rapidement et en grande quantité et traitées des sujets variés. Selon le prix que l’acheteur pouvait mettre, elles offraient une plus ou moins grande application d’exécution. Conçues pour être répétitives, bon marché et éphémères, elles auraient disparu sans le goût et l’intuition d’un collectionneur aussi averti que Maurice Durand.
Après la réédition du livre « Imagerie populaire vietnamienne » en 2011 (EFEO), cette édition inédite en vietnamien (2018) est un hommage rendu à Maurice Durand, un grand érudit et un grand ami du Vietnam, de son histoire, de son peuple et de son art.

Le général Raoul Salan, prenant sa retraite, fut remplacé le 8 mai en 1953, dans sa fonction de commandant en chef des forces françaises en Indochine, par le général Henri Navarre.
Une fois arrivé sur place, celui-ci constata que les forces de défense des positions fixes, postes, forts, etc. prenaient la grande partie des forces disponibles. Le Việt Minh pouvait mobiliser l'équivalent de 9 divisions alors que les Franco-Vietnamiens pouvaient seulement aligner sept unités mobiles et sept bataillons parachutistes, un équivalent de trois divisions. Et dans les régions contrôlées par les 100 000 soldats Français des forts et des postes, 4 000 sur 7 000 villages étaient réputés être contrôlés, totalement ou partiellement, par le Việt Minh.
Il esquissa une stratégie, que le général Salan rédigea, qui était de (1) sécuriser le delta du fleuve Rouge qui était crucial stratégiquement à fin 1953 - début 1954 ; (2) pacifier les zones contrôlées par les communistes au Centre et au Sud Việt Nam pendant le printemps 1954 ; et (3) lancer une offensive générale pour poursuivre et détruire l'armée communiste dans le Nord.

Many have heard of the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 which put an end, for the Vietnamese, to the war of independence they had waged since 1858 against the French colonizers, and for the French, to the Indochina War, which began in 1945 to recover the Indochina lost to the Japanese on March 9, 1945.
Few, however, know the true content.
The following text, which presents this conference, is an excerpt from my book "Vietnam - The Political History of the Two Wars - War of Independence (1858-1954) and Ideological War or North-South (1945-1975)",  prefaced by the historian Pierre Brocheux and published by Editions Nombre 7 in 2020 in France.

This paper test the application of Fama-French three factors model one specific sector of the security market, the target of this research is the seafood market in Vietnam. OLS regression is used to test the model, 6 models are tested, with each model have different dependent variables represent the return of 6 portfolios that construct based on 2 groups of stock size and 3 groups of stock value from 12 companies with overall of 257 observations of dependent variables. The test is consist with the findings of Fama and French (1992), that in this study, there is a small firm effect. However, it is also shown that there is no value premium effect in Vietnam sea food market. Additionally, the result also shown that size and market factor have high relationship with the excess return, while value factor failed to explain in mid-value portfolio. Using all 3 factors of Fama-French model might not suitable for explaining the returns of Vietnam seafood sector for the adjusted R squared is small.

Ngành thép có lịch sử phát triển lâu đời, nhưng việc khai thép chỉ mới bắt đầu kỷ nguyên vàng từ thời kỳ công nghiệp thập kỷ 80s.

Qua mỗi giai đoạn, để ngành thép có thể tăng trưởng cần phải có động lực từ các yếu tố vĩ mô cũng như sự hậu thuẫn của ngành công nghiệp thế giới. Bài viết này sẽ đánh giá các tác động cũng như triển vọng của ngành thép trong giai đoạn 2018 trở đi.

The steel industry has a long history of development, but steel mining has just begun the golden era from the industrial era of the 80s.

Through each phase, for the steel industry to grow, it is necessary to have motivation from the macro factors as well as the support of the world industry. This article will assess the impacts and prospects of the steel industry in 2018 onwards.

Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học năm tại Trường Đại Học Khoa Học Xã Hội và Nhân Văn, đạt giải nhì ở TĐH Quốc gia Hà Nội.

So sánh tính tự lập của thế hệ trẻ trong xã hội Việt Nam và Đức
Bài viết này cố gắng so tính tự lập của thế hệ trẻ trong xã hội Việt Nam và người Đức, tức là những người ở độ tuổi từ 13 đến 35. Nhóm tuổi này được chọn vì bước hoàn toàn dựa vào cha mẹ của một người để trở nên tự chủ hoàn toàn thường diễn ra trong khung thời gian này. Trọng tâm chính của nghiên cứu này nằm trên kết quả của hai bảng câu hỏi trực tuyến với hơn 400 người tham gia. Ngoài kết quả nghiên cứu các công trình hiện có và phỏng vấn, việc đánh giá hai bảng câu hỏi cho thấy có sự khác biệt rõ rệt về tính tự lập của thanh thiếu niên Việt Nam và Đức, đặc biệt là ở hai lĩnh vực, mối quan hệ xã hội và tài chính cá nhân.

Từ khóa: thế hệ trẻ, tính tự lập, Việt Nam, Đức, sự so sánh

Comparison of the autonomy of the younger generations in Vietnamese and German societies
This paper tries to compare the autonomy of Vietnamese and German youngster, i.e., people at the age of 13 to 35. This age group was chosen since the step from totally relying on one’s parents to becoming fully autonomous usually takes place within this timeframe. The main focus of this research lies on the results of two online questionnaires with more than 400 participants. In addition to the results of the research of existing works and two in-depth interviews, the evaluations of the two questionnaires clearly show that there are differences in the autonomy of young people in Vietnam and Germany, especially in two areas, social relationships and personal finances.

Keywords: young generation, autonomy, independence, vietnam, germany, comparison

La guerre d’Indochine est celle que la France mena de 1945 à 1954 au Laos, Cambodge et au Việt Nam, les trois pays qui formaient « l’Indochine » quand elle les dominait encore.  Les trois pays étaient tombés entre les mains de la France au fur et à mesure de son avancée dans la conquête de leurs territoires de 1858 - avec l'attaque de Đà Nẳng (Việt Nam) qu'elle appelait Tourane-, à 1a création de l'Union Indochinoise par les décrets des 17 et 20 octobre 1887. Celle-ci était alors composée du Việt Nam-divisé en trois kỳ (régions ou pays, kỳ voulant dire drapeau), la Cochinchine au sud, l'Annam au centre et le Tonkin au nord-et du Cambodge et était administrée par un gouverneur général d'Indochine (GGI). La Cochinchine était une colonie dirigée par un gouverneur alors que les trois autres parties étaient des protectorats gérés chacun par un « résident supérieur ». Le protectorat laotien instauré en 1893 et le territoire Kouang Tcheou Wan (ou Guangzhouwan) 广州湾 de 1300 km2 en Chine du Sud à bail de 99 ans signé en 1898 furent plus tard ajoutés à cette Union Indochinoise.

On March 24, 1945, as he was preparing to take power in France, General de Gaulle proclaimed his intention to restore the authority of France in Indochina, and the creation of an “Indochinese Federationˮ, replacing the old “Union Indochineseˮof 1887, still composed of five entities (Cochinchina, Tonkin, Annam, Laos and Cambodia). This “Indochinese Federationˮ would form part of the “French Union” (a word found by Paul Mus)  composed of France and its territories, colonies and associated States.
On December 14, 1945, he received in Paris Prince Vĩnh San i.e. the former Emperor Duy Tân (1907-1916) . He had the idea of carrying out his restoration in Indochina in association with France within the frame of the Indochina Federation and the French Union.

Trần Trọng Kim, le Premier ministre de Bảo Đại en 1945, était à la Loge Les Écossais du Tonkin de la Grande Loge de France (GLDF). Bùi Quang Chiêu (fondateur du Parti Constitutionnaliste) fit deux conférences devant des Loges françaises sur les sujets La France a-t-elle perdu l’Indochine ? et Le problème de la colonisation devant les colonies. En janvier 1926, Phạm Quỳnh fit en loge une conférence sur L’idéal du sage dans la philosophie confucéenne. L’avocat Vương Quang Nhường fit un papier lu au convent (assemblée générale) de la GLDF en France en 1936, consacré au Problème colonial dans les sociétés modernes. Lê Văn Trung le Giáo Tông (Grand Maître Supérieur) du caodaïsme de Tây Ninh mit son tablier et fit le signe de détresse maçonnique au directeur de la maison d'arrêt où on l'avait amené, lui aussi franc-maçon. Tạ Thụ Thâu, le chef des trotskistes ; Phạm Ngọc Thạch, le membre secret du PCI qui créa les Thanh Niên Tiền Phong (Jeunesse d’Avant-garde) ; Trịnh Đình Thảo du Front de Libération du Sud VN ; l'empereur Duy Tân devenu prince Vĩnh San (Loge l’Amitié), et d’autres Vietnamiens étaient francs-maçons.

Việt Nam – The christians repression at the time of the Nguyễn dynasty

Nguyễn Ngọc Châu


One of the reasons advanced by the "Tây" (men from the West) to justify their attack on Đà Nẳng in 1858, was the protection of the Christians who suffered in Đại Nam from the repression of their emperor Tự Đức. In his note of January 1857 addressed to Emperor Napoleon III, father Huc, a missionary known for his expeditions to China and Tibet, insisted: "The population, gentle, hardworking, very accessible to the propaganda of the Christian faith, groans under the most abominable tyranny. It would welcome us as liberators and benefactors. It would take little time to make it entirely Catholic and devoted to France. "
Many speak of this repression of Christians but few explain the reasons. These are presented in my book “Viet Nam – L’histoire politique des deux guerres 1858-1954 et 1945-1975” (Viet Nam - The political history of the two wars 1858-1954 and 1945-1975), Nguyễn Ngọc Châu, Éditions Nombre 7, second edition 2020, Paris, prefaced by the historian Pierre Brocheux, through the following text.

""About the Publication: Vietnam is a country on the move. Yet contemporary Vietnam's education system is at a crossroads. Rapid economic growth has permitted rapid increases in the scale and scope of formal schooling, but there is a prevailing sense that the current education system is inadequate to the country's needs. Sunny assessments of Vietnam's achievements in the sphere of education have given way to a realization that the country lacks skilled workers. Some have even spoken of an "education crisis". These are not abstract concerns. What is occurring in Vietnam's education system today has broad implications for the country's social, political, economic, and cultural development.

Featuring contributions from scholars and policy analysts from within and outside Vietnam, Education in Vietnam addresses key issues pertaining to the political economy of education, the provision and payment for primary and secondary education, and the development of vocational and tertiary education. The book marks an important contribution to existing understandings of Vietnam's education system and contributes to broader understandings of social conditions and change in contemporary Vietnam.


also available on Amazon.com @
http://www.amazon.com/Education-Vietnam-Jonathan-D-London/dp/9814279056/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_1


Back to top""

Hội đồng Quản hạt là cơ quan tư vấn cho chính quyền thuộc địa ở Nam kì. Từ ngày thành lập, cơ quan này bao gồm các thành viên người Pháp và người Việt tuy nhiên ưu thế bao giờ cũng nằm trong tay nhóm dân biểu Pháp. Đến những thập niên 1920, 1930, trí thức người Việt ở Nam kì dần có tiếng nói và tổ chức nhiều cuộc vận động cải cách Hội đồng Quản hạt. Năm 1922, số lượng cử tri đoàn và dân biểu người Việt được nâng lên nhưng họ không được giữ chức Nghị trưởng Hội đồng Quản hạt. Để xóa bỏ điều bất bình đẳng này, đến cuối thập niên 1930, Bùi Quang Chiêu và nhóm dân biểu người Việt đã mở cuộc vận động để người Việt có thể giữ được chức Nghị trưởng Hội đồng Quản hạt. Đây là những nỗ lực thay đổi vị thế chính trị của người Việt trong chế độ thuộc địa ở Nam kì.

The Origins of Ancient Vietnam explores the origins of civilization in the Red River Delta of Vietnam and how related studies can inform our understanding of ancient societies, generally, and the foundations of Vietnamese culture, specifically. Long believed to be the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, this area has been referenced by Vietnamese and Chinese writers for centuries, many recording colorful tales and legends about the region's prehistory. One of the most enduring accounts relates the story of the Au Lac Kingdom and its capital of Co Loa. Founded during the third century BC, according to legend, the fortified city's ramparts still stand today. However, there are ongoing debates about the origins of the site, the validity of the literary accounts, and the link between the prehistoric past and later Vietnamese societies. The Han Empire's later annexation of the region, combined with the problematic accounts found in the Chinese chronicles, further complicates these questions.

Dans son livre Histoire du Vietnam contemporain, la nation résiliente, Ed. Fayard, le professeur Pierre Brocheux explique les possibles raisons de la division du Việt Nam en trois entités. Il cite l’extrait suivant de “Note sur la répartition de nos forces militaires en Indochine ˮ du 15 July 1885 de Jules Harmand, dans “Mémoires et Documents Asieˮ, t.57, p.112-15.
J. Harmand (1845-1921) était médecin de la marine, explorateur (mission Francis Garnier) et diplomate (commissaire de France aux Việt Nam, Laos et Cambodge). Il représentait le gouvernement français de la Troisième république lorsqu’il cosigna le traité de Huế en août 1883, traité par lequel la cour de Huế reconnaissait le protectorat français sur l’Annam et le Tonkin (les provinces du sud /Lục Tỉnh avaient déjà été conquises et annexées sous le nom de Cochinchine).

The Caodaism that appeared in Việt Nam in the 1920s has been the subject of several studies by foreign historians and anthropologists.  But its early break-up into many branches and the secret of the practice of its esotericism were barriers to a true understanding of this new religion.

Most of the texts of the foreign researchers focused on the Caodaism of the Tây Ninh branch, the only one to have owned an army and to have been involved in the war of independence against the French colonizer and that against the  Vietnamese communists. This Caodaism has become under the pen of many "the" Caodaism.
While there are still many other branches and organizations whose activities have always been purely religious and the fundamentals are what was revealed during the first years of the birth of this religion, far from the pantheon of "saints" venerated only in  Tây Ninh: Victor Hugo, Nguyễn  Bỉnh  Khiêm, SunYat Sen,...

This article is the result of the research of a caodaist from a family of caodaists, therefore bathed in this religion since his childhood.
Its objective is to make Caodaism better known, to bring it out of interpretations that are far from reality. Are exposed here the spirituality, the organization, the history of this religion.

This is an excerpt of my book " Việt Nam-Political history of the two wars, Independence war (1858-1954) and Ideological (1945-1975)), prefaced by professor Janet Hoskins (USC, LA)in the English version and by historian Pierre Brocheux in the French one, published in France in 2021 and 2019  and available on Amazon.

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
""""

Bài viết minh họa và phân tích sự phát triển trong quan hệ văn hóa Pháp – Việt trong quá trình thực hiện khu Triển lãm Đông dương của Triển lãm Toàn cầu Paris 1900. Các tư liệu mới đã xác định Nhà hát Đông dương được thiết kế dựa theo “sân khấu bản xứ” trong tư gia của Tổng đốc Phuơng tại Chợ Lớn, một địa điểm quan trọng để giao lưu tìm hiểu văn hoá âm nhạc Việt Nam vào các thập niên cuối thế kỷ 19. Bài viết này cho thấy cùng với Toàn quyền Paul Doumer, Charles Lemire đã có vai trò quyết định trong việc Cléo de Mérode kết hợp với Đờn ca Tài tử.

Le caodaïsme apparu au Việt Nam dans les années 1920 a fait l’objet de plusieurs études par des historiens et anthropologues étrangers. Mais son éclatement très tôt en de nombreuses branches et le secret de la pratique de son ésotérisme ont été des barrages pour une vraie compréhension de cette nouvelle religion.

La plupart des textes des chercheurs étrangers s’est concentrée sur le caodaïsme de la branche Tây Ninh, la seule à avoir possédé une armée et à s’être impliquée dans la guerre d’indépendance contre le colonisateur français et celle contre les communistes vietnamiens. Ce caodaïsme est devenu sous la plume de beaucoup « le » caodaïsme. Alors qu’existent toujours beaucoup d’autres branches et organisations dont les activités ont toujours été purement religieuses et les fondamentaux sont ce qui a été révélé durant les premières années de la naissance de cette religion, loin du panthéon des « saints » vénérés uniquement à Tây Ninh : Victor Hugo, Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, Sun Yat Sen,…

Cet article est le fruit des recherches d’un caodaïste issu d’une famille de caodaïstes, donc baigné dans cette religion depuis son enfance.
Elle a pour objectif de faire mieux connaitre le caodaïsme, le faire sortir des interprétations qui sont loin de la réalité. Sont exposés ici la spiritualité, l’organisation, l’histoire de cette religion.

Viet Nam 1954-Un possible choix autre que celui de Ngô Đình Diệm Nguyễn Ngọc Châu Extrait de « Viet Nam-L'histoire politique des deux guerres 1858-1954 et 1945-1975 », Nguyễn Ngọc Châu, Éditions Nombre 7, Juin 2019, Paris. Ngô Đình Diệm, qui résidait au Maryknoll Junior Seminary à Lakewood dans le New Jersey aux États Unis, où il s'était exilé, alla en mai 1953 en France où se trouvaient Bảo Đại et la plupart des Vietnamiens résidant hors du Việt Nam, pour mener sa campagne. À Paris, ville des exilés et des intellectuels vietnamiens hors du pays, les réunions des divers groupes de la communauté et les discussions sur l'homme providentiel battaient leur plein. Arthur Jonh Langgut, écrit dans Our Vietnam : The War 1954-1975 (Notre Vietnam : La Guerre 1954-1975) : « [Ngô Đình] Diệm n'était pas le seul candidat pour le poste de Premier ministre sous Bảo Đại, et les Français le considéraient comme hostile à leurs intérêts commerciaux, qu'ils espéraient continuer de développer malgré le changement de gouvernement. Cependant, les noms que les Français mettaient en avant pouvaient être rejetés comme ayant été de leurs collaborateurs, et l'alternative la plus sérieuse à Diệm, le D r Nguyễn Ngọc Bích, avait ses propres handicaps. Bien que n'étant pas communiste lui-même, Bích s'était battu avec le Việt Minh, et son père 1 avait un rôle important dans le caodaïsme, une secte éclectique qui vénérait Confucius, Bouddha, Jésus, Jeanne d'Arc et Victor Hugo. » Chester L. Cooper 2 indiqua dans son livre The Lost Crusade-America in Vietnam (La Croisade perdue-L'Amérique au Việt Nam) , « un groupe d'intellectuels vietnamiens se réunissait régulièrement à Paris pour discuter des possibles candidats [pour être le dirigeant nationaliste qui pourrait apporter au peuple vietnamien une alternative non communiste à Hồ Chí Minh]. ». « Au début des discussions, [Nguyễn Ngọc] Bích était considéré comme un candidat possible au poste de Premier ministre à cause de la fascination presque mystique qu'il exerçait sur des millions de Vietnamiens. […] Bích s'était joint au Việt Minh parce qu'il était convaincu que c'était une occasion pour les nationalistes non communistes de se mettre ensemble avec les communistes dans une large coalition pour établir un véritable Việt Nam libre et indépendant ». « Ngô Đình Diệm était le candidat favori des conservateurs catholiques, mais il était considéré généralement comme un honnête et dur nationaliste, ayant des connaissances brillantes et une expérience pratique de gouvernement. […]. Diệm rencontra d'abord le groupe de Paris au début du printemps de 1954 et, d'après l'un des présents, il avait fait une mauvaise impression. Bích quitta une réunion où Diệm était présent et refusa de s'associer à une quelconque des délibérations qui suivirent.