Non performing loans

This research aims to examine the effect of Third Party Funds (TPF), Interest Rates (IR), Bank Capital, and Non-Performing Loan (NPL) towards Credit Distribution on commercial banks in Indonesia with period 2012-2018. This research using 84 monthly data of commercial banks in Indonesia period 2012-2018. This research uses the Error Correction Model (ECM) analysis and E-views 10 analysis tools. The result of the research shows that in the long term, Third Party Funds, Interest Rates, Bank Capital, and Non-Performing Loan affects Credit Distribution. In the short term, Third Party Funds and Non-Performing Loan affect Credit Distribution. Meanwhile, Bank Capital and Interest Rates have no effect on Credit Distribution on commercial banks in Indonesia. Simultaneously on the long term and short term all variables (Third Party Funds, Interest Rates, Bank Capital, and Non-Performing Loan) have an effect on Credit Distribution on conventional commercial banks in Indonesia period 2012-2018.

This paper examines the moratorium on loan repayments, which was intended to relieve debtors in a difficult situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, various aspects of such moratoria are critically discussed and compared from an international perspective. Some debtors were significantly hit hard by the pandemic, whereas others were no. But should the moratoria apply to all of them? The free-rider problem, or even harm to some clients, are among the unintended results of the moratorium. Moreover, the loan repayment moratorium has different effects on the traditional banking sector and on P2P lending platforms. Such differences were not discussed sufficiently before adopting the moratoria. The different effects might have a negative impact on some debtors, on some creditors, or on the market and society in general. Along with using some traditional legal research methods, this paper takes a comparative perspective on loan repayment moratoria in different EU countries among. The conclusions of the paper may help regulators and lawmakers prepare more balanced regulations of loan repayments in the next crisis. Future regulations should reflect the perspectives of both debtors and creditors.

The study analyzes the determinants of macro-economic variables on the non-performing loan of local private commercial banks of Bangladesh. The data range from year 2004 to 2013 covering 18 scheduled banks. Macro-economic variables i.e. GDP growth, inflation and interest spread are selected as the determinants of non-performing loan. Theoretically and empirically the GDP growth and inflation have negative and positive effect on non-performing loan ratio (NPLR) respectively. In case of local private commercial banks, GDP growth has inverse relation with NPLR. One the other hand inflation affects NPLR positively. Thus, the results provide empirical support for the theoretical relationship for Bangladeshi private commercial banks.

Against the background of a global economy, the current pandemic is likely to bring about a "legal pandemic" of mass insolvencies, thus threatening an economic and social collapse. The banking system remains the central pillar for the stability of a debt-structured, financialised economy, but – as shown by the financial crisis triggered in 2008 – it is also the possible epicentre of a domino-effect of insolvencies. The seminar aims at discussing the following: how did Italy and Germany tackle the emergency in the credit sector? Is the EU-legal framework on NPLs and bank capital requirements capable of preventing the risks of a legal pandemic? What is the role of the European Union and of private law?

Many SACCOS in Tanzania face problems of poor management, embezzlement, lack of working capital, high loan delinquency rates and poor business practices. Poor management and lack of commitment has resulted in many SACCOS having high levels of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) hence threatening their survival.The challenges facing MFIs and SACCOS in managing their credit portfolio prompted us to develop a web based financial and credit management system called SACCO MIS in 2014. The system developed was built on open source core, is capable of managing SACCOS and MFI revenue, expenditure, members’ contributions, shares as well as bookkeeping and loan processing.

A well-developed and financially strong banking sector is the backbone of the economic development of any nation. Banks mobilize the savingsof the public by accepting deposits and disburse credit according to socio-economic priorities of the country. Banks and financial institutions provide financial assistance in the form of advances to agricultural and industrial units, MSMEs and service sector, to run their businesses efficiently and to contribute in the economic development. It took almost 3-4 years for banks to come out of the 2008 financial crisis that happened in the world economy and still, banks are facing issues like non-performing assets, which not only reduced the profitability of banks but also affect their smooth operations and goodwill. A drastic increase in NPAs is happening in public sector banks of India. Public sector banks are ruling the banking sector in concern of net worth, which is 70 percent of the banking system of India. In the mid of September 2018 gross ...

The objective of this study is to examine the causes of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the banking system of the euro area for the period 2003-2013 and distinguish between core and periphery country determinants. The increase in NPLs post crisis has put into question the robustness of many European banks and the stability of the whole sector. It still remains a serious challenge, especially in peripheral countries which are hardest hit by the financial crisis. By employing both Fully Modified OLS and Panel Cointegrated VAR we estimate that NPLs are affected by the same macroeconomic and bank-specific conditions but the responses are stronger in the periphery. Following the FMOLS estimations NPLs in the euro area have performed an upward (much higher in the periphery) shift after 2008 and are mostly related to worsening macroeconomic conditions especially with respect to unemployment, growth and taxes. Fiscal consolidation and interest rate margins are significant for the periphery while credit to GDP is significant only for the core. Quality of management and loans to deposits play an important role, while size is negatively significant only in the periphery. Most of these findings were confirmed by the panel Cointegrated VAR results. A chi-square test comparing the estimated coefficients for the core and periphery NPLs rejects the hypothesis of equality revealing another aspect of banking fragmentation in the euro area. Such findings can be helpful when designing macro-prudential as well as NPL resolution policies, which should be adjusted appropriately to the different responses between core and periphery banks.

The ebook consists of theory and its application in collection of non-performing loans or bad debts. The author shares her the working knowledge she accumulated in her more than 20 years of banking experience with Land Bank of the Philippines, a universal bank.

Against the background of a global economy, the current pandemic is likely to bring about a "legal pandemic" of mass insolvencies, thus threatening an economic and social collapse. The banking system remains the central pillar for the stability of a debt-structured, financialised economy, but – as shown by the financial crisis triggered in 2008 – it is also the possible epicentre of a domino-effect of insolvencies. The seminar aims at discussing the following: how did Italy and Germany tackle the emergency in the credit sector? Is the EU-legal framework on NPLs and bank capital requirements capable of preventing the risks of a legal pandemic? What is the role of the European Union and of private law?

PENGARUH FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PADA SUB SEKTOR PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2010 – 2014


Oleh:
Almar’atus Sholikhah
12804241046


ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), laju pertumbuhan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB), tingkat inflasi, dan tingkat perubahan kurs, baik secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap Return Saham perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2010-2014.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi data panel. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sejumlah 39 bank dan sampel sejumlah 7 bank dengan teknik pusposive sampling. Data penelitian berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NIM berpengaruh positif terhadap return saham perbankan dengan koefisian 0,657887 dan signifikansi 0,0153. NPL tidak berpengaruh terhadap return saham perbankan dengan koefisien 0,122212 dan signifikansi 0,7136. LDR berpengaruh negatif terhadap return saham perbankan dengan koefisien -0,055959 dan signifikansi 0,0188. Laju pertumbuhan PDB berpengaruh negatif terhadap return saham dengan koefisien -6,793659 dan signifikansi 0,0017. Tingkat inflasi berpengaruh negatif terhadap return saham perbankan dengan koefisien -0,944837 dan signifikansi 0,0019. Tingkat perubahan kurs berpengaruh negatif terhadap return saham perbankan dengan koefisien -1,116714 dan signifikansi 0,0004. NIM, NPL, LDR, laju pertumbuhan PDB, tingkat inflasi, dan tingkat perubahan kurs secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap return saham perbankan dengan nilai F statistik 6,172164 dan signifikansi 0,000010.

Kata kunci: return saham, NIM, NPL, LDR, PDB, inflasi, kurs, bank.

In the present study the meaning, importance and significance of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) have been discussed with the eye towards the recent scenario (2000-2013) of the Indian banking sector. The causes for the high growth rate of NPAs have been brought up pointing out that the major bank-group always responsible for such is the Public Sector Banks and more specifically the Priority Sector has been its main contributor, while for the last two years Non-Priority Sector has taken the top place in raising the levels. The impacts of NPAs are deep and forward-looking. It has been found to have a one-to-one effect on the profitability of the Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) of India, according to the data. Its trend in the SCBs has been examined and found to be decreasing till 2007 and rapidly increasing after that due to high credit expansion.

Supervisor - Dr. Mausumi Manna, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Scottish Church College, University of Calcutta.

Banks as financial intermediary normally accept various short-term deposits and grant medium and long term loans. These loans are given by the banks on condition that the borrower will repay the loan in time and manner specified in the contract. In this way, banks also earn profit which is recycled into the economy. But things do not always work as they are supposed to. Many borrowers fail to repay the loans in time and in some cases they do not repay at all. These loans are known as non-performing-loans (NPL's) which are classified by banks or financial intuitions as per instruction of Bangladesh Bank.
 
Asset quality is one of the most critical areas in determining the overall condition of a bank. The primary factor affecting overall asset quality is the quality of the loan portfolio and the credit administration program. Loans typically comprise a majority of a bank's assets and carry the greatest amount of risk to their capital. Securities may also comprise a large portion of the assets and also contain significant risks. Other items which can impact asset quality are other real estate, other assets, off-balance sheet items and, to a lesser extent, cash and due from accounts, and premises and fixed assets.

The reforming financial sector of Bangladesh is progressing towards sustainable economy. However, some crucial factors such as non-performing loan (NPL), high provision and extensive credit risk are encumbering the profit growth of commercial banks. These issues are not only alarming for Bangladeshi banker but also for the global policy makers. Different measures are reinforcing the credit policy to fend the loan loss. This paper focuses on the NPL status of Bangladesh and global perspectives, it also scrutinizes the sector-wise loan provisioning statues in banking industry of Bangladesh. In addition, the paper aims to analyze the credit risk management system to lower the uncertainty before sanctioning the loan. Further, this paper deals with the experiences of Bangladesh and other Asian countries in handling of NPLs to improve the credit policy and finds major causes and measures for NPL in both the regions. Secondary data is collected from Bangladesh Bank, World Bank, published articles and journals to conduct the objectives of this research. Finally, this study explores the positive recovery trend of NPLs as a signs of improvement, mainly due to the prudential policies taken to strengthen the loan recovery instrument and write-off measures initiated in recent years.

This study investigates whether non-performing loans effect the bank's profitability in Turkey. The study applies a panel regression method to the quarterly data set including 1809 observation belongs to 55 Banks in Turkey during the period from 1 st quarter of 2005 to 3 rd quarter of 2016. It is found that there is a significant, negative relationship between non-performing loans and bank profitability which is measured by return on equity and return on asset. The higher non-performing loans, the lower asset quality, leads to the lower return on equity and return on asset, and the lower non-performing loans, the higher asset quality, leads to the higher return on equity and return on asset.

The scope of this paper is analyzing the main evolutions of credit risk in Romanian banking sector since the outbreak of the crisis and identifying Non-performing loans (NPL) determinants using firm-level information. The results indicate that larger, more profitable and
more productive firms were able to weather better the negative shocks. Labor productivity is one of the most important explanatory variables for firms’ ability of repayment their debt, even after controlling for the evolution of market share and value added or other firm specific
characteristics.

Profit is the main concern to start out any business organization. Like all other businesses, banks are also run with the motive of earning profit. Banks are indulged with the activity of deposits and borrowings. Non-Performing Assets are those part of assets that are associated with the bank's borrowing activities. A high NPAs indicates that the number of credit defaulters is high in a particular bank which directly affects the profitability, liquidity, and solvency of that bank and also disservice the value of assets. The problem of NPAs does not only affect the banking sector but also the economy of a concerned country. A high NPAs is a direct indication of the poor financial health of a concerned bank. The Indian banking sector is facing the higher NPAs problem for a decade now. The magnitude of NPAs is relatively high within the public sector banks. To strengthen the profitability and efficiency of the banking system the level of NPAs needs to be lower down and controlled. This paper touches upon the meaning and therefore the definition of a non-performing asset, the conceptual framework of non-performing assets, classification of loan assets and provisions. This paper would evaluate the adverse effect of non-performing assets on the return on total assets of Punjab National Bank Limited for the period2013 to 2015, 2016-17, and 2019-20.
Keywords: Non-Performing Advance, Economy Development, Lending, Prudential Norms, Return on Total Assets, Banking Sector.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis adakah
pengaruh signifikan Non Performing Loan(NPL) terhadap  Return On Investment (ROI)  pada  PT.  Bank  Mandiri,  Tbk.  Rumusan  masalah  dalam  penelitian  ini adalah Adakah pengaruh signifikan ‘pada PT. Bank Mandiri, Tbk.. Jenis  penelitian  penelitian  yang  digunakan  adalah  sosiatif.  Instrumen dalam  penelitian  ini  adalah  berupa  tabel  tabulasi  data  untuk  mencatat  variabel penelitian  seperti  nilai  dari  Non  Performing  Loan (NPL)  dan  Return  On Investment (ROI) selama 5 (lima) tahun yaitu tahun 2013-2017. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah laporan keuangan tahunan pada PT. Bank Mandiri, Tbk terhitung sejak tahun 1998-2017. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah  data  laporan  keuangan  tahunan  PT.  Bank  Mandiri,  Tbk  yang  diperoleh
melalui  website  PT.  Bank  Mandiri,  Tbk  selama  5  (lima)  tahun  yaitu  dari  tahun 2017 sampai dengan 2017. Teknik  pengambilan  sampel  dalam  penelitian  ini  adalah  Non  Probability Sampling.  Sedangkan  pendekatannya  menggunakan  Purposive  Sampling  yaitupemilihan sekelompok subyek atau sampel yang mempunyai sifat atau ciri yang sudah  diketahui  sebelumnya  dengan  cermat  sehingga  relevan  dengan rancangan penelitian. Sedangkan jenis data menggunakan jenis data kuantitatif dengan  sumber  data  yaitu  data  sekunder.  Teknik  analisa  data  menggunakan Regresi  Linier  Sederhana,  Koefisien  Korelasi,  Koefisien  Determinasi  dan  Uji signifikansi (Uji-T). dengan bantuan SPSS V. 16.0 For Windows.

The aims of this study is to be analyzed the comparative position of all the fours banking categories
on non-performing loans in Bangladesh and also investigate what are the different causes of nonperforming loans in banking sectors of Bangladesh. This study will cover based on secondary data,
which has been collected from the annual reports of the Bangladesh Bank during the 2006-2017
for 12 years and total NPL, NPL to Total Loans ratio and Trends of net NPL to total loans ratio
are taken as variables of the study. The data are analyzed by using descriptive Statistics, ANOVA
Test and the Test of Homogeneity of Variances. In this paper it is found that there is significant
difference at the performances of four categories of banks on the Non-performing loans and there
is no Homogeneity of Variances of total NPL, NPL to Total Loans ratio and Trends of net NPL to
total loans ratio among all the banking categories. The SCBs and DFIs have continues maintain
the high level of NPL and NPLs ratio to total loans then PCBs and FCBs and the NPLs recovery
record during the study period has witnessed some sign or signal for improvement, due to number
of step are taken with regard to internal restructuring for strengthen the loan recovery mechanism
and initiative taken for written off measurement in recent time for all the banking categories. The
suggestions and recommendation have been given for improve the present situation of nonperforming loans in the banking sectors in Bangladesh.

A well-developed and financially strong banking sector is the backbone of the economic development of any nation. Banks mobilize the savings of the public by accepting deposits and disburse credit according to socio-economic priorities of the country. Banks and financial institutions provide financial assistance in the form of advances to agricultural and industrial units, MSMEs and service sector, to run their businesses efficiently and to contribute in the economic development. It took almost 3-4 years for banks to come out of the 2008 financial crisis that happened in the world economy and still, banks are facing issues like non-performing assets, which not only reduced the profitability of banks but also affect their smooth operations and goodwill. A drastic increase in NPAs is happening in public sector banks of India. Public sector banks are ruling the banking sector in concern of net worth, which is 70 percent of the banking system of India. In the mid of September 2018 gross NPAs of SCBs crosses the limit of nine lakh crores out of which 90% NPAs were in the public sector banks. State Bank of India and Punjab National Bank are leading in that. Although, Reserve Bank of India and banks themselves have taken numerous steps to solve the NPAs problem but it is still alarming in the Indian economy.
The paper touches upon the meaning and definition of non-performing assets, types and classification of NPAs, causes of NPAs and impact of NPAs on turnover ratios of Punjab National Bank Limited. This paper would analyze the impact of NPAs on the turnover ratios of Punjab National Bank Limited.

Pada saat kini para bankir menyadari bahwa dalam menjalankan fungsi jasa-jasa keuangan, bank harus dapat mengelola berbagai jenis risiko keuangan secara efektif, agar dampak negatif tidak dapat terjadi dan menghindari atau menghilangkan kerugian yang besar akibat dari tidak dijalankannya manajemen risiko yang efektif dan disiplin. Risiko yang diterima oleh sebuah bank diakibatkan terjadinya sebuah atau serangkaian peristiwa bersifat negatif dan tidak diinginkan terjadi yang dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan atau kerugian dan bukannya menguntungkan bank. Risiko terkait dengan aktivitas perbankan, tidak dapat dihilangkan tetapi dapat dikurangi. Namun kegiatan berisiko tersebut harus diambil untuk mendapatkan peluang bank untuk mendapatkan keuntungan, dengan cara meminimalkan risiko yang akan timbul dengan manajemen risiko. Kegagalan sebuah bank akan berdampak kepada sistem perbankan dan bahkan sistem perekonomian, hal ini juga terjadi pada saat krisis moneter tahun 1997 yang menjatuhkan ratusan bank nasional di Indonesia. Klasifikasi risiko yang sering dahadapi oleh bank diantaranya adalah risiko kredit, risiko pasar, risiko likuiditas, risiko operasional. Risiko kredit adalah eksposur yang timbul sebagai akibat kegagalan pihak lawan (counterparty) memenuhi kewajibannya. Risiko ini timbul sebagai akibat dari kinerja satu atau lebih debitur yang buruk. Kinerja yang buruk dapat berasal dari ketidak mampuan debitur untuk memenuhi sebagian atau seluruh isi perjanjian kredit yang telah disepakati bersama. Yang menjadi dasar dari perhatian bank dalam hal ini adalah kondisi keuangan dan nilai pasar dari jaminan serta yang paling penting adalah karakter dari debitur. Risiko pasar adalah eksposur yang timbul karena adanya pergerakan variabel pasar (suku bunga dan nilai tukar) dari portofolio yang dimiliki oleh bank, sehingga berbalik arah dari yang diharapkan atau menjadikan suatu kerugian bagi bank. Risiko likuiditas adalah eksposur yang timbul antara lain karena bank tidak mampu memenuhi kewajiban pada saat jatuh tempo. Menurut ketentuan Bank Indonesia, salah satu risiko yang menjadi sumber penilaian kesehatan suatu bank adalah dari sumber pembiayaan/kredit yang dimana suatu bank harus

Recent economic turmoil and increasing market complexity has placed unprecedented pressure on financial institutions. The main key lesson of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) was the importance of containing systemic financial risk and maintaining financial stability. At the same time, developing economies are seeking to promote financial inclusion, such as greater access to financial services for low-income households and small firms, as part of their overall strategies for economic and financial development. This raises the question of whether financial stability and financial inclusion are, broadly speaking, substitutes or complements.

Banks as financial intermediary normally accept various short-term deposits and grant medium and long term loans. These loans are given by the banks on condition that the borrower will repay the loan in time and manner specified in the contract. In this way, banks also earn profit which is recycled into the economy. But things do not always work as they are supposed to. Many borrowers fail to repay the loans in time and in some cases they do not repay at all. These loans are known as non-performing-loans (NPL's) which are classified by banks or financial intuitions as per instruction of Bangladesh Bank.

Asset quality is one of the most critical areas in determining the overall condition of a bank. The primary factor affecting overall asset quality is the quality of the loan portfolio and the credit administration program. Loans typically comprise a majority of a bank's assets and carry the greatest amount of risk to their capital. Securities may also comprise a large portion of the assets and also contain significant risks. Other items which can impact asset quality are other real estate, other assets, off-balance sheet items and, to a lesser extent, cash and due from accounts, and premises and fixed assets.

A high volume of non-performing loans cannot be a boon for the economy. If the invested funds in an economy are not recovered, it limits the recycling of the funds is reduced by the amount of classified loans which may lead to economic stagnation.  NPL affects banks' profitability adversely because of the provision of classified loans and consequent write-off as bad debts, reduces return on investment (ROI), and disturbs the capital adequacy ratio (CAR). It also increases the cost of capital, widens assets and liability imbalance and upsets the economic value additions (EVA) by banks. EVA is equal to the net operating profit minus cost of capital.

Non-performing Loan (NPL) adalah sejumlah uang pinjaman dimana debitur tidak melakukan pelunasan paling sedikit selama 90 hari. Non-performing Loan (NPL) adalah keadaan dimana pinjaman tidak dilunasi atau mendekati keadaan gagal bayar akibat adanya faktor internal dan atau faktor eksternal. Rasio NPL yang tinggi menyebabkan menurunnya laba yang akan diterima oleh bank. Penurunan laba mengakibatkan dividen yang dibagikan juga semakin berkurang sehingga pertumbuhan tingkat return saham bank akan mengalami penurunan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh BOPO, LDR, NIM, LAR, dan SIZE terhadap rasio NPL pada bank umum konvensional di Indonesia pada periode 2011-2016. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 29 bank umum yang terdaftar di BEI, dan memiliki laporan keuangan yang dipublikasikan secara konsisten pada tahun 2011-2016. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda dengan uji asumsi klasik.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BOPO dan SIZE berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap NPL, sedangkan LDR, NIM, dan LAR tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap NPL.

Commercial banks play a pivotal role in the economy in the intermeadition process by mobilizing deposits from surplus units to deficit units. The surplus is channelled to deficit units through lending. Lending is the main activity of commercial banks in Kenya. However, banks in Kenya have had a high rate of loan default from the borrowers which have caused significant losses to the banks. This is because commercial banks have varied credit information and credit history about their borrowers and the credit seekers have taken this shortfall to get many loans from these banks which increases their rate of default because they might fail to service back all the loans. This study was therefore guided by objectives that sought to; find out the effects of credit information sharing on nonperforming loans in KCB Kenya and specifically to establish the trend of bad loans before and after the introduction of CRB, to identify the factors that account for bad loans and to determine the

Öz Bankalar, aracılık fonksiyonunun bir gereği olarak, topladıkları kaynakları ağırlıklı olarak kredi verirler. Kredilendirme bankaların en çok gelir elde ettiği faaliyet olmakla birlikte, bu süreç birçok risk altında gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bankalar, kullandırdıkları kredilerin vadesinde geri ödenmesini/tahsilini sağlamaya da gayret etmektedir. Ancak, kredilendirme sürecinde asimetrik bilginin varlığı, bu süreçte yapılacak hatalar, finansal krizler, reel sektör firmalarından kaynaklanacak hatalardan dolayı zaman zaman kullandırılan kredilerin geri dönüşlerinde sorunlar oluşmaktadır. Sorunlu kredilerin banka finansal tablo ve oranlarına etkileri, banka faaliyetlerini, firmaların kredibilitesini, sermaye yeterliliği, aktif kalitesi, likidite oranlarına da olumsuz etkisi olması nedeniyle önem verilen bir durumdur. Ancak, tüm gözetim, denetim, izleme faaliyetlerine ve sorunlu kredileri tasfiyesine yönelik İstanbul Yaklaşımı, Anadolu Yaklaşımı, Varlık Yönetim Şirketleri, bankaların kendi uygulamalarına rağmen sorunlu kredi miktarı yıllar itibariyle artmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, Türk bankacılık sektörü ve banka grupları itibariyle, krediler, sorunlu krediler,bilanço ve gelir tablosu kalemleri oran analizi yapılmak suretiyle incelenmiş, inceleme dönemi Abstract As a result of their main function, banks transform the collected resources generally into loans. Most of their revenue comes from loan operations but during these operations they are subject to many risks.

We investigate the connections between bank capital regulation and the prevalence of lightly regulated nonbanks (shadow banks) in the U.S. corporate loan market. For identiffcation, we exploit a supervisory credit register of syndicated loans, loan-time
fixed-effects, and shocks to capital requirements arising from surprise features of the U.S. implementation of Basel III. We find that less-capitalized banks reduce loan retention, particularly among loans with higher capital requirements and at times when capital is scarce, and nonbanks step in. This reallocation has important spillovers: during the 2008 crisis, loans funded by nonbanks with fragile liabilities are less likely to be rolled over and experience greater price volatility.
Review of Financial Studies (2021), 34(5), 2181-2235.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa106
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The objective of this paper is to identify the main determinants of non-performing loans in the euro-area banking system for the period 1990Q1-2015Q2 using GMM estimations. On top of the bank- and country-specific variables proposed by the literature the roles of income tax and output gap are for the first time examined and found to be significant. Our results could be helpful when designing macro-prudential and fiscal policies.

Prezentarea analizeaza evoluţia intermedierii financiare in Romania, performanţa sistemului bancar, precum si măsuri pentru reducerea riscurilor bancare.
Se detaliaza aspecte privind indicatorul efectului de levier si referitoare la mecanismul de curăţare a bilanţurilor bancare. Se prezinta surse alternative de finanţare si măsuri de siguranţă la dispoziţia băncii centrale.

The study analyzes the determinants of macro-economic variables on the non-performing loan of local private commercial banks of Bangladesh. The data range from year 2004 to 2013 covering 18 scheduled banks. Macro-economic variables i.e. GDP growth, inflation and interest spread are selected as the determinants of non-performing loan. Theoretically and empirically the GDP growth and inflation have negative and positive effect on non-performing loan ratio (NPLR) respectively. In case of local private commercial banks, GDP growth has inverse relation with NPLR. One the other hand inflation affects NPLR positively. Thus, the results provide empirical support for the theoretical relationship for Bangladeshi private commercial banks.

In this thesis I attempted to provide a cause and effect analysis on one of Europe’s systematically most dangerous macro-financial turmoil, Italy’s banking crisis. My work tried to explore the most important roots of the crisis, identify its consequences and examine the domestic and eurozone-level crisis management measures which attempted to clean it up. The thesis was most dominantly building on the analysis of qualitative sources, but I also carried out a quantitative, statistical test to audit the relationship between the increase of public debt and the deterioration of Italian banks’ equity prices. My research confirmed that Italy’s banking crisis was the consequence of the country’s domestic structural deficiencies and the interaction of global and regional economic-financial crises. The quantitative test of the thesis registered a negative correlation between the motion of Italy’s 10-year government bond yields and the equity prices of the biggest Italian banks. Last, but not least, I came to the conclusion, that the current framework based on the hierarchy of eurozone and domestic authorities, is unable to provide a sterling solution for Italy’s banking crisis. I designed my research to be able to fill the gap in the already existing literature, as I could not find any other work which aimed to serve with the  detailed, 20-year overview of the crisis, while also trying to provide a casual chain between the crisis components.

This study aimed to analyze lending small businesses on PT. Bank Riau Kepri, Branch Ahmad Yani, Pekanbaru to see the connection between the guidelines made by PT. Bank Riau Kepri in SK Directors Number: 107 / KEPDIR / 2013 dated October, 2013. The lending process is a series of stages that are integrated end-to-end process, which must be passed interconnectedness starting from initiation (petition), analysis, decision, realization of credit and credit administration stage, until completion non-performing loans. To explore the topics discussed, the researchers conducted interviews with key informance, because this research is qualitative data obtained by conducting interviews directly to the parties concerned, subsequent interpretation associated with the theories related to the process or the execution of lending small businesses (KPK) on PT. Bank Riau Kepri Branch Ahmad Yani, Pekanbaru.
The results showed that PT. Bank Riau Kepri Branch Ahmad Yani, Pekanbaru carry out lending in accordance with guidelines issued by PT. Bank Riau Kepri and has been in line with theories of banking in general or regulations of Bank Indonesia on credit. However, in order to maintain the health of banks, PT. Bank Riau Riau, branch assistant Ahmad Yani Pekanbaru should conduct assessment more tightly against the principle of 5C and a feasibility study is mainly Collateral accepted that the rate of return is guaranteed and customers have the motivation to restore credit smoothly, so that the bank can minimize the occurrence of bad loans (non-performing loans).

Keywords: credit, credit phases, small businesses loans, non-performing loan

Özet: Çalışmanın amacı kredi kayıp karşılıklarının makro ekonomik dengelerle iletişimini analiz ederek Türkiye için hangi değişkenin kredi kayıp karşılığıyla etkileşim içinde olduğunu anlayarak literatüre katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada kredi kayıp karşılığının makroekonomik değişkenlere etkileri kapsamlı bir şekilde alınmıştır. Öncelikle Türkiye'deki sorunlu kredilerinin durumu gerçekleşmeler doğrultusunda ele alınmış ve sorunlu kredilerin bankacılık sektörüne ve makro ekonomik etkileri irdelenmiştir. Akabinde yerli ve yabancı literatür taramasına yapılmıştır. Son bölümde ise kredi kayıp karşılığının makro ekonomik dengelere etkisi banka ve makro ekonomik değişkenlerle panel ve zaman serisi analizleri ile test edilmiştir. Havuzlandırılmış statik ve Dinamik regresyon sonuçlarına göre Ekonomik büyümedeki azalış kredi kayıp karşılığında artışa neden olmuştur. Benzer şekilde kurda meydana gelen artış (TL'nin değersizleşmesi) kredi kayıp artışa neden olmuştur. M3 para arzındaki ve faiz oranındaki artış ise kredi kayıp karşılığını azaltmıştır. Enflasyon ve faiz değişkenleri istatistiksel olarak anlamsız sonuç vermiştir. Bankacılıkla ilgili toplam aktifler ve personel sayısı değişkenlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamsız olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Zaman serisi analizinde ise Enflasyon ve faiz değişkenleri istatistiksel olarak anlamsız sonuç vermiş olup diğer değişkenler statik ve dinamik analizle aynı sonuçları vermiştir. Her üç model toplu olarak ele alındığında çalışma literatüre Türkiye'de kredi kayıp karşılığının ekonomik büyüme, kur ve para arzı ile belirlendiği sonucunu kazandırmıştır.

Presented at the 3rd South Asian Network on Economic Modeling (SANEM) Annual Economists’ Conference 2018 held on February 17-18, 2018 [http://sanemnet.org/saec-2018/#schedule]

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of the bank’s non-performing loans (NPLs) as a percentage of gross private sector credit in the 21 Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) including the four major South Asian economies during 1998 to 2015, with a focus on the macroeconomy and institutional quality. The static and dynamic country Fixed Effect (FE) and the Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM) approach are used to analyse the impact of the macroeconomic and institutional qualities on NPLs. Whereas, the Panel-Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) approach is used to examine the reverse impact of NPLs on the real economy. It is found that the NPLs attributes to both macroeconomic conditions and institutional quality, moreover, it is affected significantly by around 70% by previous year’s NPLs. On the other hand, NPL has an adverse impact on GDP, employment, credit and exchange rate. Therefore, this paper suggests that the high NPLs in LMICs would adversely affect their sustainable growth which recalls the early Schumpeterian (1911; 1917) advocacy for taking balanced position considering the demand and supply sides of the credit for the policy modelling.

November, 2016

Bank is an institute in which the general public, employees and organizations can deposit their savings and can take loan as required. It is the back bone of financial system which strengthens the economy as a whole. As we know that public, private and foreign banks are the types of banks; all have to follow the guidelines of RBI (Central bank of India). RBI has to keep a keen eye on the functions of banks. Borrowings and lending are the main functions of a bank. A banker shall be very cautious in lending, because banker is not lending money out of his own capital. A major portion of the money lent comes from the depositors received from the public and government share. At present NPA is like a termite for the economy. The bad loans of commercial banks as on the end of June 2017 were Rs. 8 lakh crores. In this direction the present paper highlights present level of NPA in public and private sector banks, and also compares public and private sector bank's NPA with some parameter like statistically significance, effect of advances on gross NPA. For analyzing these parameters, the researcher has used T-test.