Proxy

PurposeThe 20-item EORTC QLQ-BN20 is a validated quality of life (QOL) questionnaire for patients with primary brain tumours. The EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL core palliative questionnaire is a 15-item version of the core 30-item QLQ-C30, and was developed to decrease the burden on patients with advanced cancer. The combination of the QLQ-BN20 and QLQ-C30 to assess QOL may be too burdensome for

Temperature reconstructions from Europe for the past 500 years based on documentary and instrumental data are analysed. First, the basic documentary data sources, including information about climate and weather-related extremes, are described. Then, the standard palaeoclimatological reconstruction method adopted here is discussed with a particular application to temperature reconstructions from documentary-based proxy data. The focus is on two new reconstructions; January–April mean temperatures for Stockholm (1502–2008), based on a combination of data for the sailing season in the Stockholm harbour and instrumental temperature measurements, and monthly Central European temperature (CEuT) series (1500–2007) based on documentary-derived temperature indices of the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland combined with instrumental records from the same countries. The two series, both of which are individually discussed in greater detail in subsequent papers in this special edition, are here compared and analysed using running correlations and wavelet analysis. While the Stockholm series shows a pronounced low-frequency component, the CEuT series indicates much weaker low-frequency variations. Both series are analysed with respect to three different long-period reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and are compared with other European temperature reconstructions based on tree-rings, wine-harvest data and various climate multiproxies. Correlation coefficients between individual proxy-based series show weaker correlations compared to the instrumental data. There are also indications of temporally varying temperature cross-correlations between different areas of Europe. The two temperature reconstructions have also been compared to geographically corresponding temperature output from simulations with global and regional climate models for the past few centuries. The findings are twofold: on the one hand, the analysis reinforces the hypothesis that the index-data based CEuT reconstruction may not appropriately reflect the centennial scale variations. On the other hand, it is possible that climate models may underestimate regional decadal variability. By way of a conclusion, the results are discussed from a broader point of view and attention is drawn to some new challenges for future investigations in the historical climatology in Europe.

APRESENTAÇÃO DO TEMA, 1. Os proxy advisors; 1.1. Origem; 1.2. Atividade; 1.3. Riscos associados; 2. Proxy advisors e eleição de administradores; 3. Enquadramento legal da atividade; 3.1. Direito comunitário (em constituição); 3.2. As regras de direito nacional; 3.2.1. O exercício do direito de voto em representação do acionista; 3.2.2. A imputação de direitos de voto; 4. Conclusões.

This gloss pertains to a resolution of seven justices of the Supreme Court, in which the Court, acting upon motion of the First President of the Court, considered apparent discrepancies in the practice of registry courts regarding the construction of regulations on proxies. Said inconsistencies concern the admissibility of entering a single proxy into the register of entrepreneurs of the National Court Register, with the reservation that such a proxy may only act jointly with a member of the Management Board. This type of proxy is known in the doctrine and judicial decisions as improper joint proxy. In the prior judicial decisions of 1938 and 2001, the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of admitting such proxy grants, while concurrently emphasizing the utility of this solution for the participants in business transactions. However, in the resolution discussed, the Supreme Court departed from the previously-held position, finding that an improper joint proxy appointment is not possible from a de lege lata perspective. The Civil Code does not provide for granting an improper joint proxy. Furthermore, in view of the statutory prohibition of limitations on proxy effective against third parties, a proxy holder’s freedom to act may not be made conditional upon the proxy’s cooperation with a Management Board member. In addition, the Supreme Court pointed out that the very act of granting a proxy is a unilateral legal transaction. In the Polish legal system, legal transactions are governed by a numerus clausus principle, which means that they may be effected only if the law so provides. Since the law does not expressly provide for granting a proxy to a single individual with the reservation that he or she may only act jointly with a member of the Management Board, then the granting of such a proxy would constitute an infringement of the numerus clausus principle of unilateral legal transactions. This gloss is favorable to the Supreme Court’s ruling. The author presents the arguments employed in earlier judgments and juxtaposes them against the Court’s current stance. Despite his support for the Supreme Court’s legal argumentation, the author disagrees with the opinion included in the statement of reasons for the resolution, which finds that improper joint proxy is not a useful tool for business entities. Recognizing its practical use and putting forth an assumption that improper joint proxy would not generate any risks for the participants in business transactions, the author, de lege ferenda, supports its introduction into the legal system as a fourth type of a proxy.

The Brazilian equity market is characterized by relatively low liquidity, high cost of capital (low firm valuation), and limited new capital raising. Ownership concentration of corporations is high, with large wedges between control and cash flow rights, leading to large differences in pricing of non-voting and voting shares, reflecting the risks of expropriation by insiders. In recent years, much of

... Hanson LC, Earp JA, Garrett J, Menon M, Danis M. Community physicians who provide terminal care. ... Volicer L, Collard A, Hurley A, Bishop C, Kern D, Karon S. Impact of special care unit for patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease on patients' discomfort and costs. ...

The Onion Router (TOR) is an open-source software program that allows users to protect their privacy and security against internet surveillance and provides online anonymity to protect personal privacy of network users (Techopedia, 2010-2013). However, TOR-based solutions pose a threat to computer users. Unscrupulous individuals may use TOR to deface and harm target web services without getting tracked down by authorities. The TOR Detector checks for potential TOR traffic based on customized and automated Intrusion Detection System (IDS) signatures based on known exit nodes and behavior. The known exit nodes are being chosen based on IP reputation. The behavioral aspect is determined based on how majority of the TOR packets look like. A detected suspicious traffic is automatically reported, logged and for some instances, mitigated. The system places a block in Access Control List (ACL) in the firewall to prevent inbound and outbound illegal TOR connection. The system updates its list of known exit nodes periodically to
maintain a level of accuracy with its IP list. Several tests on both TOR browsing and normal Internet browsing are being done to check the efficiency and accuracy of the system. The TOR Detector is very useful in corporate networks to determine whether users are following the enforced company Acceptable Use Policy (AUP).

Patients in the general hospital are routinely asked to make decisions about their medical care. However, some of them are unable to express a choice, understand the information provided, weigh the options, or make a decision for themselves; when this occurs, the task of making an appropriate medical decision is left to another-a substitute decision-maker (SDM).