Recognition

In this paper; we introduce a system of automatic recognition of characters based on the Random Forest Method in non-constrictive pictures that are stemmed from the terminals Mobile phone. After doing some pretreatments on the picture, the text is segmented into lines and then into characters. In the stage of characteristics extraction, we are representing the input data into the vector of primitives of the zoning types, of diagonal, horizontal and of the Zernike moment. These characteristics are linked to pixels' densities and they are extracted on binary pictures. In the classification stage, we examine four classification methods with two different classifiers types namely the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and the Random Forest method. After some checking tests, the system of learning and recognition which is based on the Random Forest has shown a good performance on a basis of 100 models of pictures.

Çağdaş siyaset teorisinde John Rawls'ın idealize ettiği adalet fikrinin yarattığı eleştirel ortam çok geniş ve takibi zor bir literatürün önünü açmıştır. Adalet kavramını merkezine alan çalışmaların işgal ettiği alan ve bu tartışmalardaki çeşitlilik göz önüne alındığında adalete ilişkin çalışmaların sürekliliğini takip etmenin oldukça zor olduğu söylenebilir. Bu nedenle, tartışmaları daha anlamlı hale getirebilmek için dönemsel bir sınıflandırmanın yanı sıra tematik birtakım eğilimleri de göz önüne almak gerekmektedir. Bu tespit üzere çalışma normatif anlamda adaletin çağdaş dönemde hangi bağlam ve temalar çerçevesinde açıklanabileceği sorusuna odaklanır ve bunu sorunsallaştırır. Adalete ilişkin dönemsel ve bağlamsal farklılıkların üzerine bir sorgulama yaparken benzer ve muarız düşüncelerin izleklerini takip etmeye çalışır. Adalete ilişkin anlatıların arka planında eşitlik-farklılık geriliminin önemli bir rol oynadığını, bu anlamda bir tarafta adaletin eşit muamele fikriyle anlam kazandığı düşüncesinin, diğer tarafta ise eşitlikten ziyade farklılıkların dikkate alındığı bir eğilimin olduğunu iddia eder. "Adalet-Farklılık İlişkisi" olarak adlandırdığımız bu durum, adalete ilişkin süregelen tartışmaların birey, grup, yetenek, işlev, topluluk, cinsiyet, çevre, kültür, kimlik vb. farklılıklar veya çeşitliliklerin vurgulandığı bir temada ele alındığı iddiasını taşır. Bu anlamda çalışma "hakkaniyet olarak adalet, yetkilenme teorisi, kapasite yaklaşımı, adalete dair feminist ilgiler, toplulukçu eğilim, temsil ve tanınmaya" dayanan geniş bir düzlemde adaletin farklılık bağlamında anlam kazanacağını iddia eder. İlgili çalışma ve yaklaşımlardan hareketle adalet tartışmalarına dair tasnif ve çeşitlilik problemini aşmayı sağlayacak bir bakış açısının imkanları üzerine bir sorgulama yaparak, bu denli bir sorgulamanın farklılık ekseninde düşünülmesinin gerekliliğine dikkat çeker.


The critical environment created by the justice idea in contemporary political theory idealized by John Rawls has paved the way for a very wide and of course challenging literature. Considering the area occupied by studies focusing on the concept of justice and the diversity of these debates, it can be claimed that following the continuity of the studies on justice is very difficult. Therefore, in order to make discussions more meaningful it is necessary to take into consideration not only a periodical classification but also thematic tendencies. Based on this, the current study focuses on the question of around what contexts and themes the justice in normative sense might be defined in the contemporary era and problematizes it. While questioning periodical and contextual differences related to justice, the study tries to follow the paths of similar and opponent thoughts. It claims that the equality-difference tension plays an important role in the background of the accounts of the justice, and in this regard, it claims that there is the idea of the justice becoming meaningful by the principle of equal treatment on the one hand and there is the tendency to consider differences apart from equality on the other hand. This situation which we call the "Justice-Difference Relationship" contains the claim that the ongoing debates on the subject of justice is considered within a theme where differences or diversities such as individual, group, ability, function, community, gender, environment, culture, and identity. In this regard, the study claims that justice would become meaningful in the context of differences on a broad level based on "justice as fairness, entitlement theory, capability approach, feminist interests on justice, communitarian tendency, representation and recognition". It inquires on the possibilities of a viewpoint that will overcome the problem of classification and diversity in relation to debates on justice with reference to the relevant works and approaches and draws attention to the necessity of considering such an inquiry on the axis of difference.

Three dimensional object extraction and recognition (OER) from LIDAR data has been an area of major interest in photogrammetry for quite a long time. However, most of the existing methods for automatic object extraction and recognition from LIDAR data are just based on the range information and employ parametric methods and object’s vagueness behaviour is basically neglected. Thus, these methods do not take into account the extraction and recognition complexities and may fail to reach a satisfied reliability level in complex situations. In this paper a novel approach based on the following strategies is formulated and implemented: (a) for a more comprehensive definition of the objects, information fusion concept is utilized, i.e., object’s descriptive components such as 3D structural and textural (ST) information are automatically extracted from first/last rang and intensity information of LIDAR data and simultaneously fed into the evaluation process, (b) for a more realistic expres...

This paper distinguishes between two main questions regarding the notion of privacy: “What is privacy?” and “Why do/should we value privacy?”. In developing a social-ontological recognitional model of privacy (SORM), it gives an answer to the first question. According to the SORM, Privacy is a second order quality of roles within social practices. It is a function of who is or should be recognized as a “standard authority”. Enjoying standard authority means to have the right to interpret and contest role behavior and role obligations within a specific practice (first level), as well as evaluate the normative structure, the fundamental practice norms as well as the roles and their status (second level). The SORM utilizes the concept of standard authority to explicate privacy with regard to two categories that capture the rele-vant phenomena of privacy: decisional and informational privacy. Within a practice, an actor is said to have decisional privacy if she as a BCR does not (or does not have to) recognize bearers of accidental roles as standard authorities. Vice versa, an actor is said to enjoy in-formational privacy if all other BCRs (and especially data collecting actors) recognize her as a standard authority. Additionally, the requirement of mutual recognition by the practice participants as standard authorities introduces a “weak normativity” into the theory, which can be used to identify deficient privacy arrangements within practices.

This paper develops a recognition-theoretical analysis of human dignity. I argue that a life with dignity requires social esteem (recognition for one’s contribution to socially shared goals) as well as respect (recognition of one’s equal status). I illustrate this through an empirically informed discussion of three aspects of the current social organization of labour which threaten human dignity: unemployment, precarity and low pay. I also argue that in class societies the assertion of dignity as a positional good can undermine its generally progressive appeal.

هدف این پژوهش بیان تعریف، هدف و مؤلفه‌های مفهومی تعلیم و تربیت بر اساس فرایند تکوین دانش در پدیدارشناسی هگل است. تعریف تعلیم و تربیت بدون توجه به ماهیت دانش امکان‌پذیر نیست و نظریات تربیتی خواه به‌صورت صریح و خواه ضمنی، تعریفی از دانش را مفروض گرفته‌اند. این پژوهش نیز برای بیان ماهیت و ویژگی‌های تعلیم و تربیت، نظریه هگل در باب دانش را مبنا قرار داده است. برای نیل به هدف پژوهش، روش تفسیر مفهوم و مفهوم‌پردازی به کار گرفته شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش بدین قرارند؛ «بیلدونگ» به‌عنوان تعریف تعلیم و تربیت به عنوان فرایندی توصیف شده است که به دنبال ارتقای تجربه مفهومی فرد از طریق درک نابسندگی های موجود در زندگی است که با نگاهی به گذشته، رو به سوی آینده ای خردمندانه دارد. با این توصیف هدف بیلدونگ، «خردورزیِ فراگیرِ آشتی‌جویانه» در تعلیم و تربیت است. از جمله مؤلفه¬های مفهومی تعلیم و تربیت که در این پژوهش بیان شده اند، می توان به مواردی اشاره کرد؛ «آزادی‌بنیاد»، «تاریخ‌مند»، «بازسازانه»، «تعاملی»، «تأییدطلبانه» و «خطاشکیب». تعلیم و تربیت به‌مثابه بیلدونگ می‌تواند الهام‌بخش جریان نوینی در عرصه مطالعات تربیتی در ایران باشد که ارتقادهنده‌ی تجربه‌ی خرد بشری در تاریخ و فرهنگ این مرز و بوم است.

This volume (co-edited with Tanja Thomas, Lina Brink and Elke Grittmann) assembles several studies on recognition and visibility in present media cultures. Chaptes include approaches from gender studies, postcolonial studies and disability studies and present studies on film, photography, press and social media. In German language, forthcoming,  December 2017.

A significant perspective related with vehicles is their speed. A faster vehicle encourages us to arrive at our destination in lesser time, sparing our valuable time. In any case, tragically, we have been seeing the ascent in vehicular mishaps because of uncontrolled speeding by the drivers. The traffic signs alone cannot ensure the safety of vehicles since it is dependent upon the driver to adhere to the directions. Likewise, there is the situation of human-mistake where the driver essentially neglects to pay special mind to the traffic signs. This paper focuses on the road traffic sign detection systems which help in informing the intelligent vehicle about the possible road conditions ahead and be cautious about it with the help of Image processing. A module which consists of a Raspberry Pi or USB camera with a wide view and a simple processor is installed on the vehicle. The developed system works with three different stages: image pre-processing, detection, and recognition. The entire developed system is programmed using Python incorporated with OpenCV library and implemented using open source hardware platform and open-source software environment.

The knowledge related with lexical items can be realized as including relations of meaning a cross words. Words that share a similarity of meaning are called to be synonymous, and words that share a contrary of meaning are called to be antonymous. Both of them are universal linguistic phenomenon that exist in terms of linguistic system of every language. The present study aims at finding out areas of difficulty that Iraqi EFL learners encounter in the use of synonymy and antonymy, both on the recognition and production levels. Also tries to detect the main reasons behind such difficulties. A diagnostic test of two parts, namely, recognition and production, is designed. The test is built to include two linguistic phenomenon which are: synonymy and antonymy. A random sample of one (100) third year College students of two Colleges of Education, in University of Baghdad and University of Diyala, (50) students each. Data analyzed were based on Cruse's taxonomy (1986). The study has come up with the following conclusions: in spite of being students at an advanced level in learning English, they used a general lexical item, instead of their other synonyms and antonyms which imply a narrower sense of meaning. And although Iraqi EFL learners learn a number of synonym words and antonym words during their academic years of studying English, still they cannot utilize them correctly in context.

El psicoanálisis puede ser definido como una terapia del lenguaje. Sus recursos básicos son el discurso, la escucha y la atención al acontecimiento. Tiene como horizonte, entre otros, el de disolver y solucionar malestares. Uno de sus principios éticos básicos parece ser el de preservar al sujeto de sí mismo, en el sentido de preservar a la persona de sus propios mecanismos de aniquilamiento, negación o autoboicot que lo reprenden o sacrifican. Se pretende identificar la compleja economía psíquica que convierte a alguien en el depredador de sí mismo por violencia autoinfligida a modo de directo castigo o de " placer penoso " (goce). Así entendido, se trata de una terapia del lenguaje en donde se intenta identificar y desarmar los discursos contra-uno. Por el momento bastará esta caracterización amplia. El psicoanálisis puede ser útil de múltiples maneras en el ámbito del derecho. Puede ayudar a entender por qué se piensa lo que se piensa en determinados ámbitos jurídicos, o por qué una acción fue llevada a cabo y no otra, o cuál ha sido lo que los juristan llaman el " daño moral " causado a una víctima. Así, por ejemplo, podría colaborar a entender por qué un conjunto de personas dictó o se rige por este o aquel conjunto de normas, o podría ayudar a aplicar ese derecho en el caso en que se lo solicite como condición necesaria de la fijación de un daño. No obstante, existen múltiples objeciones a la supuesta utilidad/plausibilidad del psicoanálisis. La primera de ellas es que no puede considerarse científico o serio. La segunda de ellas es que aún salvada la primera objeción, no es aplicable o implementable a algunos supuestos de lo que genéricamente se llama " fenómeno jurídico ". La tercera proviene del psicoanálisis mismo. Algunos de los fines del derecho, como investigar la responsabilidad penal y hallar un culpable, son incompatibles con los fines que persigue la terapia psicoanalítica. Voy a detenerme un poco en estas tres objeciones. Luego quiero ingresar en una idea relacionada con el derecho que podría resultar interesante analizar con las herramientas de la psicología en general y el psicoanálisis en particular. Me refiero al reconocimiento. Al hablar del reconocimiento y su relación con el derecho me referiré a éste último tanto en su aspecto descriptivo como prescriptivo. Intentaré mostrar que el concepto de reconocimiento puede ser fructífero para analizar diversos aspectos de lo que el derecho hace y debería hacer. Aunque el rendimiento de este análisis puede ser vasto, me limitaré a sugerir sólo tres aspectos que considero abiertos a ulterior desarrollo: un aspecto conceptual relacionado con el contenido y alcance del reconocimiento en el derecho; un aspecto valorativo relacionado al derecho a ser oído y obtener respuestas institucionales; y un aspecto político relacionado con el análisis del concepto de libertad.

This paper presents a review of various OCR techniques used in the automatic mail sorting process. A complete description on various existing methods for address block extraction and digit recognition that were used in the literature is discussed. The objective of this study is to provide a complete overview about the methods and techniques used by many researchers for automating the mail sorting process in postal service in various countries. The significance of Zip code or Pincode recognition is discussed.

This research paper investigates the impact of informal and formal recognition on motivation and performance, by taking into account the feedback of front-line supervisors of SMEs at Dhaka city. The regression analysis results show that informal recognition has significant relationship with employee motivation and performance of the frontline employees of Food and Boutique shops of Dhaka city. Formal recognitions do not have any relationship with frontline employee motivation, but it has relationship with frontline employee performance. The paired samples t-test results show that though both informal and formal recognition influences improvement in time efficiency of employee performance; extent of improvement is greater in case of informal recognition.

The concept of reification, originally formulated by Karl Marx and Georg Lukács, has been incorporated as one of the most central categories of critical theory taking in consideration its task of making diagnoses of social pathologies. However, it is necessary to free the concept from its merely original economic reference in order to understand its actual utilization. That is what intends Axel Honneth in his reactualization of the concept of reification and of its critical-normative power from the perspective of the theory of recognition. Besides recapturing the main aspects of the concept of reification from the analyses of the " commodity fetishism " , the paper focus on Honneth " s interpretation of reified social processes – in the relations between subjetcts and environment, in the social relations, and in the pathological consequences of selfreification to the ethical selfrealization – and on his new diagnosis of social pathologies that are due to reification as " forgetfulness of recognition " .

I Varumärkenas fält ställs frågor som: Hur vinner man erkännande i Stockholms reklamvärld? Hur säljer reklamproducenter detta erkännande till sina uppdragsgivare? Vad för slags erkännande är statliga reklamköpare ute efter att vinna genom sitt samarbete med prisbelönta och erkända reklamproducenter? I kontrast till en spridd föreställning att reklamen ”speglar samhället” är grundantagandet i denna studie att reklamen i första hand speglar den värld som skapar den, dvs. reklamvärlden. Det är människorna i detta mikrokosmos vars föreställningar och idéer om samhället som reklamen primärt reflekterar – men först efter att prismatiskt ha brutits genom ett fält. Frågan är därför hur detta fält är socialt och mentalt strukturerat. Utkikspunkten är en globalt verksam amerikansk reklambyrås Stockholmskontor, där dagliga deltagarobservationer utförts under ett års fältarbete.

The Field of Brands asks questions such as: How is recognition awarded in Stockholm's advertising world? How do advertising producers sell this recognition to their clients? What kind of recognition are state-owned buyers of advertising seeking through their collaboration with award-winning elite advertising agencies? Opposed to the popular notion that advertising "mirrors society", a basic assumption in this study is that advertising primarily reflects the social world that creates it, i.e. the advertising world. The argument being that it is the members of this microcosm whose ideas about society advertising primarily reflects – although only after having been refracted through a field. The question is therefore how this field is socially and mentally structured. The vantage point is a globally active U.S. advertising firm’s Stockholm office, where daily participant observations have been conducted during one year of fieldwork.

We can conclude that non-state rules may include both lex mercatoria, i.e. the law of international merchants, which is not perceived in any uniform way, and currently perhaps also selected rules of EU law, provided that no legal relations are involved that have no connection to the European area. Lex mercatoria can be defined as including international trade usages (such as INCOTERMS, which have become rather popular), generally recognised legal principles (for instance, pacta sunt servanda), and collections of principles governing international agreements (e.g. UNIDROIT Principles).

Lex mercatoria can be applied both in arbitration and in litigation based on four theoretical approaches. The first applicable method is subsidiary application, i.e. lex mercatoria is applied within the limits of binding provisions of applicable law – this method does not raise any problems in practice. Another possibility is application equivalent to national legal systems, i.e. based on the conflict-of-laws method. This method is currently considered controversial and is suitable for arbitration, rather than litigation. The third possibility is the preferential application of lex mercatoria – this is, however, a very extreme approach, even within international commercial arbitration, and requires the due assessment of all relevant circumstances. This category may also include negative choice of law, which postulates that the parties opted for lex mercatoria, because they did not choose any applicable law. This is, again, controversial doctrine, which may only be applied if we first take into consideration all of the circumstances of the case, and primarily the will of the parties. The fourth and last possibility is the ex post choice of law.

As concerns practical possibilities of application, the most frequently employed method is the application of non-state rules in connection with arbitration, where the courts control the proceedings for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics agree that the recognition and enforcement of a foreign award cannot be refused, should the sole grounds for refusal be the fact that the award is based on lex mercatoria. Another possibility of applying non-state rules in courts is application based on domestic laws. The third possibility is the application of non-state rules based on the parties’ choice, i.e. the parties may opt for non-state law. Even if some of the parties disagree, it is possible to envisage the application of non-state rules in litigation, though rather as soft law, i.e. a tool or inspiration for the resolution of the given case. This would be similar to the application of foreign law or foreign case law.

We can also imagine, subject to certain conditions, the application of non-state rules in domestic disputes: (i) if the parties agree to do so, in which case, again, non-state rules would be applied within the limits of binding rules of the applicable law, or (ii) at the court’s discretion. In such case, the court should have regard for any and all circumstances, such as the parties’ experience with international trade, as well as the method of application. The application of non-state rules as soft law can be accepted without objections. Both arbitral tribunals and courts have become more open to non-state rules – for instance, the fact that a decision or award is based on lex mercatoria is not eo ipso contrary to public policy (ordre public).
The application of non-state legal standards is intertwined with the irreplaceable role of a first-rate pre- and post-graduate system of education, and with interactions between extensive practice, on the one hand, and education and training, on the other. This is the reason why schools and other educational institutions must be addressed, and such quality of lectures and courses must be emphasised that will guarantee a high level of theoretical training and high-quality and solid incentives and information from practice. The reason is that this very requirement attains qualified dimensions in the case of trade and legal usages (international, as well as national and regional). The potential of cooperation between educational institutions and international organisations mostly remains untapped – and not only those that create and apply contract templates, unify recommendations, or formulate trade and legal principles, etc.

В заключение можно сказать, что негосударственные правила могут включать в себя, во-первых, lex mercatoria, т. е. право участников международных коммерческих отношений, относительно понимания которого отсутствует единое мнение, во-вторых, в настоящее время, очевидно, и некоторые правовые нормы ЕС, при условии, что речь идет о правоотношениях, в которых отсутствует связь с европейским пространством. Составляющей lex mercatoria можно считать международные торговые обычаи (например, ИНКОТЕРМС, которые в значительной степени стали популярными), общепризнанные правовые принципы или основы (например, pacta sunt servanda) и свод принципов международных договоров (например, Принципы УНИДРУА).

Lex mercatoria может применяться как арбитражами, так и судами общей юрисдикции на основе четырех теоретических подходов. Первым является субсидиарное применение, когда lex mercatoria применяется в рамках когентных положений применяемого права – на практике данный способ применения не встречается с какими-либо проблемами. Вторым вариантом является применение, равноценное национальным правовым системам, т. е. на основании коллизионного метода. В настоящее время данный способ является спорным и применяется скорее арбитражными судами, чем судами общей юрисдикции. Третий вариант – это преимущественное применение lex mercatoria, которое, однако, является крайним случаем даже в контексте международного торгового арбитража, требующего рассмотрения всех существенных обстоятельств. Сюда также можно включить отрицательный выбор права (negative choice), когда предполагается, что стороны, не выбрав применимое право, выбрали именно lex mercatoria. И в данном случае речь снова идет о спорной доктрине, перед применением которой необходимо взвесить все обстоятельства дела и, прежде всего, учесть волеизъявление сторон. Четвертым и последним вариантом является дополнительный выбор права.

С точки зрения практического применения на первом месте (с учетом частоты применения) находится применение негосударственных правил в связи с арбитражным разбирательством, когда суды осуществляют контрольную функцию в ходе разбирательства о признании и приведении в исполнение иностранных арбитражных решений. В этом случае доктрина признает, что нельзя отказать в признании и приведении в исполнение решения иностранного суда только по той причине, что оно основано на lex mercatoria.  Следующим возможным применением негосударственных правил в судах общей юрисдикции является применение на основании национальных правовых норм. Третьим вариантом является применение негосударственных правил на основании выбора сторон, когда стороны могут выбрать негосударственное право. Даже если не все стороны согласны, можно рассматривать возможность применения негосударственных норм судами общей юрисдикции, однако, скорее как т. н. soft law, т. е. в качестве пособия или источника инспирации при рассмотрении и разрешении спора. Аналогично применяется иностранное право или иностранные документы судебной практики.

При определенных условиях также возможно применение негосударственных правил во внутригосударственных спорах. Это, прежде всего, споры, в которых стороны согласуют применение негосударственных правил в рамках когентных положений применяемого права, или по усмотрению суда. В данном случае суд должен рассмотреть все обстоятельства, например, опыт сторон с международной торговлей, а также способ применения. Против применения негосударственных правил как soft law нельзя возражать. В контексте наблюдается растущий интерес арбитражных судов, а также судов [общей юрисдикции/государственных] к негосударственным правилам, который проявляется, например, в том, что основание решения на lex mercatoria еще не означает противоречие публичному порядку.
В связи с применением негосударственных правовых норм важную роль играет качественная вузовская и послевузовская образовательная система и взаимодействие широкой практики с воспитанием и обучением. Поэтому необходимо обращать особое внимание на воспитательные и образовательные учреждения, а также на качество содержания обучения, гарантирующее как высокий уровень теоретической подготовки, так и качественные и обоснованные стимулы и сведения из практики. Именно это требование в торговых и правовых обычаях (международных, а также национальных и региональных) приобретает важность с точки зрения квалификации. В основном остается нереализованным потенциал в области сотрудничества между образовательными учреждениями и международными организациями, причем не только теми, которые занимаются созданием и применением образцов договоров, объединяющих рекомендаций, формулировок торговых и правовых принципов и т. п.

A study of the theme of the body as it functions in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. I analyze the "material conditions" that are required in order for the dialectic of master and slave to be carried out, and use this to show (a) that embodiment is essential to our experience and (b) that this embodiment essentially takes the form of gesture, i.e., language. I then analyze Hegel's study of Antigone's situation in his discussion of "Ethicality" to make apparent the cultural and political dimensions of this gestural embodiment.

Axel Honneth draws a distinction between three types of recognition: (1) love, (2) respect and (3) social esteem. In his The Struggle for Recognition, the recognition of cultural particularity is situated in the third sphere. It will here be argued that the logic of recognition of cultural identity also demands a non-evaluative recognition, namely a respect for difference. Difference-respect is formal because it is a recognition of the value of a particular culture not ‘‘for society’’ or ‘‘as such’’, but for the social group involved. Yet, although it is formal, difference-respect cannot be reduced to respect for personal autonomy and its preconditions, as Honneth wrongly suggests in Redistribution or Recognition? It is argued here that difference-respect is oriented towards another dimension of the person, namely social attachments. This kind of respect entails a separate register of formal recognition with a corresponding concept of personal identity and a parallel category of social disrespect. What morally justifies difference-respect from a recognition-theoretic approach is the practical relation-to-self that thus becomes possible, namely self-respect as a sense of belonging. The formal conception of the good life that Honneth articulates should include the insight that this sense of belonging is as much a necessary condition for the good life as is personal autonomy.

What is the effect of being an unrecognized state on the national identity of its population? And how does it compare to the identity effect of having been accorded state recognition? This paper argues that contrary to socio-psychological theories that make identity dependent on outside recognition, refusals of state recognition have, in general, a far stronger affirmative impact on national identity than extensions of it. Recognition may be the central external goal of claimants of statehood, but non-recognition fosters national identity to a much greater degree than recognition. While foreign recognition of statehood may fulfill a deep psychological need, it is its denial that makes a people's collective sense of who they are more robust. Obtaining recognition as a state may, in fact, reveal the fragility of national identity within that state.

A selection of essays in social philosophy. Edited and introduced by Barbara Carnevali
Table of contents:

Introduzione. Miseria e grandezza del sociale, di Barbara Carnevali

Parte prima: CRITICA
I. Patologie del sociale
II. Una critica ricostruttiva con riserva genealogica

Parte seconda: RICONOSCIMENTO
III. Ridistribuzione o riconoscimento?
IV. Invisibilità
V. Hegel: dal desiderio al riconoscimento
VI. L’Io nel Noi
VII. Riconoscimento come ideologia

Parte terza: LIBERTA'
VIII. Autonomia decentrata
IX. Freud: riappropriarsi della libertà
X. La normatività della vita etica
XI. Tre, e non due concetti di libertà

APPENDICE
XII. Bob Dylan e la sua epoca

The present paper aims to analyse the Palestinian situation, arguing that today a “State of Palestine” exists on the basis of the international law criteria of statehood. Palestine in fact has a defined territory, a permanent population and, above all, an effective and independent capacity of government, limited by the Israeli belligerent occupation but still relevant for the statehood issue. Moreover, Palestinian people enjoy the right of self-determination and they exercise it through peaceful means. Palestinian statehood is confirmed by its UNESCO membership, by the status of observer State recognised by the UN General Assembly in November 2012 and by its capacity to adhere to multilateral conventions.

In this paper, I explore the experience of shame and its connections to recognition and love as manifested in Shakespeare’s King Lear. My main focus in this paper is the ethical relevance of shame. I start from Sartre’s account of shame in Being and Nothingness, and I consider Webber’s attempt to reformulate it in terms of bad faith. I reject this and propose a way to rethink shame through a study of the workings of recognition in King Lear, following Stanley Cavell’s reading of this tragedy. I claim that the experience of shame has a relational structure, which makes it a crucial part of our ethical sensibilities. My analysis of King Lear brings out this structure and underlines the ethical significance of shame at this structural level, by highlighting its connection to recognition and love.

"Individualization through Socialization. What room is left for Psychoanalysis?" I examine Habermas’ and Honneth’s concept of individualization through socialization and contend that both have difficulties in justifying how individuals could project not only the form of future society (the form that “emancipation” understood as better individualization will take), but also its contents. This would require a different paradigm of subject identity formation and an appropriate concept of sublimation.

The competing theories of state recognition and their failings actively demonstrate that recognition of a state does not have any normative content per se, but rather, that the rules of state recognition, although legal rules, are legal vehicles for political choices. We have the dilemma of concurrently wanting the right cases to result in independent states while prohibiting the wrong ones from becoming so, and so we sail between political choices, using the language of law. The state is neither truly free to recognize another entity nor entirely bound. Differing cases require different legal criteria and different legal results. This flexibility in state recognition theory though, while depriving the act of any inherent legal meaning, has value in its utility for establishing lawful relationships.

This paper will argue that the reason we find it difficult to resolve the controversy over state recognition theory is because the international legal system translates political controversies into legal questions that can then be addressed through legal means. Legal actors, by announcing preference for one side of the question, often reveal certain legal and moral choices they are making about the nature of the state and the legitimacy of the international legal system - law and politics. In the area of state recognition, no theory of recognition has extinguished competition because no political choice has gained universal acceptance. The predominant political choice is most frequently deliberate indeterminacy, a co-existence of mutually opposing arguments. This indeterminacy is most likely deliberate because it permits the underlying rationale for the legal actor’s policies to change and evolve to suit the situation.

Potentiometric titrations and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of amino acids binding to the [ZnL]2R-complex where
L¼cyclen in aqueous solution provide information concerning complexing species identity, their stability, and
coordination mode declaration. The amino acids form stable ternary [ZnL(HLn)]2R and [ZnL(Ln)]R complexes. The
observations indicate bidentate coordination mode of the deprotonated amino acids, involving both the amine and
the carboxylate functions to the [ZnL]2R complex in pH region of about 7.5–9.5. The determined stability constants
indicate that [ZnL]2R complex is a very efficient receptor for simple amino acids such as glycine and alanine.

In this study, we generally handle the recognition of States in respect of the international law with its historical background, referring to the different views on the issue. Although the subject of recognition can be explained under some several topics, it is generally accepted that the recognition in itself means only the recognition of the states rather than the recognition of belligerency or recognition of governments. Because the recognition of the states brings some burdens on the recognizing states, the recognizing states always act politically rather than acting in any other way. Because there have always been the interests of the existing states. Therefore the problem is far from being solved by only the principals of the international law. So we also choose to handle the very controversial issues of the recognition such as: the, constitutive and explanatory theories pertaining to the recognition, de jure and de facto recognition, when the recognition constitutes interference to another state’s internal affairs and many other debates here. Because, there are still so many units (not yet recognized states) waiting for being recognized which we handle in this article.

Biometric system is a pattern identification system that recognizes an individual by determining the originality of the physical features and behavioral characteristic of that person. Of all the recently used biometric techniques, fingerprint identification systems have gained the most popularity because of the prolonged existence of fingerprints and its extensive use. Fingerprint is dependable biometric trait as it is an idiosyncratic and dedicated. It is a technology that is increasingly used in various fields like forensics and security purpose. The vital objective of our system is to make ATM transaction more secure and user friendly. This system replaces traditional ATM cards with fingerprint. Therefore, there is no need to carry ATM cards to perform transactions. The money transaction can be made more secure without worrying about the card to be lost. In our system we are using embedded system with biometrics i.e r305 sensor and UART microcontroller. The Fingerprint and the user_id of all users are stored in the database. Fingerprints are used to identify whether the Person is genuine. A Fingerprint scanner is used to acquire the fingerprint of the individual, after which the system requests for the PIN (Personal Identification Number). The user gets three chances to get him authenticated. If the fingerprints do not match further authentication will be needed. After the verification with the data stored in the system database, the user is allowed to make transactions.

This is my degree thesis. I tried to explain how society creates and influences our identities, based on the hegelian concept of recognition read by Judith Butler, who connects it with the concept of subjection. The explanation of how the subject becomes subject only into the social and powerfull interconnections (on wich is based society itself) is linked by Judith Butler with the idea of the constant (or not) redefinition of the concept of "human"; how this process may influence our image of "human"? Whom does this image include? What are the social concequences of this exclusions?
The thesis is based mostly on works of authors like Judith Butler, Michel Foucault, Hegel and Lorenzo Bernini.

This article examines the experience of being seen and analyzes its central role in the formation of a coherent sense of self. Tove Jansson's short story from 1962, 'The Invisible Child', serves as the red thread of the article, and the story is analyzed in the light of Donald Winnicott's work on social mirroring. The analysis is enriched by the psychoanalytic insights of Veikko Tähkä and Heinz Kohut, and complemented by Axel Honneth's philosophical elaborations as well as by recent developmental findings as presented by Vasudevi Reddy. The article is divided into an introduction and three sections. After summarizing Jansson's story in the introduction, the first section elaborates and examines different senses of social invisibility. The second section assesses developmental factors that promote social invisibility and highlights the importance of being seen. The third and final section interprets Jansson's story as an analogy to an intensive therapeutic process, while pinpointing those elements that facilitate the restructuring of a disturbed sense of self. As a whole, the article thus discusses an issue that is often simply taken for granted in discussions of empathy and interpersonal experience: social visibility.

In modern times the quantity of on road vehicles is expanding very quickly. Most of the time, it is important to verify the identity of these vehicles for authorization of the transit regulation, overseeing parking garages. it is hard to check this colossal number of moving vehicles physically. Subsequently, building up a precise automatic license plate recognition model (ALPR) including character recognition is important to ease the issues mentioned above. We have developed a model based on multiple types of license plates from different countries. The dataset of images was trained using Yolov4 which uses CNN architectures. Character recognition was done using the Tesseract OCR after multiple image pre-processing techniques and morphological transformations. The proposed program has obtained an accuracy of 92% in license plate detection and 81% in character recognition.

International treaties therefore have priority over provisions of domestic origin (domestic lex arbitri). This mainly concerns two conventions, namely the New York Convention (1958) and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961). In the field of international arbitration, specifically the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, these two conventions were historically preceded by two international treaty acts. If it is possible to apply both the provisions of bilateral interstate treaties (as mentioned above, primarily the legal assistance treaties) and the provisions of multilateral conventions, then the bilateral treaties are usually prioritized as a quasi lex specialis. Mainly the reflection the bilateral treaties (legal assistance treaties), but often also the reflection of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961) will often be omitted.