Norman Fairclough

ABSTRACT Through the study of plurilingual posters for pop concerts, musical performances, sports events and other cultural and entertainment events, this paper investigates language status and functions, motivations of linguistic choices, discourse practice and social practice in three distinct institutional contexts, and takes the multilingual Chinese society of Macao as a case study. The distribution and representation of languages in posters show the shifting power relations and display the reader positioning in situations of language contact between Traditional Chinese characters, Simplified Chinese characters, Portuguese, English, and written Cantonese. This paper draws on critical discourse analysis to study the realization of commercial, governmental and civic power through a diverse and plurilingual discourse genre. It shows that although governmental authority is still invested in the colonial language of Portuguese, it is not immune from the marketization associated with the language of commercial capital, English. The analysis also indicates that the plurilingualism evoked by governmental authority situates monolingual readers in formal and respectful positions with respect to other languages, commercial ventures seek to earn money by entertaining readers less formally, and civic associations cultivate their readership in flexible ways in accordance with the target sector of the community.

The current qualitative study endeavoured to investigate the multi-layered meaning of billboard advertisements by elaboration, exploration and elucidation of intended meanings and cultural norms demonstrated in billboard advertisements. For this purpose, the content of eight (8) billboard advertisements was thematically analyzed utilizing Fairclough 3-Dimensional Model: Description interpretation and explanation. The obtained results showed that these billboards had underlying meanings in terms of gender objectification, female portrayal, and social stereotypes as prominent themes. Furthermore, all the selected advertisements were based on a fine designed semiotic study to motivate the users.

Populism and populist parties have been gaining relevant and intense attention in the last decade. However, definition of populism is still contested, in particular when related to rightwing parties. In fact, the association of populism and right-wing parties has naturalised, and conceptualization of populism and nationalism has overlapped. The aim of the present research is to analyse the articulation of populism and nationalism with the purpose of showing the distinction between these two concepts and shed light on the real nature of right-wing parties and populist ones based on the idea of populism as a discursive logic. In order to test this hypothesis, the research has conducted a Discourse Analysis on the Twitter accounts of two representative Italian populist and right-nationalist parties: the 5 Stars Movements and Lega, and their respective leaders Luigi Di Maio and Matteo Salvini. By comparing two different populist parties, the research aims to reveal the different articulation of the two nodal points ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’ to disclose the distinct meaning-construction the parties operate according to the logic adopted. Moreover, the research is aiming to test the articulation from a chronological perspective by analysing the tweets of the 2018 Italian national elections campaign, the Lega-5 Stars Movement’s government in 2018 and 2019 and the European elections campaign. By conducting this research, the study is meant to contribute to the field of research on nationalism and populism on social media, which is considered a relevant field of study.

يُطور البحث مقاربتين راهنتين في تحليل الخطاب. نشأت الأولى نتيجة إدراك التداخل المتعاظم بين تحليل الخطاب والعلوم الإنسانية القريبة، وتتضمن تقديم نموذج للتضافر المنهجي الذي يمكن أن يوجد بين التحليل النقدي للخطاب عند نورمان فيركلف وأحد توجهات البلاغة العربية هو بلاغة المخاطَب (الجمهور). يقدم الباحث الأسس النظرية لهذا التضافر، كما يحلل حدثًا خطابيًا بشكل تفصيلي لإبراز الإمكانيات البحثية الواعدة التي يمكن أن تنتج عن هذا التضافر. أما المساهمة الثانية فتتضمن تحليلا لأيقونة بصرية رائجة في الخطاب العام الراهن المتعلق بالربيع العربي؛ هي صور الميادين (خاصة ميدان الاحتجاج الأشهر: ميدان التحرير بالقاهرة).
يسعى البحث إلى تقديم تأسيس نظري لإمكانيات التضافر بين تحليل الخطاب والبلاغة من ناحية، والسيميائية من ناحية أخرى. تكشف هذه الآفاق عن خصيصتين جوهريتين لتحليل الخطاب؛ الأولى هي انفتاحه المتزايد على العلوم الإنسانية المختلفة، واستعانته الدائمة بمفاهيمها وإجراءاتها. فتحليل الخطاب يدرس اللغة في الاستعمال الفعلي في المجتمع؛ ويجعله هذا دومًا في علاقة تفاعل مع علوم اللغة وعلوم المجتمع وعلوم الإنسان، الذي يُنتج اللغة ويُنشئ المجتمع. أما الخاصية الثانية فهي أن شطرًا كبيرًا من الجهود البحثية لمحللي الخطاب تُحركها في اللحظة الراهنة غايات أخلاقية؛ مثل مقاومة الظلم الاجتماعي والتضليل السياسي. وربما كانت هذه الخاصية من بين أهم ما يميز تحليل الخطاب عن كثير من العلوم الإنسانية.

In this article, I dissect an excerpt from George W. Bush's address to a joint session of Congress and the American people wherein the former President of the United States (POTUS) uttered the (catch)phrase the 'war on terror' (WOT). To accomplish this dissection, I apply Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) together with Lacanian psychoanalysis among other critical tools. My aim here is to deconstruct/recode the WOT discourse in the hope of opening up possibilities for alternative, and more constructive, counter-discourses on the social problem of 'terrorism' that afford multiple subject positions beyond the (counter)terrorism binary. As an Orientalist ideology, the WOT indexes the larger archive of Amer-ican exceptionalism and can be traced back to the rise of the neo-conservative movement in the 1980s. This analysis is particularly relevant in the context of the current political climate in the United States, where the WOT rhetoric continues to normalise the logic of Islamophobia.

Este artigo analisa o discurso sobre a aprendizagem presente nos relatórios do Banco Mundial (B.M) “Aprendizagem para todos: investir nos conhecimentos e competências das pessoas para promover o desenvolvimento” (2011) e o “Relatório sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial: Aprendizagem para Realizar a Promessa da Educação” (2018). Busca compreender os sentidos dados pelo B.M ao utilizar o termo aprendizagem em seus relatórios sobre a educação. Utilizamos as contribuições teóricas de Norman Fairclough, sobre a análise crítica do discurso (ACD) e sua concepção tridimensional do discurso, o foco é a análise dos conteúdos dos discursos sobretudo os sentidos que produzem e as condições em que são produzidos. Discutimos as tendências de mudanças discursivas mais amplas (democratização, comodificação e a tecnologização) e sua manifestação nos relatórios analisados. E, por fim analisamos as hegemonias de sentidos atuantes na concepção de aprendizagem.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Berichterstattung über die Terroranschläge von Paris 2015 und London 2005 aus einer vergleichenden Perspektive. Als Forschungsmethode dient die Kritische Diskursanalyse nach Jäger, Wodak und Fairclough. In den ersten drei Kapiteln erfolgt eine EInführung und Reflexion der Diskurstheorie von Foucault, der Theorie des "leeren Signifikanten" von Laclau/Mouffe, der Anrufungstheorie von Althusser, sowie Darlegungen über antimuslimischen Rassismus und einer postkolonialen Nationalismuskritik, die vor allem durch die Theorie Bhabhas über die Nation, den "Dritten Raum" und der Fluidität diskursiver Formationen beeinflusst ist. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt dann die Analyse einzelner Diskursstränge und -fragmente.

On the 12th June 2016, 49 people who had been inside a gay club in Orlando were killed at a mass shooting, making it the biggest single-cause death toll on US soil since September 11th 2001. It was also the most fatal targeted mass killing of LGBTQ people in the Western world since the Holocaust (Huffington Post, 2016). This dissertation will endeavour to explore how the Orlando shooting has solidified homonationalism in American political discourse with a unique force. The thesis examines how Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump’s political rhetoric in response to the Orlando shootings has contributed to the (re)emergence of a gay right-wing Islamophobic political narrative. This gay - pre-dominantly male - right-wing movement has joined Trump’s calls for action against ‘radical Islam’ and ‘political correctness’ (Trump, 2016a). The purpose of this thesis is twofold: to critically analyse Donald Trump’s political rhetoric in response to Orlando, and to question how its ideological effects uphold existing power structures. Three fields of enquiry are used for this dissertation:
The first section of this dissertation provides a critical-rhetorical analysis of Donald Trump’s political speech acts in response to the Orlando shootings, known henceforth as “Orlando”. For purposes of concision, the three speeches used as source material in this section are transcripts of those given by Trump as part of his presidential campaign in the eight-week period following Orlando. To do the critical-rhetorical analysis, the framework of Aristotelian rhetoric will be combined with an adaptation of Fairclough’s methodological model of critical discourse analysis (1989; 1995). The aim here is to establish, on a micro-level, elements of the linguistic and discursive practices that have been deployed by the Republican presidential candidate to generate support against ‘radical Islam’ and ‘political correctness’. I explore the three classical dimensions of rhetoric - logos, ethos and pathos – with a focus on wording and grammar, the appeal to emotion, the use of pronouns and the significance of a ‘post-fact’ rhetorical strategy (The Guardian, 2016a).
The second section of this analysis moves beyond a series of rhetorical techniques to examine how the ideology created through this political rhetoric has contributed to the (re)emergence of a gay right-wing Islamophobic political narrative. Using macro-level theory, three ideological preoccupations that dominate the rhetoric of Donald Trump and his supporters emerge: (a) national unity and homonationalism, (b) white supremacy and the pervasion of Islamophobic rhetoric, and (c) toxic masculinity as a proposed solution to ‘Othered’ terrorist violence. I contend that homonationalist rhetoric, used to assimilate (certain) LGBT identities into right-wing imaginaries, can have tangible negative violent effects. Therefore, this study will examine the fundamental reorientation of the relationships between language and power, sexual orientation and identity, and the rise of homonationalism and fascism as popular American political ideologies.
The social contribution of this dissertation lies in questioning whose interests are served by this homonationalist positioning, and at whose expense. In doing so, it is hoped to broaden understanding for those of whom this is an area of interest. By placing homonationalism under the scrutiny of a contemporaneous context and examining the part it played in the short-term responses to Orlando, this dissertation is intended to contribute to the existing body of research on homonationalism. While there are many linguistic studies that have analysed the rhetorical techniques and language deployed by politicians to reinforce ideologies (Fairclough, 1989; Thomans and Wareing, 1999), the constant change in the political contexts of rhetoric necessitates new research on the field. The importance of its study, when considering the global and life-threatening impact on both LGBTQ and Muslim communities, is undeniable.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur begreppet gatukonst används och får betydelse i fyra svenska tidningar. Utgångspunkten för studien är: hur kan man förstå begreppet gatukonst baserat på vad som skrivits om det i tidningarna Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet och Expressen från 2000 till 2014? Uppsatsen bygger på diskursteori som den formulerats av den brittiske lingvisten Norman Fairclough. Genom en tematisk diskursanalys, av artiklar och bilder, statueras fem diskursteman vilka är representativa för de drygt 330 artiklarna som studerats. Även de diskursiva praktiker som omgärdar begreppet kartläggs. Det framgår genom denna kartläggning att det vanligtvis är på tidningarnas kultursidor som artiklar om gatukonst finns.

Sedan 2000 har intresset för gatukonst, vilket speglas i antalet artiklar, ökat markant. År 2007 utmärker sig som extra viktigt för gatukonstbegreppets formation. Det är först under detta år som begreppet får en mer fast form och innebörd. Utifrån beskrivningar av gatukonstens framväxt är kopplingen till graffitin central. Gatukonst beskrivs som en illegal verksamhet, vilken i första hand finns i städernas offentliga rum. Föreställningar om gatukonstens naturliga plats gör begreppet svårt att anpassa till utställningssituationer, trots att det ofta är i relation till utställningar som det används..

Sökord: Gatukonst, street art, graffiti, diskursteori, diskursanalys, tidningsmedier, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Expressen, Akay, Banksy, nolltolerans, reklam.

The aim of this research was to explore the linguistic articulation of identity, ideology and group membership on pro-eating disorder websites. The study was performed using Critical Discourse Analysis, and entailed an analysis of four blog posts and their corresponding comment sections, which were selected through purposeful sampling. The study found that eating disorders are constructed by members as solutions, games, choices and lifestyles; while outsiders construct them as harmful and unhealthy. Eating disordered individuals constructed themselves as beautiful, female, skinny, in control and strong; and authors of blog posts construct themselves as myth debunkers, figures of authority, sources of advice and inspiration, and gatekeepers to the community. Outsiders to the community construct members as desperate, self-degrading, weak, selfish and helpless when faced with their eating disorders. Health care professionals are constructed as enemies, and their practices are treated with skepticism and disbelief. Other outsiders to the community are constructed as fat, unattractive, dirty, persistent and unwanted. Finally, food is constructed as the enemy, and further as a weakness.

Η παρούσα εργασία στοχεύει στη μελέτη του εγχειριδίου της Έκφρασης–Έκθεσης της Α΄ Λυκείου (Τσολάκης κ.α., 2002 στο εξής: ΕΕΑ) προκειμένου να αναδειχθούν οι ταυτότητες που κατασκευάζει ο/η συγγραφέας, ομιλητής/ρια μέσω του λόγου, ώστε να φανεί η σχέση, η επίδραση των λόγων, εικόνων και αναπαραστάσεων του εγχειριδίου στην κοινωνία και οι σχέσεις αποδοχής ή αμφισβήτησης των θεσμών από το κείμενο και τους/τις μαθητές/τριες. Συγκεκριμένα, η έρευνα κινείται ανάμεσα σε τρία επίπεδα
ανάλυσης του λόγου, ακολουθώντας την κοινωνιοπολιτισμική προσέγγιση “sociocultural approach” του Fairclough (1989): το κείμενο, την πρακτική λόγου και την κοινωνική πρακτική συνδυάζοντας έτσι το μικρο-επίπεδο της γλωσσικής πράξης με το μακρο-επίπεδο των κοινωνικών πρακτικών σε σχέση με τις κοινωνικές δομές (Fairclough, 1992: 72-73). Τέλος, στο πλαίσιο της αναμόρφωσης του γλωσσικού μαθήματος προτείνονται κάποιες προτάσεις στο πρίσμα της κριτικής προσέγγισης.

EN:
Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary field which includes various approaches of critical analysis of discourse. While its roots are based on the studies of Critical Linguistics in the late 1970s, it has started to be seen as a 'different and radical theory of the language' with the 1990s. Critical discourse analysis conceptualizes language as a social practice, focuses on the relations between language and power, and examines how social injustice, discrimination, power and hegemony are constructed and justificated in the usage of language. In this paper, the approaches of Norman Fairclough, Teun A. Van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, Ron Scollon and Siegfried Jager are discussed as the main approaches of critical discourse analysis. Various theorists on critical discourse analysis have shared the basic principles of ESA (focusing on social problems, being critical, serving an emancipatory knowledge, interdisciplinary, etc.), but have introduced theoretically and methodologically different approaches. Nevertheless, all of these approaches often feed on each other and contain various theoretical and methodological similarities.
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TR:
Eleştirel söylem analizi, söylemin eleştirel analizine yönelik çeşitli yaklaşımları içeren disiplinlerarası bir alandır. Eleştirel söylem analizi, 1970’lerin sonuna doğru şekillenen Eleştirel Dilbilim çalışmalarına dayanmakla birlikte, 1990’lardan itibaren dile ilişkin farklı ve radikal bir teori olarak ele alınmaya başlamıştır. Dili bir sosyal pratik olarak gören ve dil ile iktidar arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanan eleştirel söylem analizi; sosyal eşitsizlik, ayrımcılık, iktidar ve hegemonyanın dil kullanımı içerisinde nasıl vücut bulduğunu, inşa edildiğini ve meşrulaştırıldığını eleştirel bir şekilde inceler. Bu makalede, eleştirel söylem analizi içerisindeki temel yaklaşımları temsil eden Norman Fairclough, Teun A. Van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, Ron Scollon ve Siegfried Jager’in yaklaşımları ele alınmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Eleştirel söylem analizine dair çeşitli teorisyenler, ESA’nın temel prensiplerini (sosyal problemlere odaklanma, eleştirel olma, özgürleştirici bir bilgi birikimine hizmet etme, disiplinlerarasılık gibi) paylaşmakla birlikte, teorik ve yöntemsel olarak birbirinden farklı yönleri olan yaklaşımlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Yine de bu yaklaşımların tümü, çoğu zaman birbirlerinden beslenmekte ve çeşitli teorik ve yöntemsel benzerlikler ihtiva etmektedirler.

In this article I intend to discuss the overarching socio-political as well as epistemological processes distinct to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as an emerging ‘school’ (or research program) of political critique. I argue that CDA is epistemologically pluralistic, politically far left, ontologically constructivist, strategically materialist, and tactically reformist. The scope of this article is confined to the political philosophy of CDA and yet vast book series could be published on this specialized topic alone. So I do not pretend to present an adequate history of CDA political thought here, instead I intend to paint a conceptual outline with necessarily broad brushstrokes.

The proposal of the following article is to analyze, through Fairclough`s discourse analysis, the representation of the United States through the marvel's superheroes, Captain America and Iron Man and the images each one adopts. Focusing on the discourses they represent in the cinematographic adaption from the comics, Captain America: Civil War, using the movie's poster as principal object of the analysis.

El fenómeno de la juventud militante kirchnerista ha sido abordado en los últimos años por múltiples autores. En la búsqueda de aportar una mirada académica a la problemática, analizaremos la construcción de los jóvenes kirchneristas en la figura de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, desde la muerte del ex Presidente de la Nación, Néstor Kirchner, hasta la inauguración del Salón de la Juventud en el Congreso de la Nación. Los discursos emitidos desde el 1º de noviembre de 2010 hasta el 15 de mayo de 2012 serán abordados desde el Análisis Crítico del Discurso, puntualmente el Modelo Tridimensional de Fairclough para quien el discurso debe ser analizado como texto, como práctica discursiva y como práctica social para entender cómo construye, y a su vez lo influye, una realidad históricamente situada.

he present article is an attempt to comparatively study two different versions of Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (Compendium of chronicles). The Rampour Library version has been illustrated over three centuries. The illustrations of this version were embellished in the Timurid, Safavid royal courts. After that, they were transferred to India, and were merged and re-illustrated in the royal court of Mughal Emperor Akbar. The work was finally left unaccomplished in 1003 AH (1604 AD). Therefore, this version of the book contains illustrations from the school of Herat, the school of Tabriz and the Indo-Iranian school. Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (the Golestan Palace version) was written and illustrated during the Emperor Akbar period in 1004 AH (1605 AD). The author of the present article believes that the painters of the Mongol royal court were influenced by the interactive discourse dominant over the elements of power and consequently over the royal library and painting galleries, as well as the influence of religion on Akbar Shah's "Din-e Elahi" ) Divine Religion( as a greater cultural framework. This project led to invitation of artists with different perspectives from different parts of India and other countries such as Iran, whose contribution to the project is truly represented by the artwork under study. In other words, artists freely created artworks using the interactive discourse created within the context of "Din-e Elahi" propounded by Akbar Shah.
According to Norman Fairclough, the fate of art texts is decided by discourses. In other words, discourse determines the type of text to be produced, the manner in which it is distributed, the manner in which it is consumed, and the extent to which it is consumed. Finally, a series of statements and ideas interact. Discourse can be personal or institutional, but when carried out within the society it falls within the category of institutional discourse. The interaction of various institutional discourses in society leads to the emergence of a discourse that is dominant over other discourses and is referred to as dominant discourse. The first step in the process of critical discourse analysis proposed by Fairclough deals with text description which is associated with the first act of the artwork. According to Fairclough, every work of art or literature covers three kinds of value: experiential values, relational values, recitative values. In more specific words, in an attempt to trace these three values ​​in an artwork, one can correspond them with styles, schools and theories, which refer to individuals, an institution of related individuals, and the society as a whole, respectively.
The second stage of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis is referred to as discourse interpretation that is related to the second act of the artwork. According to Fairclough, discourse should, under ideal conditions, be distributed based on common sense or common-sense principles, but ideologies often break this rule. Fairclough believes that discourses can move either horizontally (diachronically), or vertically, (synchronically). Finally, the third stage of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis deals with the social explanation that is related to the third act of the artwork.
In this study, Fairclough discourse analysis is used to figure out why a manuscript was reproduced (Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh the KAkh-e Golestan version), while another version of the manuscript (Rampour version) had already been completed one year before. the results showed that Emperor Akbar could only show his connection with history by merging new illustrations into the primary illustrations of the historical narrative as part of an attempt to reproduce a new version of the artwork. By moving to the heart of history and by illustrating the course of history, he probably sought to create a kind of important genealogy for himself and consequently show his conscientiousness towards his Mongol ancestors. Moreover, taking into account the "Din-e Elahi " and Akbar Shah's unrestrained attitude, religions and ideas, and his unbiased attitude towards monarchy, it can be argued that painters were able to work with free will and create works as they wished. On the other hand, since illustrative sources, including Indian, Iranian, Turkmen, European sources were abundant, the creation of artworks with complete freedom in using personal styles was deemed to be much more appealing.
After analyzing the visual and written texts, this article, succeeded in deciphering the hidden layers of the texts, and finally, using the relations within the text, situational, social and political context, he found that the interactive discourse of the royal painting institute derived from religion was made by Akbarshah. "It led to the invitation of artists with different perspectives, and this was reflected in their works.
Thus, it seems that both reviewed versions gave Mughal artists a unique opportunity to artistically revive their patron role as the revivalist of interactive Islam and the herald of the millennium. Discussed, using old patches and adding roles in their contemporary style, Not through imitation but by emphasizing the characteristics from which they separate their work, they enter a historical lineage. In this version, the historical nature of the text and its drawings are particularly striking. A series of historical periods from a not so distant past, as the lineage and ancestors of the Mughals. It can be an explanation for using the old part in the drawings of Rampour version. In doing so, they emphasized the historical uniqueness of the appendages of the image, and in a way served to emphasize the contemporary or newness; of Mughal artistic term.

This time writing and illustrating a complete version in a new representational way, that is, based on the new discourse that was created in the institution of the monarchy and in the nature of the institution of the painting. These stylistic elements and features have freed themselves from the distinctive features of Iranian painting to such an extent that it has become an independent style that affects various European, Indian, and Iranian-born schools. That is, it is the combination of different styles, including being influenced by European paintings, and achieving a style that, while almost freeing itself from the Iranian style and trying to be independent in style. Create a work of art together. In the Rampour version, of course, due to the single style of different periods, it cannot create the purity of the new style in all images. This, it seems, could be a reason to abandon the Rampur version and create another version of Jamiut- Tawarikh in the new "contemporary" style of Mughal. The product of this new creation, of course, was the version of Golestan Palace, which is completely pure in Mughal style, and opens with the desired arrangement and intended by the patron (Akbarshah) of the images. We find out how the artist can determine the fate of a work of art according to his position and the position of the supporting power. Thus, in the end, Akbar Shah succeeded in showing his selfishness towards his ancestors in showing power-oriented in illustrating historical narrations.

Many CDA scholars present the idea of “democracy” as a normative yardstick against which injustices of all kinds and in any type of society can be measured; many also assume there is an inherent opposition between democratization with its advances toward social justice and neoliberal marketization with its array of negative consequences. Analyzing the discourse of democratization in the context of contemporary Ukraine, this paper argues that the issue is more complicated. Neoliberal marketization can go hand-in-hand with the discourse of universal democratization, which only contributes therefore to the perpetuation of neocolonial injustice as manifested in ongoing neoliberal projects.

Adopting a Bourdieusian perspective, this paper addresses literacy
education as a sociological field and attempts to evaluate and re-inscribe aesthetic,
literary, historical, economic, philosophical and other positions within it as a means
for framing a new research and pedagogical agenda. Literacy education as a social
field is conceptualized as a structure of provisional balances within which various
forms of power and capital circulate. Position, distinction and contest, within sites
in fields like literacy education, structure social space and enable reproduction
and change. A heuristic that weds Fairclough’s (1989) work on textual production
and consumption with Bourdieu’s model of social space as relational structured
contested fields is proposed.

This thesis aims to examine the complex relationship between the realm of politics and media during a ‘terrorist event’ in Turkey by focusing on the politics of fear and the power relations between two. The research uses Critical Discourse Analysis as a primary method to analyse political communication and media coverage of a ‘terrorist attack’ in Turkey. In 6th of September 2015, a military convoy was attacked in Dağlıca, Turkey only two months before the snap elections. The event was one of the most important turning points before the election. Following the elections, Turkey had a strong turn towards authoritarianism and populism resulting in the erosion of media freedom and democracy. This research identifies the Dağlıca event to analyse Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s (President of Turkey) interview and three news channels’ media coverage of the event in order to examine the political communication’s discursive mechanisms. By doing so, the research focuses on the appearances of relations between discursive and social practices. Finally, the thesis aims to contribute to broaden the knowledge of media critique for minimising media attributions to the political gains during such tragic events.

The current qualitative study endeavoured to investigate the multi-layered meaning of billboard advertisements by elaboration, exploration and elucidation of intended meanings and cultural norms demonstrated in billboard advertisements. For this purpose, the content of eight (8) billboard advertisements was thematically analyzed utilizing Fairclough 3-Dimensional Model: Description interpretation and explanation. The obtained results showed that these billboards had underlying meanings in terms of gender objectification, female portrayal, and social stereotypes as prominent themes. Furthermore, all the selected advertisements were based on a fine designed semiotic study to motivate the users.

The current qualitative study endeavoured to investigate the multi-layered meaning of billboard advertisements by elaboration, exploration and elucidation of intended meanings and cultural norms demonstrated in billboard advertisements. For this purpose, the content of eight (8) billboard advertisements was thematically analyzed utilizing Fairclough's 3-Dimensional Model: Description interpretation and explanation. The obtained results showed that these billboards had underlying meanings in terms of gender objectification, female portrayal, and social stereotypes as prominent themes. Furthermore, all the selected advertisements were based on a fine designed semiotic study to motivate the users.

The current qualitative study endeavoured to investigate the multi-layered meaning of billboard advertisements by elaboration, exploration and elucidation of intended meanings and cultural norms demonstrated in billboard advertisements. For this purpose, the content of eight (8) billboard advertisements was thematically analyzed utilizing Fairclough's 3-Dimensional Model: Description interpretation and explanation. The obtained results showed that these billboards had underlying meanings in terms of gender objectification, female portrayal, and social stereotypes as prominent themes. Furthermore, all the selected advertisements were based on a fine designed semiotic study to motivate the users.

Tutkielman aihe on tarkastella uskontoon kohdistuvaa satiiria länsimaisessa populaarikulttuurissa 9/11-jälkeisessä ajassa. Tutkimusongelmana on selvittää, miten uskonto määrittyy, kun siitä kommunikoidaan satiirin keinoin. Aineistoksi olen valinnut Larry Charlesin ohjaaman elokuvan Religulous (2008). Kysyn, minkälaista uskonnon kategoriaa elokuva rakentaa, miten uskonto esitetään naurettavana ja miksi. Tarkoitus on tuottaa tutkimustietoa siitä, millä tavoin uskonnosta kommunikoidaan populaarikulttuurin tuotteissa.

Tutkimusmenetelmänä hyödynnän Norman Fairclough’n kriittistä diskurssianalyysia. Keskityn analyysissa viestintätilanteiden ja diskurssijärjestysten analyysiin, jossa tarkastelen erityisesti naurettavuutta tuottavia diskurssikäytäntöjä.

Religulous sisältää moniaineksisia haastatteluita, joissa dokumenttielokuvan ja komediaelokuvan genret sekoittuvat. Elokuva rakentaa uskonnon kategoriaa pääasiallisesti kristinuskon perusteella, vaikkakin elokuvassa käsitellään myös juutalaisuutta ja islamia. Naurettavuutta tuottavia diskurssikäytäntöjä hyödynnetään erityisesti kristinuskoa edustavien haastateltavien kohdalla. Elokuva hyödyntää satiirille tunnusomaisia komiikan, ironian ja parodian tekniikoita.

Uskonto rakennetaan elokuvassa naurettavaksi ja vaaralliseksi. Haastateltavat vaikuttaisivat olevan valittu pääosin sillä perusteella, että he palvelevat elokuvan tarkoitusta esittää uskonto naurettavana. Elokuva kiinnittyy osaksi 9/11-jälkeistä länsimaista kulttuurista kontekstia, jossa tuotetaan uhkakuvia uskonnollisesta terrorismista ja kannustetaan uskonnottomuuteen.


asiasanat: satiiri, ironia, komiikka, parodia, kriittinen diskurssianalyysi, diskursiivinen uskontotiede

Many CDA scholars assume there is an inherent opposition between democratization with its advances toward social justice and neoliberal marketization with its array of negative consequences. Analyzing the discourse of democratization in the context of contemporary Ukraine, this paper argues that the issue is more complicated. Neoliberal marketization can go hand-in-hand with the discourse of universal democratization, which only contributes therefore to the perpetuation of neocolonial injustice as manifested in ongoing neoliberal projects. RESUMO Muitos estudiosos de Análise Crítica do Discurso assumem que há uma oposição inerente entre democratização, com seus avanços em direção à justiça social, e mercantilização neoliberal, com sua gama de consequências negativas. Analisando o discurso da democratização no contexto da Ucrânia contemporânea, este artigo argumenta que a questão é mais complicada. A mercantilização neoliberal pode andar de mãos dadas com o discurso da democratização universal, o que apenas contribui, portanto, para a perpetuação da injustiça neocolonial, tal como ela se manifesta nos projetos neoliberais em andamento Palavras-chave: Análise Crítica do Discurso. Democratização. Neoliberalismo. Neocolonialismo. Ucrânia. RESUMEN Muchos académicos del ACD asumen que existe una oposición inherente entre la democratización, con sus avances hacia la justicia social, y la mercantilización neoliberal, con sus consecuencias negativas. Por medio del análisis el discurso de la democratización en el contexto de la Ucrania contemporánea, este artículo argumenta que la cuestión es más compleja. La mercantilización neoliberal puede ir de la mano del discurso de la democratización universal, y por lo tanto contribuye a la perpetuación de la injusticia neocolonial, como se manifiesta en los proyectos neoliberales contemporáneos. Palabras clave: Análisis crítico del discurso. Democratización. Neoliberalismo Neocolonialismo. Ucrania.

A lo largo de este trabajo proponemos realizar un análisis comparativo entre la construcción discursiva que Mauricio Macri, actual Presidente de la Nación argentina, realiza de los jóvenes en la política con la llevada a cabo por su antecesora, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Desde el análisis crítico del discurso, específicamente el Modelo Tridimensional de Norman Fairclough, se observó la idea de juventud que subyace en cada relato. Se analizó el discurso del Presidente no sólo como texto, sino también como práctica discursiva y como práctica social para indagar la influencia del pasado y el presente histórico en el rol que ambos designaron y designan a los jóvenes. El corpus seleccionado está compuesto por los discursos oficiales emitidos por Mauricio Macri desde su asunción hasta el 20 de junio del 2017, donde el Primer Mandatario haya desarrollado alguna idea vinculada a la juventud y su vínculo con la política. De esta manera, se buscará dar luz a un fenómeno que atraviesa no sólo el presente sino también el futuro político del país.

The aim of my study is the analysis, through some methods such as Critical Linguistic and Critical Discourse Analysis, of the language used by Malcolm X in his addresses, in order to disclose aspects of his ideology and rhetorical power, starting from grammatical and intertextual elements.

ÖZET Modernleşme ve Batılılaşmayı temsildeki güçleri ve toplumsal görünürlükleri se-bebiyle kadın üzerinden yürütülen tartışmalar dünden bugüne eksilmeden devam etmektedir. Osmanlı modernleşmesinde olduğu gibi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne ge-çişle birlikte de kadının modernleşmesi ve aslında Batılılaşması formüle edilmiş, gelişmişlik ölçüsü olarak kadının geleneksel ve dinsel kısıtlamalardan kurtulması öncelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı modernleşmesi ile Türkiye modernleşmesi bağlantısı kurularak, erken dönem kadın temsilinde yaşanan kırılmanın konu edil-diği bu çalışmada karikatür dergiciliğinde kadın imajının inşası Faircloug'un eleşti-rel söylem analizi yöntemi ile yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylece erken dönem kadının temsili meselesine ışık tutulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ana örnekle-mini oluşturan Akbaba dergisi, dönem-iktidar ilişkilerine yakınlığı bakımından özellikle seçilmiştir. Derginin 29 Ekim 1923 tarihini takip eden beş aylık süreç içinde yayımlanan yirmi bir sayısı incelenmiş, içerikte ön plana çıkan kadın temsilinin ait olduğu bağlam çözümlenmeye ve analizi gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Netice-de Batılılaşma olarak formüle edilebilecek bir temsilin, Cumhuriyet'in ilanını takip eden erken dönemde topluma sunulduğu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ideolojisiyle doğru-dan uyuşmayan ve henüz kabul görmemiş bir kadın imajının karikatür formunda işlendiği görülmüştür. Anahtar Sözcükler: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Akbaba dergisi, kadın temsili, karikatür, eleştirel söylem analizi. ABSTRACT The discussion on women identity about their social visibility and strength in representing modernization and westernization continues from past to today. The women's modernization is formulated as westernization during the transition from Ottoman emperorship to the Republic of Turkey. Relatedly women as a development mark were aimed to reconstruct free from traditional and religious restrictions. In that context, this study was subjected to the fracture of woman rep- Dr., Bağımsız Araştırmacı. İstanbul/Türkiye.

Presented at UnB's  "Theories of Communication" Master's Class.
Rhetoric is a communication theory originally developed by Aristotle in order to challenge a number of prevailing assumptions about what constitutes an effective presentation.
Here we explore the works of Michel Foucault, Michel Pêcheux and Norman Fairclough.

In this paper, I take as my starting point Norman Fairclough’s treatment of critical social analysis as a form of dialectical reasoning. While generally concurring with this equivalency despite a host of smaller disagreements on which I do not dwell, I venture to fill in a largely blank space in his argument by focusing on the internal workings of dialectical reasoning. The reference point for the core of my argument is the fact that Fairclough regards critical social analysis as based on epistemological dialectics which forms part of a larger set of relations, yet passes over the explication of the place and role of this basic form of dialectics in this constellation in favour of focusing on its practical dialectical nature. The point is, however, that an adequate grasp of practical dialectics requires the simultaneous consideration of the principal operative features of epistemological dialectics, not just in critical social analysis but more basically still also in social life itself. My proposal is that this could be done by introducing the inferential stance in order to consider what I call the dialectics of inference or inferential dialectics. This perspective forms part of a broader cognitive sociological approach that focuses on the cognitive processes – of which discourse is but one – on which the construction and structuring of society depend and which pervade the latter’s every fibre.

Anteproyecto de la tesis de grado "La construcción de la juventud militante kirchnerista en Cristina Fernández de Kirchner" tomando como punto de partida la muerte del ex Presidente de la Nación, Néstor Kirchner, hasta la inauguración del Salón de la Juventud en la Cámara de Diputados. Para el análisis de la problemática seleccionada se utilizará el modelo tridimensional de Norman Fairclough, enmarcado en el Análisis Crítico del Discurso Político.

Este livro tem como objetivo central realizar um estudo crítico do gênero discursivo cartilha jurídica (CJ), investigando a formação sócio-histórica desse gênero, bem como as estratégias textuais verbais e não-verbais usadas pelos produtores das cartilhas para a construção social da realidade a partir dos ‘estereótipos normativos’. Para tanto, foram adotados os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos e ideológicos da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), associados à noção de gênero como ação social. De início, são analisados os principais momentos da trajetória sócio-histórica percorrida pelas CJs, desde o surgimento dos gêneros que contribuíram para o seu desenvolvimento até o aparecimento das cartilhas atuais. Em seguida, discute-se a argumentatividade visual nas CJs, avaliando-se como seus componentes imagéticos são ‘orquestrados’ com o texto verbal para a produção de sentido. E por fim, são examinadas as estratégias discursivas usadas para a constituição de ‘cenários estereotipados’, invocados pelos grupos dominantes visando legitimar as relações hegemônicas, a ordem institucionalizada e a manutenção do poder em suas mãos. O corpus ampliado desta investigação é composto por 28 cartilhas jurídicas, dispostas em duas macrocategorias de análise: as CJs quadrinizadas e as CJs que trazem o resumo da lei, apresentado ao leitor de forma direta ou através de tópicos ‘autorrespondidos’. Desse total, foram selecionadas seis cartilhas para compor o corpus restrito, realizando-se um estudo mais sistemático das categorias linguístico-discursivas que se revelaram mais produtivas nas CJs para a ‘fabricação da realidade’. Dentre os resultados da análise, é possível destacar que: a) cartilhas jurídicas acompanham as tendências abrangentes de mudança discursiva da modernidade tardia, ao se constituírem por meio de uma tensão de discursos e de vozes, cujos sentidos são produzidos pela integração de palavras e imagens; e b) as estratégias discursivas de nominalização, apassivação, modalização e democratização discursiva, mais do que realizações linguísticas, constituem mecanismos poderosos de ação discursiva e ideológica usados pelos produtores das cartilhas, tendo por fim a naturalização das estereotipias normativas e a adesão do leitor à realidade construída pelas elites.

Palavras-chave: cartilha jurídica; estereótipo normativo; multimodalidade discursiva; gênero discursivo; Análise do Discurso Crítica.


IN ENGLISH:

The central objective of this book is to critically examine layman’s legal guides (booklets), by investigating the social-historical formation of this genre, as well as the verbal and nonverbal textual strategies used by their producers to constitute the social construction of reality, starting from the notion of ‘legal stereotypes’. In order to do this, this research is based on the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis, in association with the notion of genre as social action. Initially, the principal social-historical moments of these legal guides are analyzed, from first genres which have contributed to their development to the appearance of the current booklets. Then the visual rhetoric organization of the layman’s law guides are discussed in order to comprehend how  visual elements interact with the written code to produce meaning. Finally this study investigates the discursive strategies used to constitute ‘stereotypical scenes’ invoked by the dominant groups’ desire to legitimize hegemonic relations, to institutionalize order and to maintain power in their hands. The extended corpus is composed of 28 legal guides, divided into two macrocategories of analysis: those that use similar strategies of comic books and those that summarize the law or use question-and-answer format. Among these 28 booklets, six legal guides were selected to compose the restricted corpus with the purpose of observing the most productive linguistic categories used to ‘construct reality’. Data analysis suggests that: a) layman’s legal guides follow general trends of discursive change in late modernity, in as much as it is constituted by a tension of discourses and voices, whose meanings are produced by the integration of words and images; b) more than linguistic realizations, the discursive strategies observed in legal guides constitute powerful resources of discursive and ideological action used by their authors aiming to produce the naturalization of legal stereotypes and the readers’ adhesion to the reality constructed by elites. 

Keywords: leaman’s legal guide (booklet); legal stereotype; multimodality; genre; Critical Discourse Analysis.