Opiliones

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    En Toluca, Estado de México se celebro ARÁKHNE: ENCUENTRO DE ESPECIALISTAS EN ARÁCNIDOS, los días 12, 19 y 26 de marzo, y 2 de abril del presente año. Participaron ponentes de las siguientes instituciones: Colección Nacional de Arácnidos y Colección Nacional de Ácaros del IBUNAM; Laboratorio de Acarología “Anita Hoffman” de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN; Laboratorio de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UAEM; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la UAEM; Tarántulas de México; y el Laboratorio de Investigación y Análisis, FUCESA. Se presentaron un total de 14 conferencias, en las cuales se tratando temas como la diversidad y sistemática de los 11 órdenes de arácnidos; conservación,
protección y mantenimiento de tarántulas en cautiverio, importancia medica y agrícola de los ácaros, entre otro temas. También se ofrecieron datos sobre la diagnosis de grupos internos de cada orden de arácnidos, riqueza supraespecífica de los arácnidos para el país,
métodos de colecta, así como los trabajos y proyectos sobre arácnidos mexicanos.

Archaeometa nephilina Pocock, 1911 from the Late Carboniferous (Bashkirian/Moscovian: Duckmantian, c.315 Ma) Coal Measures of Coseley in the English West Midlands was originally interpreted as an araneomorph spider (Arachnida: Araneae). It is, in fact, a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones), albeit one with an unusual, long-bodied morphology. Another Coseley fossil, Arachnometa tuberculata Petrunkevitch, 1949, was also interpreted as an araneomorph spider, but it is not well preserved, and is regarded as Opiliones incertae sedis. Interestingly, the Archaeometa Pocock, 1911 body plan, here also revealed through computed microtomography (µCT), has morphological parallels with some modern laniatorid harvestmen in the family Assammidae. However, the Coal Measures fossils do not preserve unequivocal laniatorid apomorphies, and so are referred to an uncertain position within Phalangida (transferred herein from Araneae). The Archaeometa specimens are further examples of Carboniferous Opiliones, which were originally misidentified, and contribute to a picture of an increasingly diverse Coal Measures harvestman fauna.

Alpha taxonomy, and specifically the delimitation of species, is becoming increasingly objective and integrative. The use of
coalescent-based methods applied to genetic data is providing new tools for the discovery and delimitation of species.
Here, we use an integrative approach via a combination of discovery-based multivariate morphological analyses to detect
potential new species. These potential species are then used as a priori species in hypothesis-driven validation analyses with
genetic data. This research focuses on the harvestmen genus Sclerobunus found throughout the mountainous regions of
western North America. Based on our analyses, we conduct a revision of Sclerobunus resulting in synonymy of Cyptobunus
with Sclerobunus including transfer of S. cavicolens comb. nov. and elevation of both subspecies of S. ungulatus: S. ungulatus
comb. nov. and S. madhousensis comb. nov., stat. nov. The three subspecies of S. robustus are elevated, S. robustus, S.
glorietus stat. nov., and S. idahoensis stat. nov. Additionally, five new species of Sclerobunus are described from New Mexico
and Colorado, including S. jemez sp. nov., S. klomax sp. nov., S. skywalkeri sp. nov., S. speoventus sp. nov., and S. steinmanni
sp. nov. Several of the newly described species are single-cave endemics, and our findings suggest that further exploration
of western North American cave habitats will likely yield additional new species.

Se reporta la composición de la fauna de opiliones de las familias Gonyleptidae y Triaenonychidae de la cordillera de Nahuelbuta. Se analizó un total de 49 lotes obtenidos durante dos expediciones efectuadas en 2017 y 2019, que permitieron prospectar ocho localidades con remanentes de vegetación nativa. Se determinó la presencia de 13 géneros y 21 especies de opiliones del suborden Laniatores. Se amplía la distribución geográfica conocida para las especies Gyndulus roeweri (Soares & Soares, 1954), Nanophareus polyhastatus Hara, 2016, Metagyndes longispina Mello-Leitão, 1936 y Tumbesia aculeata Roewer, 1930, correspondiendo a los primeros registros luego de sus descripciones originales. Cuatro de las especies recolectadas corresponden a taxa no descritos. Este estudio indica que el nivel de endemismo de especies de opiliones para la cordillera de Nahuelbuta alcanza un 40%. Los antecedentes presentados sugieren que esta zona constituye un importante hotspot de diversidad de opiliones en Chile.

Three new species of the genus Chapulobunus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946, are described: Chapulobunus asper sp. nov., Chapulobunus psilocybe sp. nov., and Chapulobunus regiomontano sp. nov. from the states of San Luís Potosí, Oaxaca, and Nuevo León, in Mexico, respectively. Additionally, an identification key to the five known species of the genus is provided.

Comprising more than 6500 species, Opiliones is the third most diverse order of Arachnida, after the megadiverse Acari and Araneae. The database referred here is part 1 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of Opiliones as Darwin Core archives, and it includes the superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. These two superfamilies are often treated together under the denomination of Insidiatores. In this Part 1, a total of 571 species and subspecies are listed. Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae are both downgraded to subfamilies of Travuniidae. Peltonychia Roewer, 1935 is an available name and senior synonym of Hadziana Roewer, 1935 and is herein revalidated. Seven genera of Triaenonychidae described by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 originally failed to comply ICZN rules for availability (Art. 13.3). All of them only became available when Staręga (1992) designated a type species for each. Therefore, the correct authorships of Austromontia Lawrence, 1931, Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931, Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, Larifugella Lawrence, 1933, Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931, Monomontia Lawrence, 1931 and Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931 are all Staręga, 1992. Fumontana Shear, 1977, originally referred only to subfamily Triaenonychinae (as opposed to Soerensenellinae then and not corresponding to present Triaenonychinae), not to any tribe (which in turn correspond to modern subfamilies) is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Picunchenops Maury, 1988 originally not included in any tribe of Triaenonychidae, is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Trojanella Karaman, 2005, originally ranked as Travunioidea incertae sedis, is herein included in the Travuniidae Travuniinae. Nuncia ovata Roewer, 1915 (synonymized with Triaenonyx cockayni Hogg, 1920 by Forster (1954), but with inverted precedence) is here combined as Nuncia coriacea ovata Roewer, 1915 as correct senior synonym instead of Nuncia coriacea cockayni (Hogg, 1920), which is current in the literature. Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg, 1909) is reaffirmed as the correct spelling for the species, while the deliberate change to Neonuncia enderbyi by Forster (1954) is an incorrect subsequent spelling.

The opilionid L eiobunum elegans was found overwintering in caves and mines in mainland Nova Scotia and Cape Breton island. it occurred both as adults and near-adults, usually as single individuals or small clusters but aggregations were formed at one site. It is suggested that aggregation formation is a behavioural adaptation for coping with saturated atmospheres. This is the first published report of overwintering opilionids in such habitats from eastern Canada.

Three new species of the genus Philora are described: Philora izel sp. nov., Philora mazateca sp. nov. and Philora nympha sp. nov. Two of these, P. izel and P. nympha exhibit remarkable troglomorphisms (adaptations to life in caves), such as depigmentation, absence of eyes and elongation of appendages. These conditions are discussed and their ocurrence is compared with the other 3 species of the genus that do not exhibit troglomorphisms. A dichotomic key to identify the 5 known species of the genus Resumen Se describen 3 especies nuevas del género Philora: Philora izel sp. nov., Philora mazateca sp. nov. y Philora nympha sp. nov. Dos de estas especies, P. izel y P. nympha exhiben notables troglomorfismos (adaptaciones para la vida en cuevas), tales como decoloración, ausencia de ojos y elongación de los apéndices. Se discuten estas condiciones y su presencia y se comparan con las 3 especies del género restantes, las cuales no presentan estas características. Se provee una clave para la identificación de las 5 especies del género. Derechos Reservados © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The upper part of the hydrogeological unit of the central syncline of the Navarrese Aralar has a set of cavities but very little biospeleological data. This sector constitutes the head of the basin of the Larraun river source and is close to and to the SE of the Ormazarreta - Aia Iturrieta and Mount Putxerri units, with independent drains. In the sector we selected the Irutxin cave, 220 m long, to carry out detailed biological samplings. It is a fossil cavity, with various speleothems, and has small lakes, gours and underground water circulations. The surveys revealed an interesting hypogeal ecosystem, with 28 different taxa, highlighting the occurrence of troglobian forms of coleopterans (Euryspeonomus breuili - Leiodidae Leptodirinae), pseudoscorpions (Neobisium (Blothrus) breuili - Neobisiidae) y opilions (Ischyropsalis navarrensis - Ischyropsalididae). The cavity and the fauna found are described, commenting on their affinities and differences with that of contiguous karst units. The work provides several new troglophilous species (not previously found) in the Aralar karst.

We describe Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. from Camacan, state of Bahia, Brazil, the second species of Caelopyginae described from the state, after Metarthrodes xango Pinto-da-Rocha, 2002. Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. can be recognized by the presence of a pair of white spots on area I, white C-shaped stripes on lateral grooves of area III, posterior margin with transverse white stripe, grooves of mesotergal areas well-marked, posterior margin of dorsal scute slightly concave, and medial third of femur IV of male with three large and spiniform retrolateral tubercles. We tested the generic placement of the new species via cladistic analysis. Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. clustered within Metarthrodes, forming a clade with M. pulcherrimus (Mello-Leitão, 1931), M. nigrigranulatus Roewer, 1913 and M. longipes (Soares, 1945), which was unresolved in the consensus cladogram of the 72 optimal trees found, and is supported by the following synapomorphies (all present in males only): trochanter IV with long internal apophysis; retrolateral submedian tubercle on femur IV, and a pair of white spots near the groove. We also provide an updated identification key for the species of Metarthrodes.

Acumontia succinea sp. nov. is described from the Parc national de la Montagne d'Ambre, in the former Antsiranana Province, Madagascar. Detailed illustrations from all views of the male  genitalia of a species of Acumontia are provided for the first time. Complementary illustrations are provided of the types of the five valid species of Acumontia described by Pocock in the beginning of the 20th century, two of which had never been illustrated before.

The opilionid Leiobunum elegans was found overwintering in caves and mines in mainland Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. It occurred both as adults and near-adults, usually as single individuals or small clusters, but aggregations were formed at one site. It is suggested that aggregation formation is a behavioural adaptation for coping with saturated atmospheres. This is the first published report of overwintering opilionids in such habitats from Eastern Canada.

In this note, the first record in Argentina of the harvestman Parampheres bimaculatus, a species from the Pampas of Brazil and Uruguay, is presented. The nearest known records come from north Uruguay, 180 km away in a straight line from Salto Grande. Some brief commentaries about the faunistic differences between both sides of the Uruguay River and the environmental changes of the collecting site are included. If the label data are correct, this is the first record of the species from Argentina, although the possibility of a labeling error is discussed.

"This work illustrates in detail the subterranean arachnological fauna (mites and scorpions excluded) of the Western Italian Alps. For each taxon we provide the information useful for the identification, the chorotype, the map and the list of the known subterranean localities in the Western Italian Alps, the illustrations (mostly original) of the diagnostic features and several pictures taken in their habitat. We considered 75 species of spiders, 14 opilionids, 2 palpigrads, and 14 pseudoscorpions. Data are gathered from literature and from the intensive fieldwork (2005-2010) performed by the authors. If we consider the taxa most related to the subterranean habitat, the troglophilic elements are 28 (20 spiders, 6 opilionids, and 2 pseudoscorpions) and the subterranean spcialized are 12 (4 spiders, 2 palpigrads, and 6 pseudoscorpions). Altogether we surveyed 361 subterranean cavities, mostly located in the province of Cuneo (170), followed by Turin (66), Biella (37), Vercelli (30), Aosta (21), Novara (18), Verbania (14), and Alessandria (5). The southern part of the Western Alps (Maritime and Ligurian Alps) stands out as a real biodiversity hot-spot. Some considerations on the current state of conservation of the caves of the Western Italian Alps is also provided. Nearly one third of the recorded caves are included in Protected Areas, but despite the presence of extraordinary bio-coenosis (not only from and arachnological point of view), several caves remain unprotected."

We add three new species to the formerly monotypic Amazonian Hutamaia, Hutamaia maceta sp. nov. , Hutamaia plei sp. nov. and Hutamaia trompsonica sp. nov. and compare them with the type species, Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977. Hutamaia was known only from two localities: Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil (type locality of the type species), and Madre de Dios, Peru. Herein we record species from the following additional localities, all in Brazil: Coari, Codajás, Juruá, Jutaí, Manacapuru, Tefé (state of Amazonas) and Gurupá (state of Pará), indicating that the genus has a widespread distribution in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Hutamaia is newly diagnosed by having yellowish granules on dorsal scutum, armature of coxa IV of males, metatarsi with yellow rings, ventral plate of penis trapezoid with V-shaped cleft, bearing two pairs of longitudinal rows of setae, and glans without dorsal or ventral processes. The genus is likely closely related to Licornus Roewer, 1932, from which it differs by the shape of the ventral plate of the penis and lack of dorsal process of glans.