OSI

Both network-layer and transport-layer encryption are permitted by the OSI Security Addendum. The advantages of network-layer encryption are discussed. Secure data network system (SDNS) protocols are described. In the SDNS, SP is a single, simple ...

Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both ...

In this paper, we propose a novel Distributed MANET Management System (DMMS) approach to use cross layer models to demonstrate a simplified way of efficiently managing the overall performance of individual network resources (nodes) and the network itself which is critical for not only monitoring the traffic, but also dynamically controlling the end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) for different applications. In the proposed DMMS architecture, each network resource maintains a set of Management Information Base (MIB) elements and stores resource activities in their abstraction in terms of counters, timer, flag and threshold values. The abstract data is exchanged between different management agents residing in different resources on a need-to-know basis and each agent logically executes management functions locally to develop understanding of the behavior of all network resources to ensure that user protocols can function smoothly. However, in traditional network management systems, they collect statistical data such as resource usage and performance by spoofing of resources. The amount of data that is exchanged with other resources through management protocols that can be extremely high and the bandwidth for overhead management functions increases significantly. Also, the data storage requirements in each network resource for management functions increases and become inefficient as it increases the power usage for processing. Our proposed scheme targets at solving the problems.

Methylation experiments of the metals Sn, Pb and Hg were carried out using representative terrestrial and marine sediment samples from the Axios river and Thermaikos Gulf in northern Greece. GC-FID, GC-TCD and GC-MS were used. The experiments were carried out on sterilised and bioactive samples by adding pure metals and metal salts (chloride, nitrate, oxalate, acetic, penicillaminic, methioninic and cysteinic). Except for sterilised HgCl2, methylated derivatives of Sn, Pb and Hg were produced only from bioactive sediments, and therefore higher yields were measured when nutrients were added to the sediments. Volatile products (CH4, CO2, H2S) of biological activity range between 35 and 250 mg l-. The correlation of methylation yield with organic sediment index (OSI), determined as the wt% product of [organic carbon] × [organic nitrogen], is positive for all the metals and metal salts added in the sediments. Methylation yields for Hg are found to be four orders of magnitude higher than those of Pb and Sn. In low OSI (terrestrial) sediments, the rate of Hg-methylation is higher than those of Pb and Sn. In high OSI (marine) sediments, where methylation of most of the contained Hg has taken place, methylation of Pb is slightly faster than Sn.

ABSTRACT Open Source Indicators (OSI) such as Google Trends (GT) promise to uncover the social dynamics associated with behavior that precede episodes of civil unrest. There are myriad reasons why societies may become unstable: Our analysis does not require or inquire the underlying reasons for discontent but instead takes into account differences associated with variegated social contexts. This paper examines instances of this volatile behavior and suggests a simple model for predicting civil unrest events using GT as an open source indicator (OSI). It grounds the possibilities for prediction on the fact that social processes occur within a particular social context. As such, paying attention to the particular signals associated from each country is an important moderator for any model keen on predicting cases of extreme social behavior such as civil unrest.

... doi:10.1016/0169-7552(87)90084-5 How to Cite or Link Using DOI (Opens New Window). Copyright © 1987 Published by Elsevier BV An introduction to Estelle: A specification language for distributed systems. S. Budkowski a and P. Dembinski a. ...

In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that Nigella Sativa (NS) has protective effects against ischemia reperfusion injury on various organs. However, its protective effects on intestinal tissue against ischemia reperfusion injury are unclear. We aimed to determine whether NS prevents intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups as sham (group 1), control (group 2), and NS-treatment group (group 3). All rats underwent intestinal ischemia for 60 min followed by a 60-min period of reperfusion. Rats were intraperitoneally infused only 0.9% saline solutions in group 2. Rats in the group 3 received NS (0,2 mL/kg) intraperitoneally, before ischemia and before reperfusion. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in ileum tissue were measured. Also, ileum tissue histopathology was evaluated by a light microscope. The levels of liver enzymes in group 3 were significantly lower than those in group 2 (p <.01). TAC and CAT activity levels in ileum tissue were significantly higher in group 3 than in group 2. TOS, OSI, and MPO in ileum tissue were significantly lower in group 3 than group 2 (p <.05 for TOS and MPO; p < .01 for OSI). Histological tissue damage was milder in the NS treatment group than in the control group. Our results suggest that NS treatment protected the rat's intestinal tissue against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Cigarette smoking increases the oxidative stress mediated vascular dysfunction in young adults. We aimed to investigate the relation between the oxidative stress indices and coronary artery disease (CAD) severity in young patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Young patients (aged 〈 35 years) who were admitted consecutively to our hospital with a diagnosis of AMI were included in the study. Age matched healthy subjects were selected as controls. Oxidative stress indices including lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activities were measured in serum. CAD severity was assessed by calculating the SYNTAX (Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery Study) score. We analyzed the association between the oxidative indices and CAD severity. Forty two young patients were admitted to the hospital with AMI (age 32....

Methylation experiments of the metals Sn, Pb and Hg were carried out using representative terrestrial and marine sediment samples from the Axios river and Thermaikos Gulf in northern Greece. GC-FID, GC-TCD and GC-MS were used. The experiments were carried out on sterilised and bioactive samples by adding pure metals and metal salts (chloride, nitrate, oxalate, acetic, penicillaminic, methioninic and cysteinic).