Herbal,herbal Medicines,herbal Pharmacy

The purpose of this article is to study and to verify the therapeutic effects and margin of safety of traditional medicines used by the tribal community for treating various diseases as described in ancient literature found in our country. Herbs have been important contributors to the quality of human life for thousands of years. Herbal medicine is the oldest and most widely used form of medicine in the world today. Throughout history plants have served humankind as valuable components of seasonings, teas, cosmetics, dyes, and medicines. Medicinal plants have a traditionally important position in the socio-cultural, spiritual, and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives throughout the world; India is rich in indigenous herbal resources due to its diverse climatic and soil conditions and multiple ecological regions. In Himalayan region of India, more than 2000 medicinal plant species exist. Although medicinal plants have been used since long, their scientific substantiation has recently been initiated. Looking into the steady expansion in the global population and prevalence of various diseases, such studies are the need of time to ensure availability of drugs in sustainable manner from natural sources for future generations. Based on the therapeutic and commercial importance of medicinal plants, the Cyperus rotundus has been undertaken to evaluate various ethnopharmacological parameters, as it has been used by number of tribal communities in Central part and Southern part of India. According to the WHO estimates about 80% of the of the world's population (mostly in developing countries) rely on traditional medicine, almost plant-based drugs, for their primary healthcare needs. Plants products also play an important role in the health-care systems of the remaining 20% of the population residing in developed countries. Currently, at least 122 phytoconstituents, derived from 94 plant species, can be considered as important drugs that are in use in one or more countries as therapeutic agents.

Context: Pithecellobium dulce (PD) is an annual herbaceous plant commonly used in African traditional medicine as a purgative, antipyretic, anti-ulcer and wound dressing agent. Aims: To evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of P. dulce stem bark hydroethanolic extract in Wistar rats. Methods: In the acute test, a single dose of 5 g/kg body weight was administered to Wistar rats afterwards they were observed individually 4 hours post-dosing, and at least once daily for 14 consecutive days. The sub-acute toxicity was evaluated by daily oral administration of 0.5 and 1 g/kg extract, for 28 days. Biochemical and hematological parameters assessment as well as body and organ weights of the rats were carried out. Results: The limit dose of 5 g/kg did not cause any mortality or signs of acute toxicity on the rats during the experimentation period. In the sub-acute test, uterus-ovary-trompe (UOT) weight decreased dose-dependently: Control group (0.82 ± 0.03 g); Extract 0.5 g/kg (0.57 ± 0.06 g); Extract 1g/kg (0.48 ± 0.01 g) (p ˂ 0.01). Extract lowered urea values in female group treated with 1 g/kg (p < 0.01). Lymphocytes percentage was dose dependently increased in treated male groups: Control group (53.00 ± 0.58%); extract 0.5 g/kg (58.67 ± 0.67%) and extract 1 g/kg (60.67 ± 2.41%). Conclusions: These findings suggest that PD is relatively safe when administered orally in rats but is slightly atrophic for female reproductive organs.

Herbal medicine and their preparations have been widely used for the thousands of years in developing and developed countries. Herbal medicines are the synthesis of therapeutic experiences on generations of practicing physicians in indigenous systems of medicine, for over hundreds of years. They are also in great demand in the developed world all health care problems because of their efficacy, safety and lesser side effects. India is sitting on a gold mine of well-recorded and well-practiced knowledge of traditional herbal medicine. The Indian systems of medicine i.e., Siddha, Ayurveda & Unani mainly encompass herbal medicines along with herbo-mineral formulations. The preparations are either as single herbs or as collections of herbs in composite formulae. This may be the main reason why quality control of oriental herbal drugs is more difficult than that of western drug. The quantity and quality of the safety and efficacy data on traditional medicine are far from sufficient to meet the criteria needed to support its use world-wide. This review article, discusses these constraints and challenges in relation to conservation, science and technology, use of herbal medicine, drug production sector, safety and efficacy and also the opportunities of herbal medicine in local and global level.

Traditional medicines are used by some 60% of the world's population and in some countries are extensively incorporated into the public health system. Herbal medicines are plant extracts that have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The integration of herbal and other forms of traditional medicine (TM) can be done as follows: incorporation of traditional and modern evidence-based medicine (EBM) as integral parts of a country's formal health care system. It is most likely to be achieved and has been demonstrated to be practicable in many countries, particularly in Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and India, among others it can be practice integrated with modern medicine by individual health care practitioners and also it can be integrated as two branches of medical science, with the ultimate incorporation of elements of both to form a new branch. A range of interrelated quality, safety and efficacy issues could contribute to the rational and successful integration of herbal medicine into modern medical practices. The issues related to the integration such as herb quality, quality assurance/quality in processing and manufacturing/preparation of herbal medicines (good Manufacturing practical) issues, herbal mechanisms of action, bioavailability and herbs' chemical constituents, herb drug interactions, herb-herb interactions, efficacy measurements objective quantiviable versus subjective quality of life and other safety issues has to be done.

The research shows that the use of ethno botanical plant can be used in treating malaria. 20 respondents were orally interviewed. The interview was aided by structured questionnaire. About 30% were male while 70% were female, The respective ages of the respondent in which the male age ranges from (15-30 is 5%), (31-45 is 15%), (46 and above is 10%) while the female respondent age ranges from (15-30 is 15%), (31-45 is 30%) and (46 above is 25%), the male respondent years of selling herbs ranges from (<5 years is 5%), (5-10 years is 15%), (>10 and above years is 10%) while the female respondent years in selling herbs ranges from the age of (<5 years is 20%), (btw 5-10 years is 30%) and (>10 above years is 20%).

Context: Over the last ten years, many research studies concerning pharmacists’ perceptions of generic medicines have been conducted worldwide, although this issue remains underexplored in Vietnam.

Aims: To evaluate pharmacists’ views on generic medicines and to investigate the generic substitution practices in community pharmacies in the context of Vietnam.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey comprising a 24-item self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 480 pharmacists in eleven provinces in southern Vietnam between December 2016 and March 2017. The main outcome measures were pharmacists’ views on generic medicines.

Results: Of the 480 pharmacists who received the questionnaire, the effective response rate was 35.63% (n=171 pharmacists); however, 45 pharmacists chose all three correct generic names. Some 47.3% of respondents indicated that all the products that are approved as exhibiting generic equivalence can be considered therapeutically equivalent to the innovator drugs. Yet, 25.2% of respondents agreed that generic medicines are of inferior quality to branded medicines. The pharmacists who graduated from universities and those who had undergone only a short period of training differed significantly in terms of their knowledge and perceptions. About 60.2% of pharmacists recommended generics over branded products. Approximately 89% of respondents disagreed with the notion of implementing certain compulsory generic substitutions in Vietnam.

Conclusions: The pharmacists who had completed only a short training period exhibited a lack of knowledge regarding generic names. This issue should hence be addressed by both pharmacy educators and relevant government agencies in order to ensure the wider use of generic products.

Son muchos los fondos documentales relativos a la Historia de la Ciencia, en general y en particular a la Historia de la Medicina y la Farmacia, que se encuentran inéditos en Archivos españoles. La Cátedra de Historia de la Farmacia y Legislación farmacéutica de la Universidad de Granada, inició en los años setenta un ambicioso proyecto de investigación para facilitar y promover los estudios sobre la historia de la ciencia, la medicina y particularmente de la farmacia. El equipo de investigadores no pretendía sólo realizar trabajos y Monografías personales, sino sobre todo promover y facilitar la investigación a otros, en los más diversos campos. La ayuda prestada por el personal de los archivos ha sido también valiosa y debe ser reconocida
El objetivo primario fue facilitar la investigación de la historia de la ciencia, en nuestro país, al mismo tiempo que se llamaba  la atención sobre la riqueza de los  fondos archivísticos, en estos campos.
La presente aportación  es la "Colección documental de interés histórico-farmacéutico conservados en el archivo General de Navarra". Este trabajo fué premiado, en concurso, por el Colegio de Farmacéuticos de Navarra.
Para hacer una historia es necesario disponer de fuentes adecuadas. Después vendrá el estudio, valoración e interpretación de las mismas, pero antes de nada se hace necesario una localización y catalogación de fuentes disponibles.
Dada la situación de los estudios históricos realizados sobre el pasado médico-farmacéutico en Navarra, se impone, ante todo, una labor de recapitulación y de señalización y apertura de posibles vías de investigación.
Se da a conocer abundante material documental, que abren la vía para la reconstrucción y vivificación de muchas parcelas del pasado farmacéutico en Navarra. Pero la materia no está agotada ni mucho menos. Los distintos Archivos de Pamplona, y de Navarra en general, conservan aún importantes colecciones documentales de interés histórico farmacéutico. Y esta aportación debe ser estímulo para emprender nuevas investigaciones.
Para la realización del trabajo se encontró una gran ayuda  en la "Guía del Archivo General de Navarra"  de José M. Lacarra.
De toda la documentación recogida se indica un resumen de su contenido general y fecha, junto con las siglas de localización archivística. Se han clasificado numéricamente y subdividido
siguiendo las distintas secciones del Archivo a que pertenecen.
Pero un trabajo como éste que tiende a orientar y facilitar la labor de futuros investigadores no cumpliría bien con su papel si careciese de unos índices de consulta. Estos índices son pieza fundamental del trabajo. Se ha agrupado en un sólo índice general el de materias, el topográfico y el onomástico. La sola ojeada del índice da una visión bastante precisa de los alcances y riqueza de la documentación catalogada que puede sustituir bien a cualquier comentario.
El lapso cronológico a que se extiende la documentación que va desde 1344 hasta muy entrado el siglo XIX, es otro factor más a considerar.
Por último, es de destacar que se  acompaña la reproducción de algunos documentos como ilustración. de la importancia de la documentación presentada.
Una buena parte de la documentación recopilada corresponde a la Alta Edad Media y, por regla general, son bastante escuetos por ser fundamentalmente cédulas reales ordenando pagos, y que se refieren a gastos de la Casa Real. En las cédulas suele especificarse el motivo y circunstancias del pago, por lo que a través de ellas puede seguirse no sólo la vida económica del reino, sino la política y cultural.
Físicos, Cirujanos, Especieros y Apoticarios son los personajes de nuestra acción.
¿En este periodo qué competencias tiene cada uno? ¿Cuales son sus misiones? Físicos y Cirujanos preparan y aplican por sí medicamentos. Los sueldos de los médicos, las gracias que recibían, las cuentas por medicinas y confiterías y los datos de la vida política, económica y sanitaria del reino es un panel imprescindible.
Otro gran capítulo lo constituyen los documentos relativos a la profesión farmacéutica en Navarra en los siglos XVI,XVII,XVIII y XIX.
Esta masa documental es bastante amplia y completa y consideramos de un interés fundamental. A través de ellos se puede perfilar la profesión farmacéutica en Navarra en los siglos XVI, XVII, XVIII y XIX con sus glorias y penurias y toda la serie de encuentros con los médicos por un lado, el Protomédico por otro y las mismas cofradías de médicos, cirujanos y boticarios.
El papel desempeñado por las Cortes en la evolución de la profesión farnacéutica y la opinión de la sociedad sobre el ejercicio profesional farmacéutico así como la enseñanza y visitas de boticas tienen una amplia información en este conjunto documental.
Otro bloque importante de documentos se refieren a expedientes de exámenes de Boticarios. Es otro conjunto documental de un marcado interés_ Es, tal vez, una de las colecciones de expedientes de farmacéuticos más amplia que se conservan. Se extiende prácticamente
a todo el siglo XVIII. Asimismo, se conservan un buen número del siglo XIX, pero que en este trabajo, no no se han catalogado, dejándose indicado esta vía de investigación.
Entre los documentos más relevantes transcritos están las  Ordenanzas del Conseio Real del Reyno de Navarra.  Lo relativo al  Protomédico y de su jurisdicción y de las apelaciones de sus sentencias, que es un capítulo esencial para la historia de Navarra así como lo relativo a la organización y funciones de "De los médicos, cirujanos y boticarios" •. Añadiendo  las  "Ordenanzas de los médicos, boticarios, cirujanos y barberos de la ciudad de Estella". Documento del máximo interés. Así como el "Proyecto de Ordenanzas para el régimen y gobierno de la Facultad de Farmacia del Reino de Navarra". Así como la gran masa documental relativa al Hospital General de Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia de la Ciudad de Pamplona.
Todo ello como muestra y estímulo para profundizar y ampliar nuevas investigaciones en los Archivos del reino de Navarra.

Data generated through systematic investigation, carried out on the evaluation of phyto-extracts on wound healing research during the last 20 years have been compiled. About 450 plant species having wound healing properties have been identified. The present knowledge of the wound healing process comprise coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, formation and accumulation of fibrous tissues, collagen deposition, epithelialization, contraction of wound with formation of granulation tissues, remodeling and maturation. The constituents of the plant extracts modulate one or more of the above stages. It was the endeavor to identify the active constituents responsible for antimicrobial activity, free radical scavenging properties, stimulators of enhanced collagen production and/or angiogenesis promoters with identification of lead scaffold chemical structures. Multiple phytochemicals concentrated and blended in optimal concentrations, are expected to be available in future years to carry out multi-tasking efforts in wound healing as more knowledge about the properties of the key constituents are unveiled.

The aim of this study is to determine the antiseptic property of an ointment containing semi-purified flavonoids from the leaves of Caladium bicolor (Corazon de Maria) against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) in comparison with 10% Povidone iodine ointment (Betadine). 500g of Caladium bicolor plant was macerated using 80% ethanol, 390mL of extract were yielded, phytochemical screening were employed, semi purification (Calixiro, R., 2011) method were conducted and 7.527g were collected. Minimum Inhibotory concentration (MIC) were performed using McFarland Standard, 5%, 10% and 15% of the extract were used with the supervision of UP, Manila, The highest concentration that gained the most inhibition was formulated and zone of inhibition was tested in comparison with 10% Povidone iodine Ointment and simple ointment.15% of Caladium bicolor were formulated in compatibility with White Soft paraffin, Cetostearyl alcohol, Wool fat, Hard paraffin. Caladium bicolor exhibited 3.33mm average zone inhibition in comparison with 10% Povidone iodine 4.67mm average zone inhibition against Escherichia coli, while Caladium bicolor exhibited 5.67mm average zone inhibition in comparison with 10% Povidone iodine 17mm average zone inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.Since the average mm of the zone of inhibition of Caladium bicolor ointment are below 10 on both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria, the researchers conclude that the 15% semi-purified flavonoids do not exhibit antiseptic property. (Johnson and Case,1995)

Keywords: Antiseptic, Compatibility, Flavonoids, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Zone of Inhibition

Статья посвящена истории использования труда «помясов» (служащих дворцовых приказов) в качестве травников (сборщиков лекарственных растений) в 1-ой половине XVII века. Приведены особенности употребления терминов «травник» и «помяс». В статье рассматриваются проблемы взаимодействия Аптекарского приказа с дворцовым ведомством:  особенности организации снабжения  приказа лекарственным растительным сырьем, необходимого для производства аптечных препаратов.
The article is devoted to the history of application of pomyas’ labour (people who served in Tsar’s Household chanceries) as herbalist (people who gather herbs) in the 1st half of the seventeenth century.  The features which distinguish the difference between the meaning of pomyas and herbalist are introduced. The coordination problems, related to supply of raw materials for manufacturing of medical products, between Apothecary Chancery and the Household departments – are examined in the paper.

Opuntia dillenii (Cactaceae) is an important medicinal shrub growing under desert and dry conditions. Though almost all of its parts
are used in traditional systems of medicines, stem, flower and roots are the most important parts which are used medicinally. This
review article gives an account of updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties and reveals that wide
numbers of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant which possesses activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant,
Anti Diabetic, Immunomodulatory Eff ect, Anti-Depressant, Hypotensive Activity, In Acute Liver Injury, Low-density lipoprotein
peroxidation, Anti hyperlipidemia Activity, in-vitro Antimicrobial Synergistic, Anti-Tb and various other important medicinal properties.
It contains phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenolic, ascorbic acid, betanin and many other chemical constituents have been
isolated.

Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 70-80% of the world population mainly in the developing countries for Primary Health Care because of better cultural acceptability better, compatibility with the human body and lesser medicine or only palliative therapy is available. Even in this era of antibiotics, radiotherapy and strict drug laws, a very large number of herbal products are consumed and marketed throughout the world as health nutrients, food supplements, and curing agents for disease control. It has been observed that a number of herbs and their extract are used for hair growth activities some are described as follow: Petroleum ether extract of aerial parts of Tridax procumbens showed luxurious growth of hair in albino rats. Nearly 70% ethanolic extract of leaves of Ginko biloba was shown to be effective for hair growth activity. Methanolic extract of Potyporus umbellatus has shown excellent hair growth activity in rats. Combined extract Emblica officinalis, Lawsonia inermis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Cyperus rotundus and Corchorus prevent the falling of hairs and enhancement of hair growth activity. Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds promote the proliferation of mouse hair follicle cell in vitro and convert hair cycle in vivo similar to Minoxidil 2% solution which is synthetic and has numbers of side effect. Herbal cosmetics are in vogue these days. Nowadays, people have become aware of using herbal cosmetics. Now a day's cosmetology is a well-defined science based on experiences gathered over centuries. The safety and efficacy of natural herbs could not find any suitable match i.e., cannot be replaced by synthetics. There is once again revival of preference for natural products.

Wahyuningsih. 2013. Pembuatan Dan Uji Stabilitas Warna Sediaan Larutan Pewarna Rambut Alami Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Super Red (Hylocereus costaricensis). Karya Tulis Ilmiah. Akademi Farmasi Putra Indonesia Malang, Pembimbing Fitri Eka Lestari, S.Gz.

Bu kursta kendimizin kolayca üretebileceği güzellik ürünlerinin nasıl yapılacağını göreceğiz. Burada amaç neden bu ürünleri yaptığımız ve neye hizmet edeceğinin çok iyi saptanmasıdır. Bu ürünler saç bakım ürünleri , yüz için ; temizleme, nemlendirme ve bakım ürünleri ve genel vücutta kullanılacak nemlendiriciler ve yağlar. Bu ürünler için birinci sırada dikkat edeceğimiz şey; Doğal olması, ikinci sırada dikkat edeceğimiz istediğimiz amaca uygun tedavi edici maddeler olması, son olarak ta kolayca kullanılabilir olmasıdır. Hazırlığa girerken ilk yapacağımız şey kullanacağımız maddenin (genellikle bitkisel maddeler) özelliklerinin ne olduğu, nasıl etkisi olduğu hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaktır.

India is sitting on a gold mine of well-recorded and traditionally well practiced knowledge of herbal medicine. General phytochemical screening of Citrus sinensis (Orange) belonging Rutaceae family revealed the presence of flavones glycoside. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the bioactive principle compound (Hesperidin) from the peel of C. sinensis fruit. It has wide folk medicinal uses. The isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents was done from the alkaline (KOH) extract of peels.

Phyllanthus amarus belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae and it is well known in Nigerian
traditional system for its traditional uses. The present investigation was carried out to determine the
possible bioactive components of leaves of P. amarus using GC-MS analysis. Nine (9) components
from P. amarus leaves were identified. The prevailing components in the ethanolic extract of leaves
were 3,5-di-t-butylphenol (1.2%), methyl 14-methyl pentadecanoate (1.4%), palmitic acid
(hexadecanoic acid) (11.8%), 10-octadecanoate (5.5%), 9-hexadecenal (9.0%), glycerol 1, 3-dipalmitate
(5.7%), 2, 13-octadecadiene-1-ol (8.2%), dioctytl ester (10.1%) and heptanoic acid (9-dece-1-yl ester),
(4.6%). The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of P. amarus for
various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical
constituents may proceed to find a novel drug or lead compound.

Una de las líneas de trabajo que sigue la Cátedra de Historia de la Farmacia y Legislación farmacéutica, de la Facultad de Farmacia de Granada, consiste en la confección de Catálogos de documentos de interés histórico-farmacéutico conservados en diversos Archivos españoles, ya que es primordial el disponer de fuentes adecuadas antes de abordar seriamente el estudio de cualquier tema particular. En el momento actual ya se han confeccionado los Catálogos del Archivo del Palacio Nacional, de Madrid y del Archivo General de Navarra y se trabaja también, en este sentido, en el Archivo General de Simancas.
En esta ocasión intentamos un primer acercamiento a los fondos documentales del Archivo General de Indias, de una riqueza extraordinaria, así como del Archivo de Protocolos de Sevilla. Esta primera visión panorámica no puede considerarse como un catálogo de documentos de interés histórico-farmacéutico, sino más bien como una guía general que señala grupos amplios de documentación histórico-farmacéutica, a lo largo y a lo ancho de los extensos fondos de estos Archivos. Muchos de los epígrafes señalados, en una sola línea de nuestro trabajo, darán lugar a que de ellos se pueda confeccionar un catálogo pormenorizado en el que habrá que describir dos mil o tres mil documentos de gran interés farmacéutico. Como ocurre, por ejemplo, dentro de la "Sección V. Gobierno. Indiferente General", que en nuestro trabajo ocupa el número 41 y se indica sólo "Expedientes de remisiones. de madera, plantas, semillas y otras producciones de América". Sobre estas materias existen cuatro Legajos, compuestos por más de mil documentos cada uno. Otro tanto podemos decir respecto al número 43, en el que se indica: "Expedientes de remisión de preciosidades para el gabinete de Historia Natural", que lo forman dos legajos con documentación descriptiva de toda la serie de plantas, animales y minerales que eran enviados para el Gabinete de Historia Natural, de Madrid, de una importancia excepcional por ser muchas de ellas las primeras  descripciones científicas que poseemos sobre esos materiales. El número 45 indica "Expedientes de remisión de especies medicinales para la Real Botica", documentación agrupada también en dos legajos que recogen, en notas detalladas, relación, cantidades y precio de drogas enviadas de América especialmente para la Real Botica.
Lógicamente, no todos los epígrafes recogidos tienen la misma amplitud y trascendencia. Muchos son bastante más escuetos, pero con ellos podemos completar varios temas concretos y también de interés, como se ve claramente con una simple ojeada al índice de materias confeccionado.
A título de ejemplo se puede señalar la masa documental recogida, de muy diversa procedencia, pero que tiene en común un mismo tema: el Protomedicato. Sobre la organización y actividades del Protomedicato en HispanoAmérica, otra colaboradora de la Cátedra ha confeccionado su tesina, preparada para Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Granada, a partir de esta documentación.
El señalar estos extremos es para patentizar que bajo esta apariencia fría y escueta del trabajo que presentamos, se encierra una orientación precisa sobre multitud de temas de interés para la historia de la Farmacia, propiamente dicha, y para las ciencias afines, llámese Medicina, Botánica, Química y hasta para la historia de la Técnica. Este penoso y largo recorrido a través de todo tipo de catálogos e índices, tanto manuscritos como publicados, que se han realizado de las distintas secciones del Archivo, así como de los ficheros del mismo, aporta una orientación fructífera para futuras investigaciones.
Plan de Trabajo ha consistido en revisar minuciosamente todos los catálogos, existentes en el momento actual, sobre documentación conservada en el Archivo General de Indias, de Sevilla.
De todos los documentos o grupo de documentos se da un resumen escueto de su contenido general  y se indica la Sección
del Archivo que los conserva y el número del Legajo. En definitiva, la localización archivística exacta de dicha documentación, que hace que cualquier investigador pueda disponer cómodamente de esos documentos.
Además de esta selección documental del Archivo General de Indias, de
Sevilla, se incluyen  un buen número de documentos conservados en el Archivo de Protocolos de Sevilla. La muestra que aquí presentamos es mínima, en relación con su amplio y rico contenido. Se incluyen con el fin de señalar claramente a los investigadores de la historia de la Farmacia que dicho Archivo encierra posibilidades inmensas. Los documentos aquí reseñados son todos de los primeros años del siglo XVI y patentizan hasta qué punto la clase médico-farmacéutica estuvo ligada, desde un primer momento al trasiego de la colonización de las nuevas tierras.
Como apéndice se ha incluido una serie documental sobre Hospitales, que aunque contiene noticias sobre Boticas hospitalarias, la mayor parte se refieren a cuestiones generales sobre dicho tema e interesan más fundamentalmente a los historiadores de la Medicina y a la historia general.
También se incorpora colección amplísima sobre Boticas y Boticarios, abarcando todos los aspectos del ejercicio profesional.
Así como una variada y extensa documentación sobre la constitución y funcionamiento del Tribunal del Protomedicato en América.
Sobre Medicina, médicos, cirujanos y Hospitales se recoge también
una amplia colección. Capítulo especial merece la completa información que se conserva sobre la expedición Balmis con la vacuna, así corno una extensísima documentación sobre la quina.
En Otro campo de la ciencia como es la Mineralogía, está ampliamente representado, recogiéndose gran cantidad de expedientes sobre dicho tema así corno noticias del envío de ejemplares al Gabinete de Historia Natural.
La descripción de máquinas. y aparatos, de los más diversos, es otro de los puntos que recoge esta documentación y que son de interés para la historia de la técnica.
Por último, se puede señalar los interesantes expedientes que se conservan sobre procedimientos químicos de obtención y purificación de metales.

Traditionally, plants have been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people inhabiting various terrains for the control of different ailments afflicting human. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. The study was carried out regarding the medicinal plants used by the local peoples during 2000 to 2004. Finally, the data were assessed to which extent plants are vulnerable due to collection and habitat destruction. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in the Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. Data were collected through field assessments from traditional healers and locals by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Voucher specimens were collected following standard methods, identified with the help of pertinent floras and taxonomic experts and deposited in the Herbarium, RRL-B, India for future references. A total of 69 plant species belonging to 43 families are reported during the study. The major life forms were herbs, trees, shrubs, climbers, small tree and creeper. Several medicinal plants recognized for the treatment of various diseases were collected. The root parts were widely used, followed by leaf, bark, seed and stem. This study reveals that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary healthcare of this local community. Traditional medicines also have the potential to form the basis of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of a range of diseases. Further, the information requires validation for further clinical usage.

Medicinal plants are the gift of nature and play an important role as a part of our diet to maintain health. They also serve as a versatile weapon to combat against a number of diseases. Every civilization has its own experience and knowledge of therapeutic uses of plants. The belief and observations regarding traditionally used medicinal plants, increasing the interest of people to use them against urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with high recurrence. World population of about 12% suffers with urolithiasis. All over the world in different countries and cultures people use plants for the prevention and cure of kidney stone according to their ethnopharmacological information. These formulations are very effective that's why these are used for hundreds of years. This review covers the eighty (80) medicinal plants of most cited family Asteraceae against urolithiasis along with their historical antiurolithiatc background shared in well-known books of Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Al Razi and Ibn Sina. This information was extracted to compose antiurolithiatic plants with their parts and formulations used in 21 countries such as Algeria, Scientifically proved pharmacological activities of the same part of plant have direct (litholytic) and in direct pharmacological effects like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, litholytic, lithotriptic, antiurolithiatic, antispasmodic, ACE inhibition and Phospholipase A2 inhibition also shared as a plausible mechanism of action. The route of administration is oral in all cases. Hopefully, this book will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery. This valuable ethnopharmacological information will provide the opportunities for the future research and development of new natural antiurolithiatic compounds.

Penyakit hipertensi merupakan peningkatan tekanan darah diatas 140/90 mmHg yang disebabkan oleh aterosklerosis (penebalan dinding arteri yang menyebabkan hilangnya elastisitas pembuluh darah) dan pengerasan dinding pembuluh darah karena endapan kolesterol dan kapur. Hipertensi dapat terjadi karena beberapa faktor yaitu kadar natrium dalam darah, merokok dan stress. Jika didalam arteri terdapat tekanan darah yang tinggi maka akan meningkatkan resiko terhadap stroke, gagal jantung, serangan jantung dan gagal ginjal.

Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers Euphorbiaceae twenty (20), Cucurbitaceae eighteen (18), Acanthaceae and Amaranthaceae fifteen (15), Cupressaceae twelve (12), Caryophyllaceae eleven (11), Anacardiaceae ten (10), Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae and Asparagaceae nine (09), Ericaceae and Equisetaceae eight (08), Arecaceae and Caesalpiniaceae seven (07), Chenopodiaceae six (06), Aspleniaceae, Capparidaceae and Crassulaceae five (05) plants used globally in different countries.

Peer reviews became commonplace in most sciences only after the Second World War. For example, Albert Einstein's revolutionary papers in 1905, Annalen der Physik, were never peer-reviewed by anyone else than the journal's editor and co-editor: "in journals in those days, the burden of proof was generally on the opponents rather than the proponents of new ideas. The peer reviews usually side with the proponents of the old ideas and it is the responsibility for the new ideas to prove themselves right.

The peer review of eclectic research that newly fuses two distant research disciplines is the most demanding and contentious of all types of peer reviews: one discipline may face a strong resistance from another especially if it requires an alteration to its long-cherished paradigms, long seen as fundamental idea in the other discipline. A genuine interbreeding of work into another research discipline increases a probability that the weaknesses in the original major paradigms are identified, exposed and improved. Many Nobel prizes have come this way.

The conservation of traditional medicinal knowledge opens the door towards modern aspects of herbal drug
discovery. It was started from knowledge exchange through ethnic groups by oral tradition and then in the
documented form. Herbaria conserving identified and authenticated plants for future correspondence play an
important role in this regard. In presenting review, authors have declared different auxiliary aspects of herbaria
for phytomedicinal research.

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (Araceae) is a medicinally important plant and is used for the treatment of different diseases specially in dermatological disorders. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins have been reported from this plant. Antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities are also shown by Arisaema jacquemontii. The present review is an attempt to compile all the previous data on the basis of its medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported in the previous articles.

Context: Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Lamiaceae) is an annual or perennial herb or subshrub widely distributed from the Mediterranean to central Asia and Afghanistan. In Xinjiang, China, the whole herb has been used in traditional Kazakh and Uygur medicines as anti-febrile and detoxicating drug.

Aims: To characterize macroscopical, microscopically of the overground part of the Z. clinopodioides, explore and establish the macro-morphology, micro-morphology, quality and physicochemical parameters standards for this plant.

Methods: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations were conducted in terms of macroscopic, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical parameters.

Results: The vegetable material can be identified by structural features of the flowers, structural characteristics of the stem, specific pale brown hesperidin can be regarded as identification character. This crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values like total ash (7%), insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.7%), moisture (7.5%). The ethanolic extract contained flavonoids, organic acids, alkaloids, and glycosides.

Conclusions: Various pharmacognostical characters that observed in this study can be an effective supplement to further research of this ethnomedicinal plant. Meanwhile, the results of this paper deal with pharmacognostical studies on the Ziziphora clinopodioides in an attempt to mitigate the adulteration to the crude drug.

Standarisasi simplisia daun hantap (Sterculia coccinea Jack) asal Kabupaten Dongala Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah sebagai persiapan bahan baku fitofarmaka. Morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman hantap termasuk kelas dicotyledoneae. Irisan melintang dari anatomi stomata daun menunjukkan jenis anomositik. Kadar abu total sebesar 9,74%, kadar abu larut air sebesar 5,21% dan kadar abu yang tidak larut asam sebesar 3,62%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kandungan logam yang ada dalam daun hantap sekitar 3,62%. Penentuan tingkat hantap ekstrak daun meliputi kadar ekstrak larut air, yang merupakan 18,89% dan kadar etanol yang larut ekstrak 14,17%, sedangkan identifikasi secara kimia mengandung tanin, steroid dan alkaloid. Kromatografi lapis tipis dengan pereaksi spesifik yaitu pereaksi Liebermann-Burchard, sebelum dilakukan penotolan menunjukkan warna kuning pada eluen n-heksan : etil asetat (8:2) dan kloroform : metanol (2:1) penyemprotan dengan pereaksi Liebermann-Burchad menunjukkan perubahan warna menjadi berturut-turut hijau (positif steroid) dan kuning.

: 0913015015 Samarinda, 4 Mei 2012 Mengetahui, Dosen Pembimbing Hadi Kuncoro, S.Farm., Apt., M.Farm NIP. 198209012008121003 Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas Farmasi UNMUL Hadi Kuncoro, S.Farm., Apt., M.Farm NIP. 198209012008121003 iii KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji bagi Allah Swt. pemilik seluruh alam semesta. Tidak satupun kekurangan ada pada diri-Nya. Dia-lah Yang Maha Mengetahui, penggenggam seluruh ilmu pengetahuan. Hanya kepada-Nya saya meminta pertolongan dan hanya kepada-Nya saya menggantungkan harapan. Karya tulis ilmiah ini dapat selesai hanya atas izin Allah Swt. dalam tulisan ini saya membahas tentang penerapan nanoteknologi dalam penanganan kanker. Di luar Indonesia khususnya Amerika dan Eropa, penelitian dan pengambangan tentang nanoteknologi begitu intensif. Sedangkan Indonesia masih begitu "santai" dengan kondisinya sekarang. Terlena dengan perkataan "Indonesia kaya akan bahan alam", menjadikan negara ini hanya berperan sebagai pemasok bahan mentah yang dijual dengan harga murah ke luar negeri dan kemudian dijual kembali ke Indonesia dengan harga yang mahal. Nanoteknologi dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pengobatan kanker karena dengan ukuran nanometer, obat akan lebih mudah masuk ke dalam sel kanker. Sehingga efek terapeutik akan lebih optimal. Dengan sedikit penambahan metode, sediaan obat dapat dibuat menjadi lebih selektif hanya menyerang sel kanker. Karya tulis ilmih yang berjudul "Potensi Nanopartikel-Magnetik Ekstrak Daun Sirsak sebagai Obat Antikanker" diharapkan dapat membuka wawasan pengetahuan tentang isu teknologi yang sedang berkembang di dunia. Saya mengetahui bahwa tulisan ini masih memilki banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, saya memohon kritik dan saran yang membangun agar terdapat perbaikan dikemudian hari.