Packaging

A collaborative UK government-funded research project drawing on the design and sustainability expertise of the Department of Design and Technology at Loughborough University and the sustainability and product bank functions at The Boots Company set out to investigate the potential that refillable packaging systems can offer the consumer and the environment. In the past, refills have generally been categorized under one general heading and often branded as a failure. However, early in the project, the team identified that by taking a creative approach to interpreting refills, there are actually a wide range of different types of refills that can be differentiated with respect to their delivery approach and level of consumer/business interaction. Once these had been identified, collated and categorized, the team set out to investigate the consumer perceptions, and the business barriers and drivers found to influence the adoption and success of a number of different types of refillable packaging. This paper reports on those findings. It concludes that differentiating between refill types holds the key to developing more suitable and more successful refillable packaging systems as positive and negative attributes can be more accurately identified and responded to. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Elastomer based pressure sensitive adhesives used in various peeling applications are viscoelastic and expected to be rate sensitive. The effects of varying peel velocity on adhesion energy and its dependence on the peel angle and rate of peeling are investigated. Experiments are conducted on an adhesive tape using a displacement-controlled peel test configuration. By adjusting the peel arm length, the peel velocity can be continuously varied though the extremity of the film is displaced at a constant rate, which results in nonsteady peeling. Constant peel rate tests are performed over a wide range of peeling rates for a fixed peeling angle, which results in steady state peeling. Based upon the experimental data, a power law relation for the adhesive energy of a packaging tape and its dependence on the rate of peeling is presented. The applicability of the rate dependent law for adhesion energy based upon the steady state experiments to the nonsteady peeling process is critically ex...

Neuromarketing techniques (use of psychophysiological responses as variables in decision making processes) are being used successfully in the area of marketing. However, there is no academic research that enables us to explore the degree of effectiveness of these techniques, as well as the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying. This data will allow the construction of theoretical models. The objective of the research was to analyze the mechanisms of action of 3 psychophysiological variables widely used in this field: eye-tracking, GSR (galvanic skin response) and facial emotion. Thirty five randomly selected subjects (men and women, ages from 22 to 65 years), carried out the experiment in the NeurolabCenter at the Complutense University of Madrid. Each participant received 30 euros as an incentive. Method: subjects viewed four different types of packaging. Each image was presented randomly for 10 seconds, while their GSR, eye-tracking and facial emotions responses were recor...

We propose a unification framework for three-dimensional shape reconstruction using physically based models. A variety of 3D shape reconstruction techniques have been developed in the past two decades, such as shape from stereopsis, from shading, from texture gradient, and from structured lighting. However, the lack of a general theory that unifies these shape reconstruction techniques into one framework hinders the effort of a synergistical image interpretation scheme using multiple sensors/information sources. Most shape-from-X techniques use an “observable” (e.g., the stereo disparity, intensity, or texture gradient) and a model, which is based on specific domain knowledge (e.g., the triangulation principle, reflectance function, or texture distortion equation) to predict the observable, in 3D shape reconstruction. We show that all these “observable–prediction-model” types of techniques can be incorporated into our framework of energy constraint on a flexible, deformable image frame. In our algorithm, if the observable does not confirm to the predictions obtained using the corresponding model, a large “error” potential results. The error potential gradient forces the flexible image frame to deform in space. The deformation brings the flexible image frame to “wrap” onto the surface of the imaged 3D object. Surface reconstruction is thus achieved through a “package wrapping” or a “shape deformation” process by minimizing the discrepancy in the observable and the model prediction. The dynamics of such a wrapping process are governed by the least action principle which is physically correct. A physically based model is essential in this general shape reconstruction framework because of its capability to recover the desired 3D shape, to provide an animation sequence of the reconstruction, and to include the regularization principle into the theory of surface reconstruction.

Table grapes were packed in either nonperforated polypropylene or perforated polypropylene films and stored at 1 °C for 53 d. Nonperforated polypropylene packages had the highest CO2 and lowest O2 contents, with reduced weight losses and increased berry and skin firmness. Soluble solids concentration increased in unwrapped control grapes as a consequence of the higher weight losses, whereas no significant differences were found for titratable acidity. Both films were equally effective in maintaining skin color, whereas control grapes showed a reduction of color. The highest scores in sensory analyses for crunchiness, juiciness, sourness, and quality were given to nonperforated polypropylene packages after 18 d of storage, and good visual aspect and no off-flavor were detected after 53 d of cold storage.

The paper outlines, from the communication design perspective, the user-centred approach taken to address packaging design area and explores the potentialities of the project of information accessibility to deliver innovation from the user's perspective. Packaging is analysed as a 'device for access', supporting the relations between product and user and ensuring the correct transfer of information conveyed. Communication design enhances, in this sense, its function of 'facilitator', enabling the access to contents (a set of data or an object) to different user-groups. In this view, a research study on the communication access to the product and its use (information for interaction) is presented. This study analysed, in particular, the modalities through which packages allow the information transfer and explored the factors determining the communication access in relation to packaging informative and prescriptive functions, in order to highlight the criticalities, determine some reference parameters and develop, lastly, some guidelines for designers and enterprises. Besides the graphical dimension, the research work also considered the qualities provided by the sensory modalities of sight and touch to facilitate the access to information and to the product.

A wide array of lead-free alloys is available in the market and distinguishing one over the other is not an easy task. Several factors have to be considered before making a choice. Reliability under both thermal and mechanical conditions is one such factor. This experimental research aims at making a comparison of the different lead-free solder ball alloys for area

In the practical subjects of the Degrees in Industrial Design students usually apply theoretical knowledge to solve complex cases, but in many occasions these cases are only fictional. However, it is also possible to provide students with cases that respond to real needs, and on many occasions it is the companies that propose them through contests. Numerous experiences endorse the Competition-Based Learning (CBL) as a working methodology that improves the motivation of the students. But it is worth asking to what extent this motivation achieves a significant improvement in student performance. This paper hypothesizes that the performance of industrial design students is higher when they work to solve real cases than when they have to solve fictional cases. To demonstrate it, the average grades obtained during 8 academic years in a subject related to packaging are compared. Between 2011 and 2014, students were presented with a fictional case in which it was necessary to solve a speci...

The concern regarding sustainability issues have been increasingly growing and have been influencing the way business is done. This case study was conducted with Tetra Pak, a processing and beverage and food packaging multinational. Wanting to improve the sustainability strategy throughout the supply chain, Tetra Pak focused on improving the relationship with its retailers, since by deciding which products will be sold, they have power to influence the entire supply chain and drive consumers towards a more sustainable choice.
To do so, it was vital to understand the retailers’ perspective on sustainable development, including their current practices and aims for the future, and also their views on beverage/food packaging and its environmental impacts. The research was carried out with Dutch and Belgian retailers and was assessed by online research and by semi-structured interviews about their sustainability practices and aims on reduction of carbon emission, energy and packaging usage. Inputs from consumers and producers were also integrated by an online survey and informal interviews, respectively. A literature review on sustainability concepts and life cycle assessment of different beverage packaging was compared to the results retrieved with retailers. The views of producers and consumers were also analyzed in this research considering its relevance for retailers.
Most retailers mentioned the Sustainable Development Goals when talking about their sustainability strategy and their aims to reduce CO2 emissions and packaging use, especially plastic. The life cycle assessments results are practically unanimous regarding the impacts of primary packaging options, pointing beverage carton as the lowest environmental impact for all impact’s categories, except land use, since over 70% of the packaging is consistent of paper from wood fiber.
The results show that there are still misconceptions regarding the impacts of beverage packaging options from all stakeholders which is seen as one of the main barriers in choosing the most sustainable option. The initial concept that retailers are the main decision-makers of packaging choice was actually transferred to producers and suppliers. This is the perception of the retailers themselves who understanding producers and suppliers know more about packaging, want to improve the upstream of the supply chain. The final part of this report has recommendations on how Tetra Pak can improve the sustainability strategy throughout the supply chain retrieved from the findings of this report.
Keywords: beverage and food packaging, primary packaging, supply chain, sustainability strategy, beverage carton.

Packaging design is usually associated with design arts, with particular emphasis on creation in the visual and technical dimensions, which is by definition a highly fragmented approach. There is still a lack of research on how end users perceive packaging. The subject of this article is the attempt to confirm the functional dependence in the field of packaging design. The main thesis, resulting from the previous empirical findings, is the distinction of two dimensions of the function for the finished packaging. This is a functional relationship between the form of the packaging and the packaging label – as it turns out, the packaging label fulfills other functions than the packaging form, which has a very serious impact on the design process and the design management process.

ATLANTA is a specialized company engaged in the production of packaging machines for food, beverage, pet food, detergents, lubricants and personal care products. ATLANTA, always sensitive to your specific needs of productivity, innovation and competitiveness, and offer machines with user simplified operation and build solutions dedicated to the needs of both production and management with ease of use and increased versatility on a wide range of products to be packaged a priority. The customer is our constant " focus ". The extensive range of wrap-around case packers and shrink wrapping machines from ATLANTA has established them in the marketplace thanks to performance, versatility, efficiency, reliability and low maintenance. For this reason many OEM utilized ATLANTA machines inside their lines which are installed all around the World.

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Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food packaging materials because they can be obtained from renewable resources; their production consumes quantities of carbon dioxide; they can be recycled and composted; and their physical and mechanical properties can be tailored through polymer architecture. As a consequence, PLA is becoming a growing alternative as a ‘green’ food packaging material. PLA's optical, physical and mechanical properties have been compared to those of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), although studies comparing and showing the actual performance of PLA, PS and PET plastics containers are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the role of PLA in package sustainability for the food service industry. Two of the commonly used materials to make containers to package fresh food, PET and oriented polystyrene (OPS), were compared with oriented PLA (OPLA) and OPLA with 40% recycled content from the industrial trimming process. The recycled OPLA provides an opportunity for full material utilization and lower costs. This study involved a number of tests to quantify the physical, mechanical, barrier and compatibility properties that would affect the selection criteria for containers to be used for food service applications. Based on the data collected, OPLA, OPLA + 40% regrind, OPS and PET performances were evaluated. Exposure of the four materials to vegetable oil and weak and strong acids show a minimal reduction in the performance of these polymers. At ambient temperature, PET has the highest impact resistance, followed by OPLA, OPS and OPLA + 40% regrind. In terms of barrier properties, PET shows the highest oxygen barrier, followed by OPLA, OPLA 40% recycled content, and OPS. Thus, OPLA and OPLA with 40% recycled content can be used for fresh food applications as well as OPS and PET, and in many situations it performs better than OPS and PET. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

There are quite a number of stock options available in the market which can be used to manufacture packaging boxes. These include plastics, paper, wood and can include other materials as well. In this article we will discuss one of the paper stocks options namely rigid.

The statistical quality control (SQC) techniques can be efficiently exploited to improve the quality of services as well as the products. These tools helps to identify the assignable causes of variation in quality from that of the chance causes, so that proper remedial measures can be taken at right time in order to improve the quality of services. Paramedical services are to be promptly handled to provide quality service to the patients preferably inpatients for their utmost satisfaction. The present study aims at analyzing the time taken to deliver different paramedical services to the patients admitted in selected Hospital, Bhubaneswar. Here we identify the pitfalls of the system in delivering such services and suggested some remedial measures in order to improve the quality of various paramedical services.