RISC

Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification to significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 16, 32 square - root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA with only a slight increase in the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in terms of delay, area.

Today, all the portable device’s in electronics needs to be realized with low power architectures because of power consumption is a main consideration along with other performance parameters. Low power consumption helps to reduce heat dissipation, increases battery life and also reliability. In this paper a 16-
bit Reduced Instruction set Architecture (RISA) presented. This architecture can handle multiple interrupts and performing serial communication effectively. It can supported RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) concepts. A popular technique of Clock gating is applied to the proposed architecture and then reduces the power. This entire architecture captured using VerilogHDL and implemented on FPGA using Xilinx tools.

The ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway is a basic biological mechanism involved in the regulation of a multitude of cellular processes. Increasing evidence indicates that plants utilize the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway in their immune response to pathogen ...

— Microprocessors are applicable to a wide range of information processing tasks, ranging from general computing to real-time monitoring systems. The microprocessor facilitates new ways of communication and how to make use of the vast information available online and offline both at home and in workplace. Most electronic devices--including everything from computers, remote controls, washing machines, microwaves and cell phones to iPods and more--contain a built-in microprocessor. Microprocessors are at the core of personal computers, laptops, mobile phones and complex military and space systems. This work presents the general application of microprocessors.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas. The pathogenesis of KSHV depends on the balance between two phases of the viral cycle: latency and lytic replication. In this study, we report that KSHV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) function as regulators by maintaining viral latency and inhibiting viral lytic replication. MiRNAs are short, noncoding, small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of messenger RNAs. Of the 12 viral miRNAs expressed in latent KSHV-infected cells, we observed that expression of miR-K3 can suppress both viral lytic replication and gene expression. Further experiments indicate that miR-K3 can regulate viral latency by targeting nuclear factor I/B. Nuclear factor I/B can activate the promoter of the viral immediate-early transactivator replication and transcription activator (RTA), and depletion of nuclear factor I/B by short hairpin RNAs had similar effects on the viral life cycle to those of miR-K3. Our results suggest a role for KSHV miRNAs in regulating the viral life cycle.

Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are regulatory non-coding class of small RNAs functioning in many organisms. Using computational approaches we have identified 20 conserved opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) miRNAs belonging to 16 miRNA families in Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) database. The existence of ESTs suggested that the miRNAs were expressed in P. somniferum. Lengths of mature miRNAs varied from 20 to 23 nucleotides located at the different positions of precursor RNAs. Uracil was found to be a dominant nucleotide in both poppy pre-miRNA sequences (31.28 ± 7.06% of total nucleotide composition) and in the first position at the 5′ end of the mature poppy miRNAs. We have applied quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays to compare and validate expression levels of selected P. somniferum miRNAs and their target transcripts. As a result, some of the predicted miRNAs and their target genes were found to be differentially expressed in P. somniferum leaf and root tissues. A meaningful correlation between three of the four analyzed pairs of miRNAs and their target transcript expression levels was detected. Additionally, using these predicted miRNAs as queries, 41 potential target mRNAs were found in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein-coding nucleotide (mRNA) database of all plant species. Some of the target mRNAs were found to be transcription factors regulating plant development, morphology, and flowering time. Other target mRNAs of identified conserved miRNAs involve in metabolic processes, signal transduction, and stress responses. This study reports the first identification of opium poppy miRNAs.

Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are regulatory non-coding class of small RNAs functioning in many organisms. Using computational approaches we have identified 20 conserved opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) miRNAs belonging to 16 miRNA families in Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) database. The existence of ESTs suggested that the miRNAs were expressed in P. somniferum. Lengths of mature miRNAs varied from 20 to 23 nucleotides located at the different positions of precursor RNAs. Uracil was found to be a dominant nucleotide in both poppy pre-miRNA sequences (31.28 ± 7.06% of total nucleotide composition) and in the first position at the 5′ end of the mature poppy miRNAs. We have applied quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays to compare and validate expression levels of selected P. somniferum miRNAs and their target transcripts. As a result, some of the predicted miRNAs and their target genes were found to be differentially expressed in P. somniferum leaf and root tissues. A meaningful correlation between three of the four analyzed pairs of miRNAs and their target transcript expression levels was detected. Additionally, using these predicted miRNAs as queries, 41 potential target mRNAs were found in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein-coding nucleotide (mRNA) database of all plant species. Some of the target mRNAs were found to be transcription factors regulating plant development, morphology, and flowering time. Other target mRNAs of identified conserved miRNAs involve in metabolic processes, signal transduction, and stress responses. This study reports the first identification of opium poppy miRNAs.

Our general purpose crypto-processor runs RISC machine code in an encrypted environment, reading encrypted inputs and generating encrypted outputs while maintaining data encrypted in memory. Its intended use is secure remote processing. However, program addresses are processed unencrypted, resulting in a mix of encrypted and unencrypted data in memory and registers at any time. An aspect of compiling for it is typing the assembler code to make sure that those instructions that expect encrypted data always get encrypted data at execution time, and those that expect unencrypted data get unencrypted data. A type inference system is specified here and transformed into an executable typing algorithm, such that a type-checked asembler program is guaranteed type-safe.

Today’s smart phones, tablets, cameras, routers and play stations make use of MIPS RISC technology due to several key advantages. Due to the presence of the reduced instruction set, the processing time of the processor is reduced. It has improved flexibility and adaptability, is faster and inexpensive. So, here we are designing a microprocessor without interlocked pipelining stages i.e. MIPS RISC Processor using Xilinx software. For that firstly we are designing the Read only memory, i.e. ROM and then the random access and then we have designed the instruction fetch unit.

compression using hardware approach is emerging area for researchers. Paper focuses on a new technique using digital camera using the Evaluator-9t development board (ARM9TDMI) and the OVT9650 digital imaging sensor for compression of Bit Map Images. Uncompressed images taken by the image sensor and then compressed using JPEG compression using ARM processor. Compressed images then transferred to Desktop computer pertaining 32-bit Windows operating system. Compressed image follows all the steps involved in JPEG compression technique. We have used various techniques like Digital imaging, Image compression technologies, embedded application of JPEG compression, ARM microcontrollers Serial communication. Most important factor in image processing is to compress image which helps a lot in world of digital consumer application like handheld mobile, digital camera to save memory which is the most expensive thing in this era. So we need a new approach to do this and that is most recent and fa...