Russian White Emigration

Аристократско начело руског официрског кора није једноставни израз генеалошке реалности, нити преживели и анахрони реликт аристократске и феудалне природе професионалне војне службе царске Русије, већ сведочи о утемељености њеној у схватању своје улоге као служења и витешке одговорности пред прецима и потомцима.

Petite-fille et arrière-petite fille d'émigrés russes, j'eus l'heureuse opportunité de consacrer ce mémoire à l'histoire de mes ancêtres et, en particulier, à celle du Quatuor Vocal Kedrov, fondé en 1897 à Saint-Pétersbourg par mon arrière-grand-père, Nikolaï Nikolaïévitch Kedrov. L'activité du Quatuor prend sa source en Russie et prospère jusqu'à la Révolution bolchévique. Son œuvre connait par la suite un retentissement majeur dans l’émigration russe en France, en Europe occidentale et aux Etats-Unis jusqu'à la mort de Kedrov en 1940.

Dès ces débuts au Conservatoire Impérial de Saint-Pétersbourg, le Quatuor connait un succès exceptionnel. Digne des plus élogieuses critiques de la part de la presse et des musicologues, le Quatuor déploie une intense activité de concerts dans les hauts lieux de la capitale impériale jusque devant la Cour de Russie. L'ensemble réalise ensuite une série de concerts à travers le pays, puis, dès 1907, il entreprend des tournées annuelles à l'étranger (Paris et Londres). Sa renommée devient internationale et le consacre comme phénomène de l'art vocal, pour citer le célèbre chef d'orchestre américain d'origine russe, Sergueï Koussevitski.

Les événements liés à la Révolution et la guerre civile de 1917 entraînent de profonds bouleversements dans la vie et la vocation du Quatuor qui connaît alors plusieurs années d'interruption. Malgré la mort prématurée de deux de ses collaborateurs, Kedrov reconstitue le Quatuor et émigre en 1923 avec sa famille à Berlin, avant de s'établir définitivement à Paris, centre de l'émigration "blanche".

Une nouvelle page s'ouvre alors pour l'ensemble. Les conditions de l'exil l'investissent d'une nouvelle mission à travers le monde, celle de préserver et de témoigner du précieux patrimoine musical russe en l'Europe et outre-mer, exaltant la beauté et la richesse de l'art sacré et populaire.
Au-delà de la motivation personnelle de voyager sur les traces de mes ancêtres, l'histoire du Quatuor et de la famille Kedrov présente un intérêt historique, social et culturel.

Nikolaï Nikolaïévitch Kedrov et son épouse Sophia Nikolaïévna Gladkaïa comptent parmi les premières promotions du Conservatoire Impérial de Saint-Pétersbourg, fondé en 1861 par Anton Rubinstein. Ils ont la chance d'avoir pour professeurs les plus grands compositeurs de l'époque et appartiennent à cette première génération de musiciens professionnels qui, parfaitement formés à la technique de l'école italienne, sont entraînés dans le sillage du nouvel élan national qui prône le retour aux traditions populaires russes. Ce mouvement s'étend à tous les domaines de la culture et influence la majeure partie des œuvres littéraires, musicales et picturales de la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle. Les époux Kedrov se forgent une place de choix dans la vie musicale de Saint-Pétersbourg et s'imposent comme des artistes de premier ordre dans leur domaine respectif.

D'un point de vue musicologique, le Quatuor joue un rôle de pionnier dans l'histoire de l'art vocal russe. Lors du premier récital de l'ensemble à Saint-Pétersbourg, César Cui évoque "une forme inédite de diffusion musicale". L'ensemble constitue le premier quatuor vocal masculin russe formé de chanteurs professionnels. Leur formation de haut niveau leur permet d'interpréter un vaste répertoire d'œuvres classiques et populaires. La littérature vocale russe connaît un épanouissement sans précédent à cette époque : les compositeurs puisent leur inspiration dans le folklore et réhabilitent les traditions orales de chaque province, harmonisant et arrangeant les mélodies populaires pour ensembles vocaux. De fait, le Quatuor occupe une place centrale dans le développement et la propagation de l'art populaire russe dans le pays et au-delà même de ses frontières. Dans l'émigration, le Quatuor accomplit sa mission avec d'autant plus de zèle qu'elle s'inscrit dans le contexte d'un douloureux déracinement et une volonté prégnante de préserver l'héritage culturel de la patrie perdue.

Cependant, faute de temps, ce mémoire ne couvrira que la première partie de l'histoire du Quatuor jusqu'à la Révolution russe. La longue et intense activité de l'ensemble dans l'émigration, ses tournées en Europe et aux Etats-Unis et la riche personnalité de son chef, illustre compositeur de musique liturgique, viendront compléter cet ouvrage en vue d'une future édition sur la vie du Quatuor.

In the early 1920s, Turkey hosted thousands Russian refugees, commonly known as White Russians, who fled from the Bolshevik regime and the Russian Civil War (1918–1922). Although most of these refugees continued their journeys towards Western Europe or North America, some of them opted to stay in Turkey and tried to integrate to the new republican regime that was established in 1923. This article examines the conditions in which refugees were given or denied Turkish citizenship to understand how inclusive the citizenship regime was in the interwar period. The temporal framework of the article spans from 1923 to the outbreak of the Second World War. This research suggests that most Russian refugees who became Turkish citizens throughout the 1920s and 1930s converted to Islam. This tendency proves the importance of religion in defining citizenship, despite the proclaimed secularity of the new regime.

Abstract
The occupation years of Istanbul under allied forces (from November 13, 1918 to October 6, 1923) did not involve intense construction activities and thus has not attracted much attention as a subject for architectural history research. However, as the capital of the recently defeated Ottoman Empire, the city, which became severely crowded, presented an enormous need for new spaces in order to fulfill a great variety of new functions to serve allied forces, soldiers, and immigrants coming from all over the empire. Due to the poor economic conditions of the defeated Ottoman state, these new demands were fulfilled by the functional transformation of existing buildings instead of new construction. Allied forces acquired the spaces they needed through the same methods of seizing and refunctioning since the occupation never lost its temporary classification. Along with massive internal immigration to Istanbul, refugees fleeing from the Bolshevik Revolution also greatly increased the population of the city. This study aims to examine functional transformations in the urban and architectural environment of occupied Istanbul by White Russian refugees. First, spaces providing basic needs are examined, such as shelters, orphanages, hospitals, and soup kitchens. Second, the influence of refugees from Russia on the social life of the city is examined based on the functional transformation process of available buildings, focusing especially on spaces used for entertainment and sports activities that have come to show permanent effects extending to later periods.
Özet
İstanbul'un 20 Mart 1920 öncesi mütareke, sonrası resmi işgal olmak üzere 13 Kasım 1918'de başlayıp 6 Ekim 1923'te Türk ordusunun İstanbul'a girmesi ile sonlanan işgal dönemi yoğun bir yeni inşaat faaliyeti içermemesi nedeniyle, dönem üzerine yapılan incelemelerde mimari açıdan dikkat çekmemiştir. Oysa bu dönemde İstanbul, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun yenik düştüğü bir savaşın ardından gerek işgal kuvvetleri yöneticileri ve askerleri gerekse imparatorluğun her yanında kaybedilen topraklardan başkente sığınan mültecilerle oldukça kala-balık bir hal almış ve tüm bu nüfus ve yeni idare için çok sayıda mekâna ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Ekonomik durumu kötü olan imparatorlukta bu yeni ihtiyaçlar zorunlu olarak mevcut yapıların işlevlerinin dönüştürülmesi ile karşılanmıştır. Geçici niteliğini kaybetmeyen işgal nedeniyle işgalci kuvvetler de ihtiyaç duydukları mekânları benzer bir yöntem ile elde etmişlerdir. Başkentin aldığı yüklü miktardaki iç göçün yanı sıra Bolşevik devriminden kaçan Rusyalılar da bu dönemde büyük dalgalar halinde İstanbul'a gelmiştir. Bu çalışma şehrin kentsel ve mimari ortamında işgal döneminde geçirdiği işlevsel dönüşümü göçmen grupları içinde başlıca bir yere sahip Beyaz Ruslar üzerinden değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla öncelikle Rusyalı göçmenlerin asal ihtiyaçlarının sağlanması amacıyla onlar için oluşturulan barınak, yetimhane, hastane, aşevi gibi kurumlar ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci yarısındaysa Rusyalı mültecilerin İstanbul'un sosyal hayatına etkileri yine mimari işlevsel dönüşüm süreci üzerinden incelenmekte ve bu defa Rusyalı mülteciler tarafından, özellikle eğlence ve spor faaliyetleri için oluşturulan mekânlar ortaya konmakta, bunların şehrin hayatında sonraki dönemleri etkileyen kalıcı etkileri irdelenmektedir.

In this article the author tells about the life of Zenaide Bashkiroff (Burke in marriage), who was a child witnessed the Russian revolution of 1917, following changes and hunger in the Nizhny Novgorod province, then emigrated to Ireland, where she married Irish politician James Burke. She was involved in Irish political life and the art world. In 1952, together with her husband, she moved to England, where she became a fledged ceramic artist and in 1960 published her memoirs.
В данной статье автор рассказывает о жизни Зинаиды Алексеевны Башкировой, в замужестве Бёрк, которая подростком была свидетелем русской революции 1917 г., последовавших реформ и голода в Нижегородской губернии, затем эмигрировала в Ирландию, где вышла замуж за ирландского политика Джеймса Бёрка. Она была вовлечена в ирландскую политическую жизнь и мир искусства. В 1952 г. вместе с мужем переехала в Англию, где стала признанным художником-керамистом, и в 1960 г. опубликовала свои мемуары.

Автор рассказывает о проведенном в 2017–2018 гг. исследовании, которое было посвящено поиску и идентификации русских могил на одном из главных кладбищ города Дублина Маунт Джером (район Харольдс Кросс). Обозначение «русские» в данном контексте употребляется в широком смысле, имеются в виду прежде всего представители Белой эмиграции, а также другие выходцы из Российской империи, советской России и СССР. На данный момент найдено 38 захоронений, за каждым из них стоит сложная судьба, отразившая перипетии русской истории и истории русской эмиграции ХХ в.
The author tells about her study, conducted in 2017-2018, which was dedicated to the search and identification of Russian graves in one of the main cemeteries of Dublin city Mount Jerome (Harold’s Cross). The designation "Russians" is used in this context in a broad sense, meaning primarily representatives of the White Russian emigration, as well as other immigrants from the Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and the USSR. At the moment, 35 burials have been found, behind each of them there is a difficult fate, reflecting the vicissitudes of Russian history and the history of the Russian emigration of the XX century.

Настоящая публикация впервые вводит в научный оборот и представляет эпистолярное наследие писателя русской эмиграции Виктора Яковлевича Ирецкого (1882–1936) – его письма из Берлина в бразильский город Белу-Оризонте, где жила и работала его жена, известный русско-швейцарско- бразильский психолог Е.В. Антипова (1892–1974). Письма охватывают 1930–1936 гг. и выявлены нами в личном архиве Антиповой, хранящемся в Фонде ее имени (Foundation Helena Antipoff, FNA) в г. Ибирите (Бразилия).

Bu kitapta yazılanlar, 1896-1922 yılları arasında Osmanlı İstanbul’unda ve Anadolu’da yaşanan birtakım olguların Amerikan Kızılhaçı’nın bakış açısıyla yansıtılması çabasıdır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin son çeyrek asrına damgasını vuran Müslüman-Ermeni çatışmaları, Balkan Savaşları, Birinci Dünya Savaşı, İstanbul’un esaret yılları ve İzmir’in işgalden kurtuluş günlerindeki siyasi, askerî ve sosyal çalkantılar ağırlıklı olarak Amerikan Kızılhaç görevlilerinin tanıklıkları üzerinden bir anlatıyla ele alınmıştır. 
Eser, hayırseverlik kavramından hareketle Amerikan devlet ve toplum aklının, Amerikan Kızılhaçı üzerinden bu nosyonu algılayış şekline açıklık getirilmeye çalışmaktadır. Amerikalıların gözünden Türk, Ermeni ve Rum toplumları ile Mütareke yıllarında İstanbul’a sığınan mülteci Ruslara dair kesitler sunan bu kitap, kozmopolit bir yapı sergilemektedir. Söz konusu çeşitlilik çerçevesinde sıklıkla diplomasi, isyan, katliam, savaş, göç, mülteci, hastalık, açlık, yoksulluk gibi kavramlara değinilirken tüm bunların etrafından şekillenen Amerikan Kızılhaçı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki faaliyetleri ve Amerikan yardımları çalışmanın tematik çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır.

Биобиблиографическая заметка об авторе в словаре «Исследователи Русского зарубежья: Выпуск 2» / Гентшке В. Л., Сабенникова И. В, Ловцов А. С. // ООО ДиректМедиа, 2020.  С. 101–103.
Во втором выпуске биобиблиографического словаря представлены данные о российских и зарубежных исследователях Русского зарубежья, включающие информацию о датах их жизни, образовании, профессиональном пути, научной деятельности. В соответствии с направленностью словаря, приводятся сведения о диссертационных исследованиях, научных публикациях, проектах, имеющих отношение к теме Русского зарубежья.

The aim of the paper is to present the life and works of Leo Gomolitzky (1903-1988) in the context of borderland, the category understood as the meeting of two culture system, their dialogue and mutual influence.
Born in Russia, but lived in Poland since 1920, Gomolitzky was the Russian poet, one of the most important representative of Russian diaspora in Poland before The Second World War. After 1945 he resigned from poetry to prose, from Russian language to Polish and become a part of Polish contemporary literature.
The category of borderland, taken in genological sense, also plays an important role in Gomolitzky’s works: many of them are situated between tradicional literary genres.

Census, Labor and Society: The Russian Emigration to Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part I-II.

Penka Peykovska

Summary

The subject of present study is the socio-economic outlook of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria as revealed by the 1920 and 1926 Bulgarian population censuses. The quantitative analysis of these census data gives the opportunity to examine in details Russian emigration’s labor activity, social structure and participation of its labor resources in various sectors, sub-sectors, professional groups and individual crafts of post-war Bulgarian economy and especially to delineate Russian women’s place in Bulgaria labor market, their social role. In the first part of the study their literacy level, economic activity coefficient and sex structure of economic activity are investigated, and in the second one – their social structure based on status in employment and occupational distribution within the social groups. 
Russian immigrants’ (sub)sectoral employment was predetermined by the (sub)sectoral development of the Bulgarian economy in whose structure dominated agriculture, and in industry - light industry (food and textile ones). Despite these realities about half of the Russian immigrants worked in industry, which was due to the post-war boom in some of its branches. In the initial period of their coming to Bulgaria the next in line sector, where they found jobs. was agriculture, but in 1926 we see them in public service- and liberal professions.
As it concerns the social structure of the Russian diaspora in Bulgaria within it prevailed the workers - about 70% that was in contrast to the Bulgarian society, where its share was not large (but growing); the proportion of Russian workers in the entire working class in Bulgaria was small (0,6%). Russian workers were most numerous in agriculture and coal mines, but their share was most essential in the construction of roads, bridges and railways, maritime transport, metal mines, salt works, production of vegetable oils, livestock trade. Employees among Russians were around 15% (1926); their relative share within all employees in Bulgaria was much larger - they constituted more than 2% of them. Their biggest share was in the professional groups of dentists and dental technicians (17%), engineers (14%), doctors (12%), musical artists (10%). Independent, self-employees were few in Bulgarian society, among Russians even less - with a downward trend; remarkably, the latter were more in the variation of Russian women than within the one of Russian men. In distinction from the typical for Bulgaria female employment in agriculture, thanks to their high literacy and education, the Russian immigrant women found job performance mainly in public service- and liberal professions, and by mid-1920s they had already entered industrial production.

Данная работа ставит целью дополнить биографию одного
из потомков дворянской семьи Цытовичей-Жуковских, российского морского офицера, участника Белого движения Алексея Владимировича Цытовичa (1893, Канашово, Витебская губ. – 1983, Лондон) новыми сведениями о его жизни в эмиграции. Вместе с тем раскрыть переживания, мысли и чувства человека, оказавшегося на чужбине. Как известно, именно в личной
корреспонденции, в частности в письмах, их составители часто открывают самые сокровенные мысли и чувства. Главным источником данного исследования являются письма Алексея Цытовича к Ираиде Барри (урожд. Кедриной; 1899, Севастополь – 1980, Стамбул) с 1924-го по 1976 год.

Abstract

This thesis primarily aims to contribute to the contemporary educational science as a historical case study in language and cultural maintenance of the Russian Diaspora in Norway, providing the informative background for understanding the educational processes and discourses which might arise within a minority community.  Concurrently, this work is meant to assist the contemporary Russian Diaspora in its search for the solutions to the educational issues it encounters, as well as to contribute to the Diaspora’s history. 

The study discusses the development of educative thought in the Russian Diaspora in Norway, placing it into a larger context of a somewhat unique formation, a country without borders, or Russia Abroad.  The role of the various educational activities and institutions for language and culture maintenance is researched, and the political, social and cultural factors, which had an effect on the “battle against denationalization”, are discussed. 

Qualitative research methods were applied to the study, where the concurrent usage of archive data collection and interviews ensured the validity of this research.  Through analysis of the findings, the historical framework of the pedagogical thought became evident, and the four stages of its development were discussed.  The theoretical framework has arisen out of the data collection and is referred to where appropriate.

Due to the fact that research on Russian emigration in Norway is rather scarce, and its pedagogical thought has never been investigated until this work, the author dares to state that her study is indeed a considerable contribution to the history of education.  Most of the findings are original and unique, and together with the extensive archive data analysis they shed light on the unknown page of the pedagogical history of the Russian Diaspora in Norway and abroad.

Feci quod potui, faciant meliora potentes.
I have done my best; let others do better if they can.

Сообщение строится вокруг переписки двух русских эмигрантов первой волны: живущего в тот момент в Германии бывшего дипломата, ориенталиста, консула Российской империи в Исфагане, Сергея Петровича Голубинова (1879, Вильна – 1951, Нанси) и учено-го-гистолога, ассистента кафедры анатомии Лондонского университета, профессора, бывшего сенатора, последнего министра просвещения царского правительства Николая Константиновича Кульчицкого (1856, Кронштадт – 1925, Лондон) – глав двух ветвей од-ной семьи – Голубиновых и Кульчицких, оказавшихся после революции 1917 года и гражданской войны за рубежом.
The article is based around the correspondence of two Russian emigrants of the first wave – Sergei P. Goloubinov (1879, Vilna – 1951, Nancy) – the former diplomat, orientalist, consul of the Rus-sian empire in Isfahan  – and Nikolai K. Kulchitsky (1856, Kronstadt – 1925, London) – the scientist-histologist, the former senator, last minister of education of the Tsarist government and as-sistant professor of the Anatomy department of the University College London. Sergei P. Goloubinov and Nikolai K. Kulchitsky were a heads of two branches of the same family – Golubinov and Kulchitsky, and went to exile after Russian revolution of 1917 and Civil war.

В этой работе исследуется социальная и культурная жизнь белоэмигрантов, которые, осев в Турции в 1920-х годах, создали свою диаспору. Основным источником исследования послужили издания того периода, государственные и частные архивы, как пресс-архивы и архивы действующих в Стамбуле российских ассоциаций, а также мемуары десятков белых русских, проливающих свет на исследуюмую тему.
Ключевые слова: Стамбул 1920-х годов, Белые русские, Русское зарубежье, Эмиграция

In this study, the social and cultural life of Russian emigrants, (which were named as "White Russians"), who had formed their own Diaspora by settling down to Turkey in 1920s, will be analyzed. The books that were published in that period, official and special archives such, as the press archives, the archives of Russian associations, which were continuing their activities in Istanbul, and memoirs of tens of White Russians' which shed light to the subject, forms the main source of the research.
Keywords: Istanbul of 1920s, White Russians, Russia Abroad, Emigration

This is my revised presentation for an intensive course on the history of the Russian Church Abroad that is offered this September via St. Cyril and Methodius Orthodox Institute in Australia, which is a part of Adelaide College of Divinity. Art design by Dmitry Tikhomirov.

Статья вводит в научный оборот новые документы из Архива внешней политики Российской Федерации МИД РФ, свидетельствующие о попытках установления дипломатических отношений между Королевством сербов, хорватов и словенцев (КСХС) и СССР в 1923–1926 гг. и о роли выдающегося лингвиста Романа Якобсона в этом процессе.

Noturīgā reģionālā identitāte, kas raksturoja Latgales vecticībnieku kopienu, kļuva par vecticībnieku saliedēšanās pamatu ne tikai Austrumlatvijā, bet arī ārpus tās robežām. Vecticībniekiem kā noslēgtai etnoreliģiskai grupai nācās ātrāk atrast kompromisu starp tradicionālo noslēgtību, distancēšanos no laicīgas varas un nepieciešamību iezīmēt publiskajā telpā savu klātbūtni un arī nostiprināt savas kā vērā ņemamas sabiedrības grupas pozīcijas. Tomēr, vai vecticībnieku pieredze uzskatāma par modeli, kas ir attiecināms uz krievu kopienu kopumā? Un vai vispār ir iespējams runāt par kādu kopējo Latvijas krievu kolektīvo identitāti? Rast atbildes uz šiem jautājumiem ir iespējams, pievēršoties Latvijas krievu minoritātes veidošanās procesam, kurš 20. gadsimta 20. gados bija tikai pašā sākotnējā posmā.

The article sheds light on the activity of the Russian ambassador to Bucharest, Stanislav A. Poklevski-Koziell, in the immediate period after World War I. The diplomat considered that the Bolshevik danger was a priority which should motivate the former war allies Romania and Russia to support each other, despite the dispute over Bessarabia. Poklevski believed in the return of the region back to Russia and, in the period when at the Paris peace conference the fate of the former Russia’s Western borderlands was decided, supported with materials the Russian political émigrés and diplomats as well the Bessarabians who
propagated for the “Bessarabian cause”. At the same time, Poklevski opted for a more pragmatic behavior of the Kolchak government towards Romania. He believed that Denikin’s declaration on abstaining from any act of hostility toward Romania and compliance with the future decision of the Peace conference in regard to Bessarabia will ensure the support of Romania in the fight against the Bolsheviks.

This article describes two Russian language schools which worked in Ireland in late 1940–1960s where British and Irish military officers, diplomats and university graduates were pupils of White Russian emigres. First school was located in Collon, Co. Louth and second – in Delgany, Co.Wicklow. The author traces the life of some Russian noble descendants: Nikolai Couris, his wife Sana Couris (nee Bibikov), prince Paul Ivan Lieven, Michael Kutuzov-Tolstoy, his wife Myriam Kutuzov-Tolstoy (nee de Villers).
В данной статье автор рассказывает о том, у кого и как учили русский язык британские и ирландские военные, дипломаты, ученые в кон. 1940–1960-е гг. На территории Ирландии в те годы было две школы русского языка: в Коллоне, графство Лауф, и в Делгани, графство Уиклоу. Прослеживаются судьбы представителей русских дворянских родов Николая Ивановича Куриса, его жены Ксении Николаевны Курис (Бибиковой), князя Павла Павловича Ливена, Михаила Павловича Голенищева-Кутузова-Толстого, его жены Марии Луизы Кутузов-Толстой (Виллерс).

This article sets out to present a biography of Second Lieutenant Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gubanov, a Russian White emigrant. After surviving the Civil War in Russia, Gubanov spent many years in exile in Czechoslovakia, where he played an active role in the Gallipoli Union in Prague. After completing higher military-technical courses, he served as one of the lecturers. Following the attack by Nazi Germany on the USSR, Gubanov enlisted in the Wehrmacht as a translator and set off for the German-Soviet front, where he took part in the Battle of Rzhev. After the war, he lived in Germany and published in military-historical journals of the Russian emigration.

The biography of this unremarkable "small man" brings together general tendencies that characterised a whole group of people in the White military emigration. Gubanov's life can serve as a collective example, a standard image of the fate of such White émigré "defeatists" – of people who considered that in the struggle against the USSR any means were justified, including collaboration. It has been possible to reconstruct his life using materials from various Russian and German archives: the bulk of the documents came from the State Archive of Russian Federation (GARF), with additional important pieces from Stadtarchiv Göttingen, as well as Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv and others. Gubanov himself was a prolific author: various articles penned by him in Russian military émigré journals and bulletins were also used.

The present work also provides for the first time a historical account of the establishing, in Prague, of courses for foreign officers, as well as examining the use that was made of Russian émigrés by the German army. It is concluded that the émigrés, clinging to the concept of "irreconcilability" and living in an illusory world, in the end supported the German invasion of the USSR and took part in the genocidal campaign.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44968767
https://elibrary.steiner-verlag.de/article/10.25162/jgo-2018-0010

This article is a biographical sketch of Panteleimon Yurev, journalist, poet and Russian national minority activist in Poland who was active during the time of the Second Polish Republic (mainly under the nickname Semyon Vitiazevskiy) and the Polish People’s Republic. He published his fi rst poems as the student of gymnasium in Ostroh and was also a member of local poetic group. Soon after his graduation he started to be active in the Russian press in the Second Republic of Poland where he published his poetry, prose, historical essays and political feuilletons in which he attacked Ukrainian national movement and ukrainianisation of Orthodox Church in Volhynia. After the end of the World War II he stayed in communist Poland, living in the city of Łódź. He was also engaged in formation of the Russian cultural monthly magazine “Zveno”. After Polish thaw in 1956 he also became a member of Central Administration of the Russian Cultural-Educational Society (Polish: RTKO) and editor-in-chief of Russian newspaper Russkiy Golos which he led until the end. After the liquidation of the RTKO by communist authorities he became one of the co-founder of new Russian minority organization, of which he was a president for a short period of time. Although he was a member of the Polish United Workers’ Party he shared some ideological freedom. But later he was forced to yield for the man supported by communist authorities. After retirement he led pioneer research on history of Russian press in Poland, which was stopped by his death.

Nikolaĭ Yudenich was one of the most successful Russian commanders of the First World War, who demonstrated admirable consistency in achieving victories on the Caucasus Front. During the Russian Civil War, Yudenich became a notable military leader of the White movement.

This work aims to supply the biography of the artist and public figure Nikolai Perov (1883-1963) with new information about his life till emigration and in Istanbul next forty years. The main source of this study are manuscripts of artist’s wife  Anna Perova consisting of three pages, which was found by the author during a research about Iraida Barry’s (née Kedrina) diaries and manuscripts in Bakhmeteff Archive of Russian and Eastern European  History and Culture of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University in New York.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn – though in some ways he has more in common with Russian conservatives such as Ivan Il’in – obviously took an active interest in Asia that reflected the concerns of Vladimir Solovyov and Fyodor Dostoevsky. In Solzhenitsyn’s 1974 Letter to the Soviet Leaders, he warns of a coming apocalyptic ideological land war with China; but he also points to a spiritual-civilisational crisis in Soviet Russia. Solzhenitsyn, pointing to Soviet relations with China, is convinced that a restoration has to occur through a deliberate policy of self-denial, of self-limitation, of ascesis and repentance.

Rakstā ir aplūkotas Krievijas monarhisma izpausmes un to refleksija Latvijas iedzīvotāju kolektīvajā atmiņā no 19. gadsimta vidus līdz 1940. gadam. Centrālā vieta publikācijā atvēlēta pagrīdes krievu pretboļševiku kustības organizācijām un to darbībai Latvijā 1920.–1940.g.
Minētās aktivitātes ir apskatītas caur starpkaru Latvijas sabiedrības kolektīvās atmiņas prizmu, kurā pretboļševikiem kā Baltās kustības turpinātājiem un cīnītājiem par komunistiskās diktatūras gāšanu
Krievijā tika piedēvēta īpatnēja politiska nokrāsa – monarhisms.
Atslēgvārdi: krievu monarhisms, Politpārvalde, starpkaru Latvija, pretboļševiku organizācijas, krievu emigrācija.

Review of the book on Russian emigration to Sofia. It traces the history and influence of Russian immigrants on the capital of Bulgaria. Mikhneva R., Grozev K., Rupcheva G. “Little Russia” on the yellow paving stones. Sofia: Kameia Grup EOOD, 2016. 246 p

The activities of the 5th and 6th Russian hospital units in the fight against the typhoid epidemic in Narva in 1920.

In late 1919, the Russian White Northwestern Army, defeated at Petrograd, retreated to Estonian territory. Infectious diseases, especially typhus, spread rapidly among devastated Russian soldiers and war refugees who came across the border. The epicenter of the typhus epidemic was the city of Narva, where a significant number of Northwestern Army troops was already located. In this situation, the Estonian authorities had to implement strict measures to combat the typhus epidemic, which included establishing a quarantine, instituting disciplinary action and reorganising the medical facilities.