Profiling

Prolongeant ses travaux sur la répression, Vanessa Codaccioni analyse et dénonce les ressorts de « la société de vigilance ». Surveillance massive, appel à la délation, légitimation de la répression : une nouvelle servitude volontaire est insidieusement imposée aux citoyens qui deviennent des acteurs incontournables de cette dynamique sécuritaire.

In this work we have proposed a model for Citizen Profiling. It uses veillance (Surveillance and Sousveillance) for data acquisition. For representation of Citizen Profile Temporal Knowledge Graph has been used through which we can answer semantic queries. Previously, most of the work lacks representation of Citizen Profile and have used surveillance for data acquisition. Our contribution is towards enriching the data acquisition process by adding sousveillance mechanism and facilitating semantic queries through representation of Citizen Profiles using Temporal Knowledge Graphs. Our proposed solution is storage efficient as we have only stored data logs for Citizen Profiling instead of storing images, audio, and video for profiling purposes. Our proposed system can be extended to Smart City, Smart Traffic Management, Workplace profiling etc. Agent based mechanism can be used for data acquisition where each Citizen has its own agent. Another improvement can be to incorporate a decentralized version of database for maintaining Citizen profile.

The Work Profiler is an instrument that indicates a job seeker's probability of work resumption within a year. In addition, it offers a quick diagnosis of the job seeker's obstacles for return to work. The Work Profiler was developed through a three-stage research process (a literature review, a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study) in order to identify the best predictive factors for work resumption. While a large part of the research was done regionally in the Province of North Holland, the Dutch Institute for Employee Benefit Schemes (UWV) has decided to use it nationwide. At present this profiling instrument is already being used in almost a third of all unemployment offices in the Netherlands.

The distinction between distributive and nondistributive profiles figures prominently in current evaluations of the ethical and epistemological risks that are associated with automated profiling-practices. The diagnosis that nondistributive profiles may coincidentally situate an individual in the wrong category is often perceived as the central shortcoming of such profiles. According to this diagnosis, most risks can be retraced to the use of non-universal generalisations and various other statistical associations. This article develops a top-down analysis of nondistributive profiles in which this fallibility of nondistributive profiles is no longer central. Instead, it focuses on how profiling creates various asymmetries between an individual data-subject and a profiler. The emergence of informational, interest, and perspectival asymmetries between data-subject and profiler explains how nondistributive profiles weaken the epistemic position of a profiled individual. This alternative analysis provides a more balanced assessment of the epistemic risks associated with nondistributive profiles.

International development and humanitarian organizations are  increasingly calling for digital data to be treated as a public good because of its value in supplementing scarce national statistics and informing interventions, including in emergencies. In response to this claim, a ‘responsible data’ movement has evolved to discuss guidelines and frameworks that will establish ethical principles for data sharing. However, this movement is not gaining traction with those who hold the highest-value data, particularly mobile network operators who are proving reluctant to make data collected in low- and middle-income
countries accessible through intermediaries. This paper evaluates how the argument for ‘data as a public good’ fits with the corporate reality of big data, exploring existing models for data sharing. I draw on the idea of corporate data as an ecosystem involving often conflicting rights, duties and claims, in comparison to the utilitarian claim that data’s humanitarian value makes it imperative to share them. I assess the power dynamics implied by the idea of data as a public good, and how differing incentives lead actors to adopt particular ethical positions with regard to the use of data.

Behavioral Economics is defined as a method of economic analysis that applies psychological insights into human behavior to explain economic decision-making. It mainly focuses on the effect of emotions, opinions, norms and habits on the process of decision-making and it supports that humans are characterized by a bounded rationality, which means that people are not fully rational when they make choices, either due to heuristics and biases or due to information asymmetries, lack of attention, limited working memory… The list is endless. A rational person is someone who has self-control and decides based on logic and reason, after considering the costs and benefits that are linked to a particular choice.

The aim of this paper is to prove how relevant the insights of Behavioral Economics are for Data Protection Law, particularly regarding the complex phenomenon of Internet Profiling. Effective manipulation techniques are adopted by marketers and service providers in order to urge internet users to disclose personal information and to guide them to specific decisions. These techniques are based on the exploitation of human frailties. The same human frailties are to blame for users waiving their data rights, despite the fact that they are concerned about their privacy. Because of these human weaknesses, people disclose data which is then processed, analyzed and used for the construction of data profiles. These data profiles reveal even more personal information about them and thus enable even more effective manipulation to take place, now in the form of targeted advertisements.

In order to examine the complex phenomenon of Internet Profiling, a sociolegal approach will be adopted and a thorough analysis will be made. In the first section, I will try to define internet profiling and simplify its concept as far as possible. The role of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms in relation to the processing and the analysis of data will be examined. The second section will expose the ways data is distributed with a main focus on the intraoperable way, according to which a huge amount of data is accumulated under the control of a sole data controller. Two examples of such data controllers (Google and Facebook) will be given in order to show how many sources of data (data points) they have, by virtue of their expansion strategies.

In the next section, I will go through an analysis of all the problematic aspects of internet profiling. The first part will pinpoint that Artificial Intelligence and algorithms are not infallible in an effort to debunk the myth of the perfection of computing systems. The side-effects of the system’s errors will be examined. The second part will mainly deal with the way those who control the datasets use their power in order to avail themselves, with a central focus on “nudging”, a manipulation technique which takes advantage of human’s heuristics and biases. Apart from the consequences of this tactic on several levels, an assessment of the technique on grounds of effectiveness will also take place. In the third part, a discussion about autonomy and  privacy issues will take place, while in the final part, the theory of propertization of data and the proposal of paying with money instead of data for the use of certain services will be evaluated.

The next part will present the legal framework of Internet profiling. Firstly, an examination of the legal term of “concept” will take place, since it plays a central role in Data Protection Law and in the Cookies Directive, according to which users must consent to the tracking of cookies at their devices. The requirements for a consent to be valid will be cited. Secondly, the human frailties which are to blame for users’ giving their consent will be outlined. Last but no least, the implications of Article 22 of GDPR, regarding automated decision-making and thus of great relevance for internet profiling, will be presented.

PurposeThis research analyzed the existing academic and grey literature concerning the technologies and practices of people analytics (PA), to understand how ethical considerations are being discussed by researchers, industry experts and practitioners, and to identify gaps, priorities and recommendations for ethical practice.Design/methodology/approachAn iterative “scoping review” method was used to capture and synthesize relevant academic and grey literature. This is suited to emerging areas of innovation where formal research lags behind evidence from professional or technical sources.FindingsAlthough the grey literature contains a growing stream of publications aimed at helping PA practitioners to “be ethical,” overall, research on ethical issues in PA is still at an early stage. Optimistic and technocentric perspectives dominate the PA discourse, although key themes seen in the wider literature on digital/data ethics are also evident. Risks and recommendations for PA projects co...

El concepto de asesino en serie, es algo relativamente reciente, se pueden distinguir tres grandes tipos diferentes de asesinos, los asesinos de masa o asesino itinerante y el asesino en serie. Muchos autores han querido saber el por qué o el cómo han llegado a ello, centrando su investigación en la infancia. Presentan tres características esenciales ligadas entre si como el sadismo sexual, las fantasías y la compulsión por cumplir la fantasía de matar y suele cometer homicidio por tres motivos como la justificación, el poder o la vitalidad. Hay diversas clasificaciones de los asesinos en serie, aunque la más sonada es asesinos en serie organizados y desorganizados, y algunos autores añaden uno mixto. Eliminando la falta de información se hizo una clasificación de la tipología de asesinas en serie, donde principalmente destaca la distinción de si actúan solas o en asociación a otros. El perfil criminológico utilizado para atrapar estos asesinos se compone por diferentes elementos incluidos en el profiling. En cuanto a los psicópatas hay diferentes opiniones en lo referente a su definición, el DSM-V y la CIE- 10 lo incluyen en el Trastorno Antisocial y el Trastorno Disocial de la personalidad respectivamente. Se caracteriza principalmente por la carencia de empatía, seguimiento de su propio interés para la satisfacción de sus necesidades y deseos, desafío ante las reglas, inestabilidad, diferenciándose entre psicópatas no integrados, impulsivos y los integrados, con mas autocontrol. La Escala de Calificación de la Psicopatía Revisada (PCL-R) se ha convertido en un instrumento necesario en la evaluación de la psicopatía entre la población criminal. La psicopatía tiende a ir unida a la violencia tanto violencia reactiva o violencia instrumental y el tratamiento es un tema con diferentes opiniones por parte de los profesionales. Por último, tanto los asesinos en serie como los psicópatas podrían estar influidos por factores biológicos y ambientales.

A pandemia da Covid-19 marcou o ano de 2020 na história, trazendo reflexos transversais na Ciência Jurídica e instigando debates acerca da efetividade de direitos em tempos peculiares nos quais a problemática em torno de sua eficácia acaba por extrapolar a mera discussão dogmática; pensa-se, em verdade, na efetivação de direitos a partir do cumprimento de deveres fundamentais. É nesse ponto que se situa o tema problema levado a efeito neste estudo: como a proteção de dados pessoais, considerada direito fundamental e tão versada em discussões legislativas na segunda década do século XXI, pode e deve ser efetivada em tempos de isolamento social e contenção da propagação viral para a preservação de um plexo de direitos humanos, como a vida, a liberdade e a incolumidade pública? A hipótese de pesquisa parte da necessidade de reforço axiológico ao microssistema de proteção ao titular de dados nesses tempos peculiares. E, com base na metodologia dedutiva, escorada em substratos bibliográfico-doutrinários e pesquisa qualitativa, buscar-se-á, ao final estabelecer uma conclusão quanto à hipótese sustentada.

A sample of serial stranger rape cases ( n = 43) that had occurred in Finland during the years 1983–2001 were studied with the objectives being to: (a) describe the characteristics of the offenders; (b) explore the structure of serial rape; and (c) demonstrate behavioural linkage through an analysis of the offenders' crime scene behaviour using both multidimensional scaling (MDS) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). The material was content analysed with regard to the occurrence of a number of dichotomous variables. The inter-relationships of the variables was studied using MDS. The analysis revealed two previously identified major modes of interaction with the victim: involvement and hostility. Employing MDS and DFA, it was shown that the offences of different offenders were distinguishable in terms of variation between the offences of different offenders and consistency within the offences of a single offender. Using DFA, the classification accuracy clearly exceeds that expected by chance, and 25.6% of the cases were classified without any error. The results are discussed in relation to their practical utility and previous studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The book can be ordered via: http://www.ako.nl/product/9789462403338/trust-on-the-line-esther-keymolen/

Governments, companies, and citizens all think trust is
important. Especially today, in the networked era, where we
make use of all sorts of e-services and increasingly interact and
buy online, trust has become a necessary condition for society to thrive. But what do we mean when we talk about trust and how does the rise of the Internet transform the functioning of trust? This books starts off with a thorough conceptual analysis of trust, drawing on insights from -amongst others- philosophy and sociology to sharpen our understanding of the topic. The book explains how the arrival of large systems – such as the internet- has changed the character of trust which today is no longer based on interpersonal interactions but has become completely mediated by technologies. Based on the layered building plan of the Internet itself, a new conceptual lens called 4 Cs is developed to analyse and understand trust in the networked era. The 4Cs refer to the 4 layers which all have to be taken into account to assess trust online, namely: context, code, codification, and curation. The 4cs bring together the first- hand experiences of the user (context), the sort of technology that is being used (construction), the legal implication (codification) and business interests (curation) in order to get a clear picture of the trust issues that may arise. In the final part of the book some real-life cases are discussed (digital hotel keys, Airbnb, online personalization) to illustrate how trust –analysed through the 4 Cs lens- might flourish or be challenged in our current networked era.

In questo capitolo verranno presi anzitutto in considerazione gli aspetti che intercorrono a definire e delimitare i diritti della personalità e le loro esplicazioni ed interrelazione, per poi muovere verso una disamina del sistema Internet e di come tali diritti impattano sulla Rete e sulle tecnologie che da essa derivano ed ad essa si riconnettono. Specificatamente, nell'alveo dei diritti della personalità, si valuteranno le relazioni fra i vari aspetti della riservatezza, della tutela dell'immagine, del nome, della personalità e alle varie sfumature che la giurisprudenza e l'esperienza normativa hanno via via qualificato, quali onore, reputazione, dignità, identità e decoro. Si valuterà quindi il diritto alla protezione dei dati come autonomo rispetto alla mera riservatezza e si verificheranno i rapporti, le analogie ed i conflitti con la disciplina del diritto d'autore. Si avrà dunque modo di analizzare nel dettaglio i temperamenti e le deroghe a tali diritti ed i conflitti nascenti nella loro contrapposizione al diritto di cronaca, quale esplicazione della libertà di stampa e di manifestazione del pensiero, valutando peraltro le numerose deroghe al principio consensualistico dei diritti della personalità. Ampio spazio verrà dato ai conflitti fra protezione dei dati e diritto d'autore, specie in materia di metadati, per poi introdurre la commistione fra questi due ambiti nelle applicazioni pratiche di Internet. Si avrà così modo di analizzare compiutamente due casi di scuola che hanno introdotto tematiche quale la responsabilità degli access provider ed il diritto all'oblio. Si muoverà poi verso un'analisi del panorama di Internet, di come sia costituito e degli attori che vi operano, nonché delle prospettive future di sviluppo e di come esse impatteranno sui diritti alla protezione dei dati. Partendo dunque da un'analisi storica della Rete e della sua formazione, si giungerà a valutare quali siano le attuali tecnologie che la sfruttano e come l'uso di queste possa interferire con i diritti della personalità e le tutele ad essi connessi. Verranno dunque passate in rassegna le attività di profilazione e le relazioni fra Cloud, Big Data, Internet degli Oggetti e Intelligenza Artificiale, avendo cura di valutare i problemi relativi al trattamento dei dati sensibili, biometrici ed alle questioni relative alla cancellazione dei dati personali dai supporti tecnologici. Ampio spazio verrà infine dato all'analisi della tecnologia retrostante agli Assistenti Virtuali ed ai rischi derivanti per le comunicazioni, nonché alla crescente importanza del dato vocale. Infine verranno valutate le implicazioni derivanti dal mondo dell'IoT e delle App, analizzando due opposte soluzioni socio-giuridiche alle questioni affrontate.

This is the final report of the EU-funded project "PROFILING - Protecting citizens' rights fighting illicit profiling".
One of the biggest challenges posed by the global technological evolution to the right of data protection is the processing of such data in the context of profiling. UNICRI is leading a consortium of partners in the implementation of a new project which seeks to outline the main risks to human rights involved in profiling practices.

The PROFILING project has been funded by the European Commission, DG Justice, under the Fundamental Rights and Citizens programme. It is focused on identifying and tackling the challenges posed by technology to the fundamental right to data protection.

Main objectives

Identifying the risks related to the extensive use of profiling
Identifying the level of awareness of the responsible authorities of the Member States on the risks deriving from the use of profiling
Identifying the level of awareness of a selected sample/group of interviewers in testing partner countries
Identifying the countermeasures adopted in all EU Member States.

Various tests have been conducted using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and it has provided adequate evidence to measure anxiety in research and clinical settings. This paper proposes a re-test to evaluate STAI among engineering students in Malaysia. A total 253 engineering students participated in this study. The re-test was presented for reliability, construct validity, and coefficient correlation of State and Trait. The reliability coefficients were computed using Cronbach alpha. In order to determine the validity of the instrument used factor analysis and coefficient correlation were used. Results: The STAI was established with the reliability at .850. In addition, the construct validity of the STAI, as measured by factor analysis were found, the correlation between items (KMO) score .824 (>.30) and p=.000. Where, the State shows KMO=.818, p=.000, and Cronbach alpha found .797. Meanwhile, Trait proved KMO=.783, p=.000, and Cronbach alpha found .781. The results show that the reliability and validity of State Trait Anxiety Inventory was suitable and acceptable. Consistently, strong correlations between State and Trait scale scores provided supportive evidence for the instrument. The results are evident and it can be recommended as an instrument to measure anxiety level for similar studies.

There are many myths around the topic of nonverbal communication. A generation of readers grew up on Barbara and Allan Pease's book "Body Language". Popular knowledge is not keeping up with newer scientific articles. There are regular new studies and publications on emotions, their source, and expression in the body. However, we still do not know how emotions are constructed, to what extent they are culturally universal, or if they can be innate.

The purpose of the following free e-book is to organize knowledge of body language in detecting lies, using current scientific knowledge and experience of people who interview people on a daily basis.
It will answer the following questions:
-What is criminal, psychological, and behavioral profiling?
-What behavioral profiling, which we use e.g. at airports, includes?
-What myths revolve around the topic of non-verbal communication?
-Can body language and facial expressions be culturally universal?
-Are non-verbal messages helpful in detecting lies?
-Can you detect a lie only by observing body language?

Can we track the psychological traits or the profile of a player during gameplay, at least when the player is engaged in a ludic experience? We propose a game design methodology dedicated to the generation of a psychological profile of the player. Our experiment, a vocational guidance game, was created in collaboration with academic experts and industry game developers. Our first results form the basis for exploration of a field at the crossover of computer science (in particular, game design), psychology, and cognitive science.

O presente trabalho visa verificar a utilização, por empresas que exploram atividades de comércio eletrônico, das práticas de geopricing e de geoblocking, demonstrando como essas práticas de mercado violam os direitos dos consumidores. Para tanto, será analisado o caso concreto em que o Departamento de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor (DPDC), órgão do Ministério da Justiça, condenou a empresa “Decolar.com” ao pagamento de multa por diferenciação de preço de acomodações e negativa de oferta de vagas, de acordo com a localização geográfica do consumidor que utilizava a plataforma para a pesquisa. Trabalha-se com a hipótese de que a incidência da nova Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (Lei 13.709/2018), em especial com relação aos metaparâmetros dos arts 46 a 51, dá indícios de se tornar ferramenta efetiva para a prevenção de ilícitos e, consequentemente, para a promoção da tutela dos ciberconsumidores. A pesquisa utilizará o método de abordagem indutivo, investigando os fatos ocorridos no caso da empresa “Decolar.com” para evidenciar a problemática da tecnologia sobre o Direito. Além disso, o trabalho promoverá a análise bibliográfico-doutrinária para, logo em seguida, apresentar as considerações finais, das quais se procurará extrair uma compreensão mais assertiva quanto à problemática explicitada.

This is my book review of Jan Doering, Us Versus Them, about two contested communities on the North Side of Chicago, Rogers Park, and Uptown.  As elsewhere it explores the question of whether or not the fear and rumors of crime pose a greater societal problem than the actual facts of crime.

Psychology contributes to criminal profiling process. Unfortunately, after intensive review on latest research findings, it is detected that most criminal profiling process is not based on strong scientific assumptions. This article explains the reasons why criminal profiling is quite a problem for psychology as a science. The author proposes several ideas to overcome this problem. The first idea is about the accurate understanding of criminal profiling scientific status. The science-pseudoscience-non science dichotomy and protoscience-science spectrum will support this understanding. The second idea is that there are some things to be considered for criminal profiling in order to be a prestigious discipline and be used scientifically appropriate by scientists and practitioners of forensic psychology and criminology.

Fidel Castro, in full Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, was born on August 13, 1926, near Birán, Cuba and breathed his last on 25th November 2016 transformed Cuba into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. He became a symbol of Communist revolution in Latin America.

En este artículo se analizan ciertas reacciones modernistas frente a realidades posmodernas. Quienes
solicitan asilo en Europa occidental –en general personas insertadas en procesos posmodernos de globalización–
son sometidos sistemáticamente a pruebas de identificación que ponen el acento en el orden nacional. En el artículo se documenta el caso de un ruandés refugiado en el Reino Unido cuya nacionalidad fue puesta en duda por
el Ministerio del Interior debido a su repertorio lingüístico “anormal”. Sin embargo, el análisis de ese repertorio
respalda la credibilidad del solicitante. La problemática teórica contrapone dos versiones de la sociolingüística: una
sociolingüística de las lenguas, empleada por el Ministerio del Interior, y una sociolingüística del discurso y de los
repertorios, empleada en este artículo. Las realidades de las reacciones modernas frente a fenómenos posmodernos deben tenerse en cuenta como parte de la fenomenología posmoderna de la lengua en la sociedad.

Online behavioral advertising, on websites and in online applications, requires companies to make intricate trade-offs between promises of increased revenue and potential risks for alienation of consumers. To guide companies in making such trade-offs, we answer the research question: How do consumers perceive online behavioral advertising? We consolidate our findings in a process model linking consumer awareness of and knowledge about online behavioral advertising with their attitude towards online behavioral advertising, which shows that consumer perceptions of online behavioral advertising are not stable; instead, they constantly evolve, triggered by confrontations with online behavioral advertising. For consumers, online behavioral advertising is a feature until they get annoyed and it becomes a nuisance. This is a tight rope walk for providers of websites and online applications. Consumers want personalized content, but they do not want content that is too personal. Companies should aim to arouse positive consumer attitudes by creating added value and should revise their online behavioral advertising practices before consumer attitudes shift.

El uso de la técnica de perfilación criminológica como herramienta de investigación criminal en los últimos años ha sido objeto de revisiones en cuanto a su fundamentación científica, aplicabilidad rigurosa y funcionalidad para el aparato judicial. En consecuencia, esta investigación tuvo como principal objetivo brindar información actualizada sobre la conceptualización de perfilación criminológica, su utilidad y las críticas que ha recibido en el contexto colombiano. Se
realizó análisis del contenido en 34 documentos relacionados con perfilación criminológica, los cuales corresponden a producciones académicas realizadas durante 1998 y 2012 en Bogotá por cinco universidades, la Escuela Penitenciaria Nacional y la Escuela de Investigación Criminal de la Policía Nacional, en las cuales se imparte formación en psicología jurídica e investigación criminal. Los resultados y las conclusiones de la revisión documental indican: 1. El uso de la
técnica en la investigación judicial ha sido limitado. 2. Es utilizada para comprender el actuar de quienes realizan comportamientos criminosos. 3. La mayor parte del conocimiento en perfilación criminológica se origina en la academia, en especial en el área de psicología jurídica y hace énfasis en el análisis y las construcciones conceptuales, sin muchos ejercicios de aplicación de la técnica en hechos delictuales. 4. Es necesario utilizar la técnica con mayor frecuencia dentro del contexto judicial y académico de la capital colombiana.

Creativity plays an important role in education and on the job market. In this perspective, the present study addresses the personality profile of creative people in specific domains of achievement. Literature on creativity is predominantly based on the analysis of psychology students, artists and scientists. The question which emerges from the current state of the art concerns the ability to generalize these findings. Hence, the current study examines additional professional subsamples in terms of their creative personality. The sample consists of 176 participants (109 women, 66 men, MAge = 24.47, SD = 3.52, age range: 19-39 years). In the general sample, only the correlation between creativity and autonomy was significant (r = .16, p < .05). In the sample of psychologists, this correlation was stronger (r = .57, p < .01). These results suggest the importance of fostering an autonomous working style.

This paper looks to examine the man Joseph Bell and the man he inspired directly and the one he inspired indirectly. Joseph Bell was a famous Scottish surgeon, a pioneer in forensic pathology and an inspiration in criminal profiling. The point of this paper is to examine the importance of the facets of Joseph Bell’s life as well as his impact in each field. While a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh he would meet a student named Sir Arthur Conan Doyle who would go on to write investigative fiction. One of his pieces would feature a detective named Sherlock Holmes who was largely created in the image of Joseph Bell. This paper looks to examine the legacy of Joseph Bell, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes. It takes the legacy of Joseph and how through his own achievements and his cause for the creation of Sherlock Holmes make him the father of forensic science.