Traditional Herbal Medicine

The avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femur head due to the death of the osteocytes of the bone marrow occurs because the organ is not supplied with sufficient blood. The prevalence of the problem is 10%-50% in adults. The etiology of the disease includes various factors such as trauma, cigarette smoking, drinking spirits, taking corticosteroids, genetics, metabolic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, pregnancy, and the like. The treatment of necrosis can be conducted regarding the degree of the problem. In the present paper, a case was reported whose femur head necrosis was treated by applying Iranian Medicine without using common drugs in modem Medicine. The patient was a 46-year-old man who had felt severe pain in his left hip since a month before referring. The pain had gradually increased and the AVN of the femur head was diagnosed after magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, the surgery and arthroplasty of the femur head were recommended in this regard. In general, surgery and arthroplasty were recommended regarding the hard medicinal and complicated treatment of the AVN of the femur head. However, it is noteworthy that applying Iranian medicine capacities is possible for curing the disease.

In the post-covid era of using Traditional Tibetan Medicine, many patients face chronic post-covid syndrome symptoms. Many of such maladies can be address by the Traditional Tibetan Medicinal Bath therapy known as the “Dutsi 5 Lums” or 5 Nectars Bath. Praised for its ability to fight rLung or wind disorders, seen as a strong component in wotking wth both acute and chronic conditions this therapy has emerged in my clinic as a viable method to treat the post Covid-19 symptoms and subsequent long term effects on the nervous, muscular skeletal systems as well as with the chronic fatigue. Said in the Tradition Tibetan text, the rGyud bZhi, those extremely depleted and weakened from prolonged and difficult illness, suffering from joint and muscle pains, circulatory disorders, nervous system disorders, contagious disorders and issues with the plasma and subsequent rash and skin disorders will all benefit from this bath. What is unique about using this treatment within North America, is that the herbs are all grown here and thus is made easily. Bath therapy is also a logical way to employ treatment at a distance in mild cases and does not typically interfere with western medical treatments. This healing bath has multiple benefits for multiple disorders, and was used long before the Corona virus hit as a worldwide pandemic. Making this bath recipe available, with sinple how to use instructions is of great benefit to mankind in these troubled times.

Traditional Women Herb Sellers (TWHSs) deals in medicinal materials from plants’ parts like leaves, flowers, fruits,
seeds, rhizomes and other animal parts. Despite their pivotal roles in Nigeria health care delivery system, they continue to
suffer neglect and poor working capital. This study investigated women activities in traditional herb business in south-
Western Nigeria. The study emphasized majorly on qualitative techniques and it was supported by quantitative analysis.
Multi-stage sampling procedure was used. 3 urban/rural towns were randomly selected in each state of Lagos, Ogun, Oyo,
Osun, Ekiti and Ondo states totaling 18 while one public market was targeted in each town. 4 sellers were randomly
interviewed in each market totaling 72; and 27 buyers/clients were randomly interviewed among customers patronizing
each of the sellers during our visits. A total of 486 clients were interviewed but only 480 were analysed using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistical techniques (frequency, percentages and weighted mean score) were
used to summarize the data collected. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Secondary data were
extracted from, internet documents and official publications. The study revealed that TWHS were mainly elderly people
(90.3%). They treated different ailments and were all married (100%). Majority of them were illiterate (54.2%) with many
years of experience. They displayed their wares in the market places WITH little capital base. All the participants complained
of poor funding and claimed inability to access loan due to their low level of literacy and neglect by the government.
Nevertheless, the findings showed that socio-economic attributes of Women Traditional Herb Sellers (WTHSs) had significant
effect on their performance, (􀁆2=47.06; df=2; ). The findings also showed significant relationship between the
treatment modalities of WTHSs and their performance (􀁆2 = 48.56; df=2; ). Moreover, there existed significant
relationship between the networking strategies of WTHSs and performance (􀁆2 17.86; df=2; ). It was found
that WTHSs provided health care services on both preventive and curative health care, with significant association between
the performance and patronage by their clients ( 83.56; df=6; ), especially in the areas of malaria, infertility
and small pox to mention a few. The study concluded that in spite of the importance of WTHSs in the society, there is
inadequate financial and research assistance from government and academia. Thus, Government, Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) and research institutions may have to increase their research budgets to modernize the traditional
herbs sector.

This brief study on TCM and covid 19 encompasses basic structured bibliography on a rich variety of research areas:  it includes general reviews, systematic reviews, studies focusing on a meta-analysis, clinical research, research on randomized control trials, research on policy issues, on efficacy and safety of TCM addressing a wide range of covid 19 cases etc. We have also enumerated the basic TCM formulas and prescritions employed thus far to fight the new pandemics and enrich our tools in dealing with new, unpredicted challenges and potential threats to human integrity.

Medicinal plants are the gift of nature and play an important role as a part of our diet to maintain health. They also serve as a versatile weapon to combat against a number of diseases. Every civilization has its own experience and knowledge of therapeutic uses of plants. The belief and observations regarding traditionally used medicinal plants, increasing the interest of people to use them against urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with high recurrence. World population of about 12% suffers with urolithiasis. All over the world in different countries and cultures people use plants for the prevention and cure of kidney stone according to their ethnopharmacological information. These formulations are very effective that's why these are used for hundreds of years. This review covers the eighty (80) medicinal plants of most cited family Asteraceae against urolithiasis along with their historical antiurolithiatc background shared in well-known books of Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Al Razi and Ibn Sina. This information was extracted to compose antiurolithiatic plants with their parts and formulations used in 21 countries such as Algeria, Scientifically proved pharmacological activities of the same part of plant have direct (litholytic) and in direct pharmacological effects like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, litholytic, lithotriptic, antiurolithiatic, antispasmodic, ACE inhibition and Phospholipase A2 inhibition also shared as a plausible mechanism of action. The route of administration is oral in all cases. Hopefully, this book will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery. This valuable ethnopharmacological information will provide the opportunities for the future research and development of new natural antiurolithiatic compounds.

Traditional Knowledge (TK) is a central component for the daily life of millions of people in developing countries, including India where access to “modern” health care services and medicine is limited due to economic and cultural constraints. Some TK is codified, that is, formalized in some way (eg Ayurveda) however, a great part of it is non-codified, such as, “folk”, “tribal” or “indigenous” medicine which is based on traditional beliefs, norms and practices accumulated during centuries old experiences of trial and error, and passed to successive generations through oral tradition. The protection under Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) of traditional and indigenous knowledge has received growing attention since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. However, the concept of Protection in case of TK is understood and interpreted in different ways by different groups; hence there exist two schools of thought-as per one belief protection essentially means to exclude the unauthorized use by third parties; whereas others regard protection as a tool to preserve traditional knowledge from uses that may erode it or negatively affect the life or culture of the communities who are in possession of such knowledge and have developed / applied it.

Herbal plants are very important in traditional community use and enrich our plant biodiversity and conservation. Natural products are vital substances of traditional knowledge systems in complementary and alternative medicine, nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities. Bioactive secondary metabolites from herbal plants of different forms are main sources and provide major opportunities for drug active pharmaceuticals due to the diverse flora and fauna biodiversity that produces the necessary available chemical diversity. There has been an increasing popularity in phytochemical research within the high through put (HTS) screening programs in search of lead. Phytochemicals of herbal extracts for traditional uses contain various types of bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic nature, and many phytomedicines for different therapeutic areas have been derived from herbal products. This paper is aimed at giving an insight into the extraction, isolation, and characterization of the rich medicinal plant biodiversity of potential pharmaceutical importance and the major drawbacks and challenges in the extraction, isolation, and characterization of phytochemicals in plant extracts. Phytochemicals in medicinal plants have been studied with more emphasis on the extraction process which is a vital stage in the analysis of bioactive compounds in medicinal plant research. The advantages and disadvantages of the different extraction methods is important to discuss following the regulatory guidelines and different pharmacopoeia. The analysis of bioactive molecules in herbal products involves the applications of various phytochemical screening methods, and the use of chromatographic techniques such as TLC and HPLC, including in some cases the non-chromatographic methods like Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), immunoassay. This paper has been motivated by the challenges faced by most pharmacy students in data mining of information on phytochemical screening and testing of biological activities in projects related to herbal plants research. This write up is also geared towards providing students with information on the preclinical drug discovery process towards the formulation of an improved traditional medicine/ phytomedicine.

Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.

Herbal plants are very important in traditional community use and enrich our plant biodiversity and conservation. Natural products are vital substances of traditional knowledge systems in complementary and alternative medicine, nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities. Bioactive secondary metabolites from herbal plants of different forms are main sources and provide major opportunities for drug active pharmaceuticals due to the diverse flora and fauna biodiversity that produces the necessary available chemical diversity. There has been an increasing popularity in phytochemical research within the high through put (HTS) screening programs in search of lead. Phytochemicals of herbal extracts for traditional uses contain various types of bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic nature, and many phytomedicines for different therapeutic areas have been derived from herbal products. This paper is aimed at giv...

Objectives Rhus coriaria L. (RC) is a deciduous shrub with several pharmacological activities. Evidence of the effects of RC on weight, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have been presented in this study. Books, thesis and internet-based resources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, Ovid and Google Scholar were searched for the English, Arabic and Persian literature from 1966 to 2020 (December). The keywords were Rhus coriaria L., Sumac, metabolic syndrome and all its medical conditions (hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus). The inclusion criteria were full-text animal and human studies conducted on RC to evaluate its efficacy on any components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of evidence. Key findings Reviewing 23 relevant studies demonstrated that RC is able to decrease the level of blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, serum insulin and insulin resistance. Studies on hyperlipidaemia and obesity have very contradicting results, and there is no definite conclusion on the effect of RC on lipid profile. However, the hypotensive and effect of RC was confirmed in the existing studies. Summary According to the literature, RC can be considered as a promising curative candidate for MetS. However, further studies with larger sample size and higher methodological quality are needed.

Context: Several experimental results and clinical reports using Mangifera indica L extract (MSBE) suggest its potential utility in osteoarthritis (OA) mixed pain.

Aims: To examine the possible therapeutic effects and safety of supplementation on osteoarthritis (OA) pain.

Methods: Fifty patients with painful knee OA who had undergone a year of conventional treatment that included paracetamol and non-pharmacological therapies were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n = 21), which received a daily dose of 900 mg of extract supplementation or preceding usual treatment and placebo in the same form (n = 17) for a period of 120 days. The primary measure outcome was the change in the average daily pain diary score (ADPS) using the Likert scale. Also, a multidimensional measure of pain, stiffness and functional disability on The Western Ontario and Mc Master Universities (WOMAC) index for knee OA and ultrasonographic chronic signs of synovitis such as effusion and synovial thickness were evaluated.

Results: Change from baseline in ADPS of the MSBE supplemented group showed a significant reduction after two weeks that lasted for 120 days with respect to the placebo group. Significant improvements in pain and functional disability WOMAC sub-scores, number of joints with synovial thickness and effusion after MSBE supplementation vs. placebo were observed. Non-adverse effects were reported in the experimental group.

Conclusions: These results suggest that MSBE supplementation has a beneficial effect on OA pain and disability.

Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.

Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.

Context: Cancer is a complex disease involving numerous changes in cell physiology and abnormal cell growth, which lead to malignant tumors. Many investigations are still carrying on in different areas including, natural products, to find a possible break point to this pathology.

Aims: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity on different polar extracts from Vismia baccifera and Vismia macrophylla collected in two locations of the Venezuelan Andes.

Methods: Cytotoxic activity assay was carried out following the colorimetric (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. Human tumor cell Lines from breast carcinoma without gene over-expression (MCF-7), breast carcinoma with overexpressed gene (SKBr3), prostate carcinoma (PC3) and cervix epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) were tested with different polarity solvent extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, water) from the two species under investigation. Human dermis fibroblasts were used as control cells. Mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated.

Results: Extracts from V. macrophylla showed significant inhibition of cervix epithelial carcinoma with values ranging from 6.09 µg/mL to 17.51 µg/mL; breast carcinoma with an overexpressed gene with values from 12.14 µg/mL to 16.90 µg/mL and prostate carcinoma from 10.91 µg/mL to 17.70 µg/mL. V. baccifera extracts showed the strongest activity against prostate carcinoma with an IC50 value of 2.92 µg/mL.

Conclusions: The present study showed evidence for the anticancer activity of Vismia baccifera and Vismia macrophylla extracts since caused growth inhibition in different cell lines at low concentrations, thus, it is considered not only an important contribution to the natural products research but bring supportive data for further investigations on cancer research.

Context: Ammodaucus leucotrichus commonly known as a ‘Kamune es sufi or akâman’ in Morocco, is used to treat many diseases including diabetes.

Aims: To investigate the antihyperglycemic activity of an aqueous extract of fruits A. leucotrichus (AEAL) and its chemical composition.

Methods: The antihyperglycemic effect of the AEAL was tested against intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase activities, in vitro, at the concentrations (41-328 µg/mL) and (0.5-3 mg/mL) respectively. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the AEAL (150 mg/kg) against these enzymes was confirmed, in vivo in normal and alloxan diabetic rats using sucrose, starch, and glucose as a substrate.The antihyperglycemic effect of the AEAL was also tested against intestinal D-glucose absorption activity at the dose of 150 mg/kg using the jejunum segment perfusion technique, in situ. Chemical composition was evaluated using HPLC.

Results: The results of this study showed that the AEAL was significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the intestinal α-glucosidase, in vitro (IC50 = 0.254 mg/mL). The same effect of this extract was confirmed against the pancreatic α-amylase activity, with IC50 = 1.81 mg/mL. In vivo, the oral intake of the AEAL at a dose of 150 mg/kg was significantly attenuated the hyperglycemia induced by the sucrose, starch, and glucose in the normal and alloxan diabetic rats. AEAL, also, significantly (p<0.01) decreased intestinal glucose absorption, in situ.HPLC results revealed the presence of four molecules: vanillin, quercetin, kaempferol, and thymol.

Conclusions: A. leucotrichus showed a significant antihyperglycemic activity. This effect can be explained by the inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities, and the intestinal absorption of D-glucose.

Herbal medicine and their preparations from plants, herbs, and animals both in parts and whole forms have been used since the early days of humankind and are still used throughout the world for health promotion and treatment of disease. The study identified the usefulness of Entrepreneurial Women Indigenous Herb Sellers (EWIHSs) in health care delivery system in Nigeria. It also identified the nature, classification and categorization of EWIHSs at Bode/Ibuko Market, Oyo State, Nigeria and it consequently, examined the groups that have knowledge of treatment of human illnesses and diseases. The study was conducted using both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through observation and oral interview of 18 EWIHSs at the Bode/Ibuko herbal market in Ibadan, Oyo state. The study utilized thematic analysis for the qualitative data collected. The study identified two major classifications of EWIHSs (Herbs and roots sellers" category and those that deal with sales of animals in whole form and parts such as Lion heads, Chameleon, bats, monkeys, owls, vulture and so on) which was noted to be subdivided into five categories of EWIHSs as follows: (i) Those that sell both plants and animals parts and in whole form whether dead or alive; (ii) those that sell purely plants parts or in whole form, (iii) those that sell purely animal parts or in whole form and (iv) those that sell mineral materials dug from the ground such as camphor, kafura (Naphthalene), Kanafuru (Clove) and so forth and finally (v) those that sell the combinations of one to four (i to iv) above. Others that were attached to EWIHSs in terms of providing herbal materials for the public sales are being called different names such as: Iya Oko (Village women); Oni Taba Juku (snuff sellers or powdered tobacco); Oni Iyere (Black pepper sellers), and Alubosa Ayu (Allium sativum-Garlic); Oni Poroporo (Solanum aviculare sellers), Bara (Bitter melon); Isude; Baka, Epa ikun (belongs to the family Solanaceae) and finally Oni Yari (indigenous comb sellers-the women in this category sell indigenous combs, mirrors and so on). All of them together with EWIHSs are being called different names such as Lekuleja, Alagbo Omo, Oniwosiwosi, Alate, Elewe Omo and so forth. It was observed from the study that not all these categories of EWIHSs have the knowledge of treatment in terms of combination of materials for treatment of human illnesses and diseases, as a result public need to be cautious as regards receiving prescription and treatment from them. This is a dangerous development that may have adverse consequences on the unsuspecting customers who may not be able to distinguish between sellers or healers. The study recommended that public need to be cautious on who is to approach when they go for indigenous herbal treatment. It is suggested that the intending customers of EWIHSs must first see guidance from officers of the herbal sellers especially the secretary or the president in the herbal market. Finally, Policy implications include the need for government to improve the knowledge of the sellers in health care and also encourage the sellers through improved access to loan so as to enable the sellers contribute positively to the broader health objectives of Nigerian society.

Context: Hyperglycemia causes diabetes mellitus (DM), abnormal metabolism, oxidative stress, and chronic complications such as impotence. Hyperglycemia causes testicular atrophy and stromal cell, seminiferous tubular damage, and spermatogenic cells. Bischofia javanica Blume is a plant that is used for the treatment of various chronic conditions and has traditionally by the people of Indonesia as a diabetes medicine.

Aims: To determine the effect of B. javanica extract on the increase in the quality and quantity of sperm of hyperglycemic rats.

Methods: The treatment groups consisted of; G0: negative control (-), G1: positive control (DM: alloxan induction + standard feed), G2-G4: DM + 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg BW of B. javanica leaves ethanol extract, respectively, and G5: DM + glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg BW. Rats were dissected, and then the testes were taken to analyze sperm quantity and quality and immunohistochemistry.

Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in testes volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility in hyperglycemic rats. The decrease in caspase 3 expression and apoptosis was accompanied by an increase in the dose of the highest B. javanica ethanol extract, and it was seen that testicular histology in groups G4 (900 mg/kg) and G5 (glibenclamide) could improve testicular histology like in the control group (G0).

Conclusions: B. javanica can improve the quality and quantity of hyperglycemic rats’ sperm and also reduce apoptosis via caspase 3 in the histology of testis.

In between the present modern world and the growing Siddha System of Medicine, there are many areas to be focused. One such area is "Dental care". Today's treatment for the Dental disease is one among the areas of high expenses. While coming across many literary collections, Yoga for Dental care gave the new area of interest. The Siddha System offers classification of dental diseases and wide treatment modalities. The tooth paste and mouth wash which replaced the usage of Neem sticks have majority of its ingredients from natural origin. The main concept assumed here is the "Combination of a medicine (internal / external/ preferably both) and the Yoga could really have positive effect in the prognosis of the disease". This idea is much beneficial and cost effective. This paper highlights the aspects of Dental diseases in Siddha System, role of Sarvangasanam, Abaana muththirai and Vaadha Nasaa Muththirai for the dental care and the Siddha drugs that possess the ability to prevent and fight against the dental diseases.

Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.

Context: Pharmacognostical standardization of crude drugs is essential before carrying out its scientific validation as it furnishes the identity and authenticity of the plant. Luisia tenuifolia Blume also known as 'slender leaved Luisia', has been found to be traditionally practised in treating cuts, boils, wounds and abscesses. Aims: To perform the pharmacognostical investigation of L. tenuifolia and thereby reporting the morpho-anatomical, histochemical and physicochemical characteristics of the epiphyte. Methods: Anatomical characteristic features were observed from the transverse sections of the plant specimens while staining of the transverse sections by using suitable chemical reagents was performed for the histochemical analysis. Moreover, the powder microscopy, physicochemical parameters and fluorescence analysis were also carried out on the pulverised whole plants of L. tenuifolia. Results: The morphological and anatomical characteristics revealed in the study will remain as valuable diagnostic features in the botanical authentication of this orchid. The powder microscopical characters revealed the presence of epidermal fragments and paracytic stomata, fibres, vessel elements and sclereids. The histochemical profile of different parts of the epiphyte showed the localisation of tannins, starch, lipids, lignin, mucilage, protein, cutin and calcium oxalate crystals in the tissue system. The physico-chemical parameters and fluorescence observations determined the pharmacopoieal standards of the plant in powdered form. Conclusions: Thus, the study records the morpho-anatomical, histochemical and physicochemical standards of the whole plants of L. tenuifolia in order to achieve pharmacognostical standardization of this epiphytic orchid. Further, phytochemical standardization and pharmacological validation are under pipeline owing towards an effective phyto-pharmacological research.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the toxicity and physicochemical studies of an herbal product Women Tonic formulated for gynecological health. Method: Six (6) samples of Women Tonic were sent to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Ashanti region, Ghana to the Department of Herbal Medicine for analysis. Result: The Product, Women Tonic have been established for quality control purposes and is safe in laboratory animals. Conclusion: The Product is safe for use in Ghana. .

This paper addresses the toxicity, microbial and phytochemical and
physicochemical studies of Prostalinic, an herbal prostate product formulated by one student
studying Naturopathic and Holistic Medicine at Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine,
Tema community, 7, Ghana for Prostate health. Method: Six (6) samples of the Product,
Prostalinic were sent to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
KNUST, Ashanti region, Ghana to the Department of Herbal Medicine for analysis.
Result: The toxicological findings revealed that the product have been established for
quality control purposes Conclusion: None of the animals died in the course of the toxicity
studies.

Objective: Collect published research articles on the desired topic and summarizes their findings in an evaluation of the preservative and therapeutic potential of Rosmarinus officinalis. Design: The research articles used in this review were obtained by searching public databases with keywords such as “Rosmarinus officinalis”, “R. officinalis” and “rosemary.” The articles were then reviewed, summarized, and organized based on topic. Results: Eighty research articles revealed a wide range of therapeutic applications for Rosmarinus officinalis. Among others, rosemary was found to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti diabetic, antidepressant, neuro protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. Rosemary essential oil and extract were found to contain several biologically active compounds. Compared to synthetic agents, Rosmarinus officinalis displayed low toxicity levels and few side effects. Conclusion: Rosmarinus officinalis shows great promise as a natural food preservative and therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases. The chemical composition of rosemary essential oil and extract includes several compounds that are known to be strong antioxidants. Many of the biological properties of rosemary depend on this antioxidant activity. This is especially true in rosemary’s anti diabetic and anticancer mechanisms, for oxidative stress is a severe complication in both diseases. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of rosemary, along with its low toxicity levels, make Rosmarinus officinalis a promising food preservative with fewer side effects than artificial additives. Despite these encouraging findings, more research on the exact mechanisms of rosemary’s biological activities is needed before it is consistently used to treat human diseases.