Psihologie

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new theories and perspectives including the social disconnection model of perfectionism and the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. It also reviews empirical findings, with a special focus on stress, vulnerability, and resilience, and examines perfectionism in specific populations. Finally, it considers how perfectionism relates to physical health and psychophysiological processes and introduces new approaches to effective prevention and treatment. By increasing our understanding of perfectionism as a complex personality disposition and providing a framework for future explorations, this landmark publication aims to promote further research in this field. It will be invaluable reading for academics, students, and professionals in personality psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, applied psychology and related disciplines.

According to the two-factor model of perfectionism, perfectionism is comprised of two higher-order dimensions — perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC) — that typically show different, often opposing relationships with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Consequently, if we define perfectionism as the combination of PS and PC, it would be important to know what the “combined effect” of perfectionism is, and whether the combined effect is adaptive or maladaptive. Following the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010), we define the combined effect of perfectionism as the difference between mixed perfectionism (the combination of high PS and high PC) and non-perfectionism (the combination of low PS and low PC). Applying the regression approach for testing the 2 × 2 model (Gaudreau, 2012), we show how the combined effect may be computed, and then illustrate combined effects for different patterns of correlations of PS, PC, and an outcome Y. In addition, we present examples from the research literature where PS and PC show zero, adaptive, and maladaptive combined effects. We conclude the article by discussing how our concept of a combined effect can be extended to perfectionism models with more than two factors, and also address limitations and open questions.

Objective: Although perfectionism is a prominent personality disposition, only a few longitudinal studies have investigated how perfectionism develops. Theoretical models and qualitative studies have posited that academic success is a developmental antecedent of perfectionism. Yet, quantitative studies tend to interpret the cross-sectional relationships as academic success being an outcome of perfectionism. In light of these gaps in the literature, the present study was the first to investigate the longitudinal relationships between perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, academic achievement, and academic efficacy examining academic success as an antecedent of perfectionism. Method: The study examined 487 adolescents (aged 12-19 years, 54% female) using a crosslagged longitudinal design with three time points spaced 4-5 months apart. Results: Results showed that academic achievement predicted relative increases in both perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, even when including academic efficacy. In addition, academic efficacy predicted relative increases in perfectionistic strivings. Discussion: This is the first study to show that academic achievement is a common factor in the development of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, whereas academic efficacy plays a role only in the development of perfectionistic strivings. Conclusions: Implications of the findings for the development of perfectionism are discussed.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book intro in downloadable .pdf] 

"It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it." --John Steinbeck Scientific research confirms what people have always known: answers, ideas, and inspiration do come to us in dreams. Harvard psychologist and world-renowned dream specialist Deirdre Barrett, Ph.D., offers this rich collection of examples of how the world's most creative practitioners in art, music, film, science, literature and other fields have used the revelations of their dream life to inform their work. Dr. Barrett offers insights showing us how to encourage lucid, meaningful dreaming, and how to apply the meanings of our dreams to solving problems--from the everyday to the extraordinary. This is the stuff dreams are made of. In the visual arts, Jasper Johns couldn't find his unique artistic vision until he dreamed it in the form of a large American flag. Salvador Dali and his colleagues built the startling new genre of surrealism out of dreams. Kubla Kahn dreamed the design for his stately pleasure dome; thousands of years later, Lucy Davis, chief architect at a major firm, continues the tradition of dreaming designs into life in her extraordinary buildings. Film is a fertile avenue for dreams: "Twice I have transferred dreams to film exactly as I had dreamed them," confides director Ingmar Bergman, as have Federico Fellini, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Robert Altman, and John Sayles. From Mary Shelley's terrible nightmare, which became Frankenstein, to Stephen King's haunting dream as a little boy, which led to his first bestseller, countless writers have consulted the Committee. Musicians from Beethoven to Billy Joel and Paul McCartney have whistled the Committee's tunes. In science, physiologist Otto Loewi dreamed the medical experiment that earned him the Nobel Prize. In sports, Marion Jones dreamed she'd broken a world record, then brought the dream to life. Gandhi translated his dream of resistance into a movement that changed the world. Since Freud, we take it for granted that our dreams reflect our past. In The Committee of Sleep, Barrett reveals how dreams can also tell us about our future potential--and how to reach it.

SAŽETAK: Rad predstavlja svojevrstan osvrt na otuđenost u socijalnom kontekstu života u patološkoj "normalnoj stvarnosti", čijim integralnim pripadnicima afirmirane mainstream grupacije nameću vlastite kriterije normalnosti, primjenom znanstvenog pozitivizma, arbitrarno uspostavlje-nih vrijednosnih sudova i oboružani religioznom, političkom i obrazovnom aparaturom. U tu svrhu možemo tvrditi da se sredstva biraju pomno i pro-računato, a shodno tome, utemeljuju se u institucionaliziranoj i političkoj formi s ciljem generiranja poslušne, produktivne i povodljive zajednice de-subjektiviranih subjekata podložnih kontroli i autodestruktivizmu. Psihoa-naliza predstavlja plodno tlo za refleksiju o psihologiji mase, struktural-noj osnovi i instrumentaciji interpersonalnog povezivanja. Psihoanalitički koncepti koje ću prezentirati namijenjeni su razotkrivanju eksplicitnih teh-nika implicitnih političkih agendi. Budući da su implikacije reakcionarnih masa poduprtih ideološkim zamagljivanjem pogubne u suvremenom svije-tu, konzekventno dovode do gubitka klasne svijesti i angažiraju se u svr-hu kapitaliziranja i ignorantnosti stanovništva. Nametanje lažnog putom nevidljivih posredujućih instanci vodi apsurdu, stoga je svaka struktura, koja arbitrarno apelira na tzv. etablirane smjernice ponašanja, djelova-nja i bivanja, ipso facto fatalna jer nije u mogućnosti racionalizirati svoje namjere i prisilno korigira one izvan poretka, ne verificirajući kredibilitet uvjerenja niti kada je poredak izvan pravca. Budući da se filozofija na-lazi izvan problema na koji se referira, kritičkim razmišljanjem možemo modificirati dosadašnje kriterije da bismo uvidjeli opasnost adaptiranja poremećenom društvu.

In acest articol, autorul arata in ce fel parentalitatea influenteaza organizarea sau dezorganizarea psihica la copil, avand in vedere presiunea doliilor de dezvoltare prin care tanarul adult trece in momentul in care devine parinte si conflictele care apar odata cu rezolvarea sau nu a acestora. Acest doliu de dezvoltare prezinta doua componente fundamentale: el trebuie sa renunte la locul de copil ocupat pe langa parintii lui si, pentru a-si putea exercita rolul de parinte, el trebuie sa se identifice cu acestia la nivel preconstient, constient si inconstient. Tanarul adult trebuie sa cedeze locul de copil si apare intrebarea privind destinul nevoilor si dorintelor sale infantile. Autorul ne spune ca o parte dintre ele va fi delegata sau evacuata copilului sau cu ajutorul identificarilor proiective. Aceasta inseamna ca parintele isi va considera copilul ca fiind o parte din el insusi sau din obiectele sale interne. Identificarea proiectiva este normala si structuranta si are un rol important in dezvoltarea psihica a copilului. Cand devine aceasta patologica? Atunci cand gradul de intensitate al proiectiilor devine excesiv, cand parintele constrange copilul sa se conformeze altfel parintele s-ar simti dezamagit, cand are loc o atribuire de miscari agresive si distructive asupra copilului. Doliul de dezvoltare comporta un potential depresogen, si conflictualiatea parentala va depinde de elaborarea acestor dolii care sunt de doua ordine: doliul dupa un obiect realmente pierdut (parinte sau persoana semnificativa din familie) si doliul dupa un obiect fantasmatic, adica imagini ideale ale propriilor parinti (prezenti, disponibili, toleranti, afectuosi etc). Espasa descrie patru tipuri de conflicte de parentalitate: normal, nevrotic, masochist-caracteropat, narcisic-disociat, precizand ca in practica psihoterapeutica nu se regaseste niciodata in stare pura o forma de conflictualitate ci un amestec sau o alternanta a lor. In conflictele de parentalitate normale, termen folosit paradoxal (parentalitate normala nu este lipsita de conflicte insa sunt de intensitate redusa care nu dezorganizeaza), doliul in raport cu proprii parinti este in curs de rezolvare. Identificarile proiective facute de parinti asupra copiilor

Сучасний розвиток інформаційного суспільства відображається не лише на якості наукових відкриттів, але й на кожному індивіді окремо, на його фізичному і психічному розвитку. Дегуманізація суспільства із перестановкою акценту з людини  –  на техніку, комп’ютери, електроніку призводить до відчуження, втрати свободи, свого «Я», залежності від технічних винаходів. А гедоністичний стиль життя з його повсякчасним прагненням до задоволення, пошуку насолоди породжує  виснаження, втрату духовного сенсу життя, справжніх людських цінностей, переінформатизацію і як наслідок – депресивні стани.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF
-- TOC and book summary in downloadable .pdf] 
According to the poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." To the ancient Egyptians they were prophecies, and in world folklore they have often marked visitations from the dead. For Freud they were expressions of "wish fulfillment," and for Jung, symbolic representations of mythical archetypes. Although there is still much disagreement about the significance and function of dreams, they seem to serve as a barometer of current mind and body states.

In this volume, Deirdre Barrett brings together the study of dreams and the psychology of trauma. She has called on a distinguished group of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers--among them Rosalind Cartwright, Robert J. Lifton, and Oliver Sacks--to consider how trauma shapes dreaming and what the dreaming mind might reveal about trauma. The book focuses on catastrophic events, such as combat, political torture, natural disasters, and rape. The lasting effects of childhood trauma, such as sexual abuse or severe burns, on personality formation, the nature of memories of early trauma, and the development of defenses related to amnesia and dissociation are all considered. The book also takes up trauma and adult dreams, including Vietnam veterans and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Holocaust survivors and perpetrators, rape victims, and firestorm survivors. Finally, this volume concludes with a look at the potential "traumas of normal life," such as divorce, bereavement, and life-threatening illness, and the role of dreams in working through normal grief and loss.

Taken together, these diverse perspectives illuminate the universal and the particular effects of traumatic experience. For physicians and clinicians, determining the etiology of nightmares offers valuable diagnostic and therapeutic insights for individual treatment. This book provides a way of juxtaposing the research in the separate fields of trauma and dreams, and learning from their discoveries.

En Antígona podemos ver como el papel de la mujer a través de confrontarse ante la decisión de respetar las leyes divinas o seguir las leyes humanas toma gran fuerza, puesto que la mujer en el siglo V a. C. no tenía gran importancia como integrante de la sociedad, dado que no participaba en la toma de decisiones, ni tenía un lugar destacado jerárquicamente, como el hecho de no pertenecer a la ciudadanía. Es por ello que la decisión de Antígona de respetar la ley divina ante la de los hombres sin importar las consecuencias que este hecho le acarreara toma gran importancia al ser un contraste destacado en cuanto a la sociedad en la que se desarrolla la historia.

İnsan kişiliği, geçmişten günümüze araştırmacıların merakını canlı tutan bir konu olmuştur. Kişilikle alakalı farklı görüş ve teoriler öne sürülmüş, her biri kişiliği kendi bakış açısıyla irdeleyip yorumlayan pek çok kuram ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu kuramlardan Hans Eysenck’in Biyoloji Temelli Faktör Analitik Ayırıcı Özellik Kuramı ile Andy Warhol’un kişiliğini tanımlamak bu çalışmanın amacıdır. Newyork’ta ünlü bir illüstratör olana dek Andrew Warhola ismiyle tanınan Andy Warhol, yaşadığı dönemin sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel yapılarından etkilenmiş ve bu yapıları etkilemiş; aynı zamanda film yapımcılığından yazarlığa, tasarımcılıktan ressamlığa birçok sahada verdiği eserler, eserlerde işlediği tema, kullandığı kendine özgü yöntem, teknik ve eserleri aracılığıyla endüstri ve beraberinde oluşan tüketim toplumuna getirdiği alaycı, ironik ve eleştirel yorumlarla adından sıkça söz ettirmiş bir sanat insanıdır. Warhol, öz olarak “Sanat herkes için aynıdır.” şeklinde bir düşünceye sahip olup bu düşünceyi eserlerine de yansıtmış, sanat ile halk arasındaki mesafeyi ortadan kaldırmak istemiştir. Bunların yanında kaza, suikast, intihar, ölüm gibi yıkıcı temaları önemsizleştirmek için eserlerine taşımış, kapitalist üretime tepki koymak adına pek çok insana göre sanat eseri olamayacak nesneleri, metalaştırmaya eleştiri adına dönemin popüler isimlerini, ünlü ressamların tablolarını teknik anlamda seri üretime sokmuş, hatta Leonardo Da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Raphael gibi ünlü isimlerin Mona Lisa, Son Akşam Yemeği, Venüs’ün Doğuşu, Sistine Madonna ve benzeri tablolarına yaptığı göndermeler ile sanat tarihinin yüceltilmiş mitlerini dahi alaycı bir tavırla sıradanlaştırmaya çalışmıştır. Böylesi bir sanat insanının kişiliğini oluşturan dinamiklerin araştırılması çabasıyla çalışma kapsamında, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanılarak otobiyografi ve biyografisinden yapılan çıkarımlarla Warhol’un kişilik tanımı yapılmıştır.
Warhol’un kişilik özelliklerinden hareketle Hans Eysenck’in kuramındaki içe dönüklük – dışadönüklük, nevrotizm – duygusal kararlılık ve psikotizm – süperego gücü uçlarındaki konumu yönüyle irdelenmesi çalışmanın Bulgular ve Yorum bölümünü oluşturmuştur. Bulgular ışığında Warhol’un kişilik tanımının yapılmasıyla çalışma sonlandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma, sunduğu yöntemle gelecekte tek tek sanatçıların kişilik tanımının yapılmasıyla ait oldukları grupların karakteristik özelliklerine dönük tümevarımlar yapmaya imkan sağlama potansiyeli bakımından önem taşımaktadır.

В статье раскрыто понимание кризисных состояний
человека, трансформаций его личности в результате их преодоления и их инициирования. Представлена модель типологии инициирования трансформаций личности на основе концепции многомерного развития личности. Данная разработка будет полезна практическим психологам с целью выявления особенностей самотрансформации.

Ключевые слова: личность, кризис, адаптация, субъектный подход, культурно-исторический подход, многомерность, инициация, ритуал, инициирующие типы личности.

Las pruebas objetivas han tenido su origen en el deseo de poder constar con un instrumento o técnicas de evaluación del rendimiento escolar que evitara la influencia de la subjetividad del corrector en la puntuación o calificación del ejercicio, de manera que el resultado obtenido fuera el mismo cualquiera que fuese la persona que corrigiera la prueba. Reciben el nombre de objetivas no porque midan los conocimientos o el rendimiento con objetividad. La objetividad de estas pruebas se centra en la corrección y cómputo de los resultados. El término test mental es acuñado por Cattell en 1890 y el primer test propiamente de inteligencia es creado a principios de siglo por los psicólogos franceses Binet y Simon. Este test surge para diagnosticar a niños con problemas de deficiencia mental en las escuelas públicas de Paris. Su acogida fue tan buena que poco antes del estallido de la I Guerra Mundial se da un reconocimiento institucional al papel de los tests en el procedimiento diagnóstico (Thompson y Sharp, 1988). La I Guerra Mundial va a marcar un hito importante en la historia de los tests, al suponer la introducción por vez primera de tests de aplicación colectiva. Al entrar EE.UU. en la contienda, se ve en la necesidad de reclutar mucho personal de forma muy rápida, desarrollándose para ello los tests alfa y beta que fueron aplicados a cerca de dos millones de reclutas. Se trataba de dos tests muy sencillos, de aplicación colectiva y automática; el test alfa era una prueba verbal, adecuada para sujetos con capacidad lectora y el test beta una prueba no verbal, apropiada para sujetos con problemas de alfabetización. El éxito de los tests en la selección y clasificación de los reclutas fue tal que rápidamente se generalizó su uso a la sociedad civil. Es decir, terminada la contienda, siguieron utilizándose dentro y fuera del ejército y su uso fue masivo. La tecnología de los tests comienza a ser desde entonces una característica de la vida americana y no es en absoluto casual que sea justamente allí donde arraiguen y se desarrollen con fuerza los tests. La importancia de los tests radica en que van a a representar la posibilidad de juzgar a las personas por sus aptitudes, habilidades o conocimientos, esto es, por méritos propios y no por su nivel socio-económico, apariencia, o por el juicio subjetivo de profesores o supervisores. Parece claro que los tests se relacionan de forma más estrecha con la actuación posterior del sujeto en el puesto laboral o educativo o, en cualquier caso, los tests son dispositivos más objetivos que criterios como la cuna, la familia, la tribu, la apariencia y las opiniones intuitivas basadas en impresiones personales o en cartas de recomendación, criterios que han sido frecuentemente utilizados en situaciones de decisión.

The chapter presents a review of the research literature examining perfectionism from a motivational perspective. Taking the two-factor model of perfectionism—differentiating the two higher-order dimensions of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—as a basis, we present analyses of the differential relationships that the two dimensions show with key motivational constructs focusing on achievement motivation and self-determination theory. As regards achievement motivation, we examine the relationships with achievement motives (hope of success and fear of failure) and achievement goals (task and ego goals, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 achievement goals). As regards self-determination theory, we examine the relationships with autonomous and controlled motivation and with the different regulatory styles associated with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. Based on the findings of our review, we propose that the differential motivational qualities of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns are important to understand why perfectionism is a “double-edged sword” that may energize or paralyze people, motivating some perfectionists to engage and others to disengage. We conclude that perfectionism research may profit from seeing perfectionism from a motivational perspective, perhaps even regard perfectionism as a motive disposition (need for perfection) whereby perfectionistic strivings represent the approach-oriented and autonomous aspects, and perfectionistic concerns the avoidance-oriented and controlled aspects.

Over the past 25 years, a number of multidimensional measures of perfectionism has been developed. Based on different models of multidimensional perfectionism, these measures contain different numbers of subscales, and most of the time the different subscales bear different names. This presents a confusing situation to researchers unfamiliar with the often complex details of the perfectionism literature who want to conduct research on perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise and need to make a decision as to what measure to use to capture individual differences in multidimensional perfectionism. The aim of the present chapter is to give researchers some guidance in this decision. To this aim, the chapter will (a) review the available multidimensional measures that have been published in international peer-reviewed journals and (b) provide a critique of these measures. In addition, the chapter will provide (c) recommendations on which measures to use and guidance on which decisions researchers have to make when using these measures to capture perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise.

Perfectionism has been associated with higher levels of psychological maladjustment and disorder in adolescence and lower levels of subjective well-being and psychological adjustment. Perfectionism, however, is a multidimensional disposition, and not all dimensions of perfectionism are necessarily unhealthy or maladaptive. This entry presents an overview about perfectionism in adolescence and the main dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. It shows how the two dimensions are related to subjective well-being, psychological adjustment and maladjustment, and disorder. Moreover, it informs on how perfectionism can be measured and what factors influence the development of perfectionism in children and adolescents. Finally, the entry will discuss what is still unknown about perfectionism and why the notion that perfectionism can be healthy or adaptive is controversially debated.

Armije, vojske, oružja, hijerarhija i moć uloga uspostavljene sile, sve to liči na vrlo ozbiljan film života koji odražava jednu ne-ozbiljnu stvarnost u kojoj ljudi nisu dozreli da žive bez straha od bližnjega svoga i bez nasilja. Duboko sam uvjeren da je drugačiji, humaniji svijet moguće graditi i da je osnovna poluga te humanizacije vaspitanje i obrazovanje. Da li današnje vaspitanje i obrazovanje ide u tom smjeru?
U ritualu tradicionalne nastave, gdje nastavnik predaje, učenik ponavlja,
nastavnik ocjenjuje a učenik odgovara, poučavanje je prije programiranje dječijih umova nego pomoć i podrška u razvijanju kreativnog i fleksibilnog mišljenja.
Učenik je tako primoran da sažvaće i trulo voće uz prinudu, pri kojoj mu se ne želi objasniti čemu služi to žvakanje. Onaj ko nas je kao đake pokušavao ubijediti kako nećemo živjeti sretno ako ne budemo znali kvadrirati binom ili jednačinu sa dvije nepoznate, danas kao odrasli znamo, nije bio pošten čovjek.

Ishod takve nastave je poslušnost i pokornost. Kome treba ovakvo obrazovanje?

Onima koji u uspostavljenoj hijerarhiji društvenih odnosa reprodukuju i konzerviraju vlastitu poziciju moći – život na račun drugih ljudi....

Kada se radi o slučaju otvorenog incesta, mnogi od nas spremno osuđuju, traže najstrože kazne za takve napasnike, ali prikriveni incest koga ima mnogo u najbližem okruženju često ne primećuju.
Zavođenje deteta od strane roditelja suprotnog pola prolazi neprimetno, tumači se kao vezanost i ljubav i ostavlja velike posledice na život tog deteta, na njegovu sposobnost za ljubav, partnerske veze i potomke.
Da li odnosi roditelja i deteta u koje se preliva seksualna energija namenjena partneru, mogu da budu zdravi? Kakve posledice na dete ostavlja život u disfunkcionalnoj porodici ili porodici alkoholičara? Kroz objašnja o tome šta je prikriveni incest i žrtve koje sa sobom nosi, doći ćemo do koraka za izlazak iz začaranog kruga i početak zdravog života u novim partnerskim vezama.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book summary in downloadable .doc]      Our instincts—for food, sex, or territorial protection— evolved for life on the savannah 10,000 years ago, not in today’s world of densely populated cities, technological innovations, and pollution. We now have access to a glut of larger-than-life objects, from candy to pornography to atomic weapons—that gratify these gut instincts with often-dangerous results. Animal biologists coined the term “supernormal stimuli” to describe imitations that appeal to primitive instincts and exert a stronger pull than real things, such as soccer balls that geese prefer over eggs. Evolutionary psychologist Deirdre Barrett applies this concept to the alarming disconnect between human instinct and our created environment, demonstrating how supernormal stimuli are a major cause of today’s most pressing problems, including obesity and war. However, Barrett does more than show how unfettered instincts fuel dangerous excesses. She also reminds us that by exercising self-control we can rein them in, potentially saving ourselves and civilization.