Gabino Garrido
Pharmacist with over 30 years experience in experimental studies in Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacodynamics, Etiopathology of Inflammation, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Natural Products for Health Registry. Direct experience in managing projects of research
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Papers by Gabino Garrido
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion
Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion
Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.