Motor Control and Rehabilitation (Health Sciences)

As lesões esportivas apresentam-se como verdadeiro obstáculo para os atletas de alto rendimento. Além da limitação física, desencadeiam uma série de emoções, tais como ansiedade, depressão, medo e frustrações. Sendo assim, durante o processo de reabilitação e volta às quadras, o trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar é de fundamental importância, assim como as intervenções da Psicologia. Dessa forma, o presente guia de orientação com base no modelo ADDIE, tem como objetivo orientar os profissionais no desenvolvimento de habilidades psicológicas no processo de reabilitação dos atletas de alto rendimento visto a relevância dos aspectos psicossociais presentes neste contexto.

The Kalman filter is commonly used in neural interface systems to decode neural activity and estimate the desired movement kinematics. We analyze a low-complexity Kalman filter implementation in which the filter gain is approximated by its steady-state form, computed offline before real-time decoding commences. We evaluate its performance using human motor cortical spike train data obtained from an intracortical recording array as part of an ongoing pilot clinical trial. We demonstrate that the standard Kalman filter gain converges to within 95% of the steady-state filter gain in 1.5 ± 0.5 s (mean ±s.d.). The difference in the intended movement velocity decoded by the two filters vanishes within 5 s, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the two decoded velocities over the session length. We also find that the steady-state Kalman filter reduces the computational load (algorithm execution time) for decoding the firing rates of 25±3 single units by a factor of 7.0±0.9. We expect that the gain in computational efficiency will be much higher in systems with larger neural ensembles. The steady-state filter can thus provide substantial runtime efficiency at little cost in terms of estimation accuracy. This far more efficient neural decoding approach will facilitate the practical implementation of future large-dimensional, multisignal neural interface systems.

This chapter surveys the different control methods developed for spinal cord stimulation to restore walking after neural injury or disease. We start by exploring the networks within the spinal cord that control or modulate walking. Next we introduce the different modes of stimulating the spinal cord: intraspinal microstimulation, epidural spinal cord stimulation, and magnetic spinal cord stimulation. Finally, we delve into the control strategies developed for these spinal cord stimulation methods to generate walking. Many of the control methods were inspired by the locomotor central pattern generator. Others took a more traditional control engineering approach by implementing non-linear control methods such fuzzy logic and sliding mode control. The ultimate goal is to achieve effortless and natural walking that is adaptable and personalized to the user. Although this goal is a few years away from being realized, the integration of engineering, neuroscience, and rehabilitation is certainly the right approach.

This is a short history of the UK disability charity, The Cambodia Trust (founded Adderbury, Oxon, November 1989), which peace negotiator, Stan Windass, former diplomat, John Pedler and Peter Carey co-founded in November1989 in Oxfordshire and which was active in the establishment of rehabilitation centres (clinics) and training Schools for P&O students in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste) from 1989-2014, when it was renamed Exceed. An article which appeared on the Trust's work entitled 'Transforming Nations' in O&PEdge, which looks in particular at the Trust's Timor-Leste initiative (establishment of the national rehabilitation centre in Becora, Dili, March 2005) in February 2009 by Morgan Stanfield, is also included.

This text aims to analyze the function played by resistance in haptic interaction with environment in order to identify ergonomic principles for haptic HMI. For this purpose, we distinguish two general strategies for motor control mobilized in haptic interaction: the endogenous control of displacement, and the external control of displacement, which is defined by the use of the impenetrability of the structure being explored. This distinction helps to highlight the main functional value of resistance in haptic interaction: simplify the control of movement by reducing its degrees of freedom. In continuation of this analysis, we seek to evaluate the function of the skin component in haptic interaction, by showing the limits of unilaterally informational approaches, which reduce this function to simply providing data on the structure explored, and we propose to draw a series of lessons to improve the design of haptic devices.

Cerebral palsy can be defined as disorder of movement and posture caused by lesion in immature brain. Brain lesion leads to abnormal sensory motor development along with visual, cognitive and hearing impairments. Motor control in normal individual is developed as body come under the influence of higher centers. Universal exercise unit, spider web, therasuit, functional training and repetitions of body transitions are used in these protocols. Therapy sessions are extended from three to four hours. It can be used with children and adults with different neurological conditions like stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury and spina bifida. Spider cage is made of metal with equal length, width and height, size of cage can be different depending upon type of population pediatric or adults. Cage consists of elastic cords and belts, which are used to support the patients in the cage. Different activities of functional training can be practice in this cage easily. Elastic resistance of cords can be used to strengthen the weak muscles. Initiation of a particular posture can be easily trained in this cage. Therapies and techniques are discovered over the time to treat patients with cerebral palsy. Although use of universal exercise unit in rehabilitation is not new, however in cerebral palsy it can be used with new concept. Scientific research literature is limited on its effectiveness.

Can a literary success become the starting point for a course on individual sports methodologies? The didactic experiment described in these pages shows that reading and sports are not in antithesis, but they can work together to develop innovative didactic methods that keep up with the attitudes and needs of the digital natives generation.

People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience motor symptoms that are affected by sensory information in the environment. Sensory attenuation describes the modulation of sensory input caused by motor intent. This appears to be altered in PD and may index important sensorimotor processes underpinning PD symptoms. We review recent findings investigating sensory attenuation and reconcile seemingly disparate results with an emphasis on task-relevance in the modulation of sensory input. Sensory attenuation paradigms, across different sensory modalities, capture how two identical stimuli can elicit markedly different perceptual experiences depending on our predictions of the event, but also the context in which the event occurs. In particular, it appears as though contextual information may be used to suppress or facilitate a response to a stimulus on the basis of task-relevance. We support this viewpoint by considering the role of the basal ganglia in task-relevant sensory filtering and the use of contextual signals in complex environments to shape action and perception. This perspective highlights the dual effect of basal ganglia dysfunction in PD, whereby a reduced capacity to filter task-relevant signals harms the ability to integrate contextual cues, just when such cues are required to effectively navigate and interact with our environment. Finally, we suggest how this framework might be used to establish principles for effective rehabilitation in the treatment of PD.

Traditional physical therapy methods require significant time from trained medical staff, which is costly for clinics and hospitals, and often leave patients bored and unmotivated to complete their exercises. We offer a prototype for a motion-detection and music game to inspire greater engagement and adherence from patients undergoing physical therapy exercises for rehabilitation or strengthening. The game is customizable based on the patient's needs, dynamically reacts to the patient's performance in real-time, and may be used with or without the guidance of a medical professional.

The basic purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of prior knowledge in butterfly swimming style, on finswimming undulatory movement. The basic theoretical framework is based on work in cognitive science (Chi, Feltovich, & Glaser, 1981; Carey, 1994) and cognitive developmental psychology (Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992), which shows that prior knowledge can stand in the way of acquiring new information, which is incompatible with it. In such cases there is considerable conceptual reorganization of prior knowledge required in the process of development or the acquisition of expertise in a domain. In sport settings, Hanin, Korjus, Jouste, & Baxter (2002) noticed performance difficulties and technique errors when athletes change a sport field.

Quantitative movement analysis can detect impairments in mobility and balance in persons with pre-symptomatic HD (pre-HD); however, it is not known whether clinical tests can also detect such impairments. Given the ease of administering clinical tests, and the importance of assessing mobility and balance, we examined whether clinical tests can detect motor impairments in individuals with pre-symptomatic HD.Two clinical tests (Functional Reach Test [FRT] and Timed Up and Go [TUG]) and the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) were administered, along with quantitative gait analysis, to 15 individuals with pre-symptomatic HD and 15 controls.There was no difference in FRT and TUG scores across groups. Neither test was correlated with years to predicted disease onset or with quantitative gait analysis measures.Clinical assessments such as FRT and TUG are not sensitive in detecting motor impairments in individuals with pre-symptomatic HD. The subtle nature of impairments provides a rationale for the use of quantitative gait analysis in pre-symptomatic HD.

Motor learning has recently been shown to involve both error-based feedback and reward-based feedback. It has been suggested that error information is critical for an incremental descent process that converges towards the appropriate motor command while reward information is critical for motor command consolidation. In terms of neural systems, the cerebellum has been hypothesized to play a critical role in the generation and utilization of errors signals for learning, whereas the motor cortex has been hypothesized to be a site of consolidation. To explore these hypotheses, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over motor cortex during visuomotor adaptation. We compared two conditions; applying TMS so as to perturb neural activity on either rewarded or unrewarded trials. If motor cortex is primarily involved in consolidation, we predicted that TMS on rewarded trials would be disruptive. In contrast, TMS on unrewarded trials should have little effect on performance.
Participants made reaching movements to visual targets without vision of the limb. If the movement intersected the target, the target turned green and a pleasant “ding” was played. If the movement missed the target, the target turned red and an aversive “buzz” was played. A financial bonus system was used to increase motivation given the challenges of this categorical form of feedback. During a series of 441 reaches, a visuomotor rotation was gradually introduced between the “virtual” cursor location and the hand location, reaching a maximum of 8 degrees displacement (Izawa and Shadmehr, 2011). At the end of this adaptation phase, participants completed another 49 trials without any feedback. This washout phase allowed us to measure the temporal decay of motor learning. Participants were assigned to one of three groups. In the Success group, a TMS pulse was delivered on trials in which the reach intersected the target. In the Failure group, a TMS pulse was delivered on trials in which the reach missed the target. In the Control group, no TMS pulses were delivered.
The Failure and Control groups showed similar levels of learning during the adaptation phase, as well as similar decay during the washout phase. In contrast, the Success group did not learn the rotation and, as such, showed no aftereffect. While additional controls are required to rule out non-specific hypotheses (e.g., TMS is aversive, independent of the targeted location), the results suggest that disruption over motor cortex at the time of reward impairs motor adaptation. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that during normal learning, reward-signals following successful movements facilitate consolidation processes.

Background: The normal ability to distinguish the two points from one is the two-point discriminative sense. This forms an extremely important assessment in patient with injuries to nerves distributed to upper extremity and in parietal lobe disorders. But till date there is no normal value for the discrimination of two-point sense for the upper extremity in Indian adults. Objective: To estimate the reference value of two-point discrimination in both men and women among 18 to 28 years Indian adults. Materials and Methods: 50 apparently normal subjects comprising of 25 men and 25 women were recruited randomly for the study. 15 sensory areas in upper extremity was selected which covers all major dermatomes. The ability to distinguish the two-point was estimated in millimeters by using aesthesiometer. The results were tabulated and statistically analysed. Results: The two-point discrimination varies from 41.3±1.1mm in the upper lateral arm to 2.4±0.1 mm in the palmar surface of distal p...

Background: Early and objective prediction of functional outcome after stroke is an important issue in rehabilitation. Electroencephalography (EEG) has long been utilized to describe and monitor brain function following neuro-trauma, and technological advances have improved usability in the acute setting. However, skepticism persists whether EEG can provide the same prognostic value as neurological examination. Objective: The current cohort study examined the relationship between acute single-channel EEG and functional outcomes after stroke. Methods: Resting-state EEG recorded at a single left pre-frontal EEG channel (FP1) was obtained from 16 adults within 72 h of first stroke. At 30 and 90 days, measures of disability (modified Rankin Scale; mRS) and involvement in daily activities (modified Barthel Index; mBI) were obtained. Acute EEG measures were correlated with functional outcomes and compared to an early neurological examination of stroke severity using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Classification of good outcomes (mRS ≤1 or mBI ≥95) was also examined using Receiver Operator Curve analyses. Results: One-third to one-half of participants experienced incomplete post-stroke recovery, depending on the time point and measure. Functional outcomes correlated with acute theta values (r s 0.45-0.60), with the strength of associations equivalent to previously reported values obtained from conventional multi-channel systems. Acute theta values ≥0.25 were associated with good outcomes, with positive (67-83%) and negative predictive values (70-90%) comparable to those obtained using the NIHSS. Conclusions: Acute, single-channel EEG can provide unique, non-overlapping clinical information, which may facilitate objective prediction of functional outcome after stroke.

Background: People with neurological injuries such as stroke should exercise frequently and intensely to regain their motor abilities, but are generally hindered by lack of motivation. One way to increase motivation in rehabilitation is through competitive exercises, but such exercises have only been tested in single brief sessions and usually did not adapt difficulty to the patient's abilities. Methods: We designed a competitive arm rehabilitation game for two players that dynamically adapts its difficulty to both players' abilities. This game was evaluated by two participant groups: 15 participants with chronic arm impairment who exercised at home with an unimpaired friend or relative, and 20 participants in the acute or subacute phase of stroke who exercised in pairs (10 pairs) at a rehabilitation clinic. All participants first played the game against their human opponent for 3 sessions, then played alone (against a computer opponent) in the final, fourth session. In all sessions, participants' subjective experiences were assessed with the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire while exercise intensity was measured using inertial sensors built into the rehabilitation device. After the fourth session, a final brief questionnaire was used to compare competition and exercising alone. Results: Participants who played against an unimpaired friend or relative at home tended to prefer competition (only 1 preferred exercising alone), and exhibited higher enjoyment and exercise intensity when competing (first three sessions) than when exercising alone (last session). Participants who played against each other in the clinic, however, did not exhibit significant differences between competition and exercising alone. For both groups, there was no difference in enjoyment or exercise intensity between the first three sessions, indicating no negative effects of habituation or novelty. Conclusions: Competitive exercises have high potential for unsupervised home rehabilitation, as they improve enjoyment and exercise intensity compared to exercising alone. Such exercises could thus improve rehabilitation outcome, but this needs to be tested in long-term clinical trials. It is not clear why participants who competed against each other at the clinic did not exhibit any advantages of competition, and further studies are needed to determine how different factors (environment, nature of opponent etc.) influence patients' experiences with competitive exercises.

"Background
Many patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop freezing of gait (FoG), which may manifest as a hesitation or “getting stuck” when they attempt to pass through a doorway. In two experiments, we asked whether FoG is associated with (1) a deficit in internal representation of one's body size with respect to a doorway and (2) a mismatch between imagined and actual walking times when passing through a doorway.

Methods
23 subjects with PD (11 with and 13 without FoG) and 10 control subjects of similar age completed two experiments. In the Passability experiment, subjects judged the passability of doorways with different apertures scaled to their body widths. We compared passability estimates across groups. In the Imagery experiment, subjects timed themselves while: (1) imagining walking through doorways of different apertures and from different distances and (2) actually walking in the same conditions they had just imagined. We compared imagined and actual walking durations across groups and conditions.

Results
In the Passability experiment, the estimated just-passable doorway was wider, relative to body width, in PD subjects than in control subjects, but there was no difference between PD subjects with and without FoG. In the Imagery experiment, subjects in all groups walked more slowly through narrow doorways than though wide doorways, and subjects with FoG walked much more slowly through the narrowest doorways. PD subjects with FoG showed a large discrepancy between actual and imagined time to pass through narrow doorways, unlike PD subjects without FoG and control subjects.

Conclusions
The equivalent passability judgments in PD subjects with and without FoG indicate that FoG is not specifically associated with a deficit in ability to internally represent space with reference to body size. However, the large difference in duration between actual and imagined walking through narrow doorways in subjects with FoG suggests that PD subjects with FoG did not know how much they would slow down to pass through narrow doorways. The observed discrepancy between imagined and actual walking times may point to a specific problem that contributes to the occurrence of FoG. These results also suggest that caution should be used when interpreting brain imaging results from locomotor imagery studies with PD subjects who have FoG."

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the principal cause of disability in children. It is a neuromuscular disease that occurs due to the lesion in
the infant’s cerebral motor cortex that is acquired before, at, or within 5 years of birth.
Aim and objective: The purpose of this review is to inform the persons who are working on rehabilitation services, doctors, and well-wishers
of disabled children to reduce their problems by diagnosing the type of CP and by using suitable bioactive molecules, antioxidants, chemicals,
and different therapies.
Materials and methods: Eligible articles of various journals which are obtained from the Internet were studied very carefully to establish the
results of types, risk factors, diagnosis, and the management of CP.
Results: Total 76 reviews or research-based journal articles were reviewed. Among them, 28 were correlated with diagnosis, 7 were related with
risk factors, 6 were associated with diagnosis, 20 were linked with the prevention, and the rest 15 articles were connected with the introductory
part of CP.
Conclusion: The findings of this article emphasize describing the types, risk factors, types, correct diagnosis methods, and treatment processes
of CP.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Cerebral palsy, Diagnosis, Paralysis, Therapy.
Indian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (2020): 10.5005/jp-journals-10066-0088

Background. the basal ganglia's circuit dysfunction has a major role in a range of movement disorders. Some evidence has shown that exercise can improve performance, especially locomotor activity after brain injuries. There was currently insufficient information to define the impacts of intensity, duration, and frequency of different exercises. Objectives. in this study, we examine the role of mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B agonist on locomotor activity and anxiety-behavior dysfunction of ibotenic acid injection in striatum. Methods. forty male Wistar rats were randomly split into five groups. The animals received ibotenic acid infusions into striatum bilaterally. Locomotor activities of rats were assessed by open-field apparatus. Results. Our results showed that mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B could significantly increase distance in open field and decrease anxietybehavior in treadmill and drug groups than lesion group (P=0.008 and P=0.001 respectively). Conclusion. There is no significant difference between treadmill and drug groups. So, mild forced treadmill exercise and baclofen could improve motor dysfunction of lesion by ibotenic acid injection in striatum and anxiety-behavior.

Background: Ankle inversion injures are frequently encountered in Sport and most time players go back to sport with some residual deficits in ankle joint like instability and inefficient motor control of the ankle segment. For prevention some balance tests and digital balance devices are used to improve motor control ankle segment and balance skill. But in these approaches, balance tests are not effective and digital devices are not affordable in general usage. Biomechanical Balance Platform Device (BBPD) is designed to measure reaction time of motions of the ankle segment during dynamic balance performance to monitor motor control of ankle segment. The aim of the study is to assess internal consistency of the measurements obtained from BBPD to determine reliability of the device. Participants: Twenty athletes (19,2 ± 1,1 years) participated the study. Three measurement sessions were organized two days apart. It was told to the participants not to perform exercise with high intensity (non-tiring activity) until measurements complete. Results: In statistical analyzing the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for estimating internal consistency of the measurements of tree trials. In determining best result of reaction time score, the Cronbach's Alpha (CA) was 0,89 value, in number of reaction movements the CA was 0,92 value. So the reliability of the device determined as highly reliable. Discussions: The aim of the study was to determine level of the reliability of the BBPD. In the light of the results BBPD can be used as a rehabilitation or training device to rehabilitate injured athletes and to get athletes improve motor control in order not to encounter ankle injuries.

Background: Infrared rays, that comprise NIR, MIR and FIR rays, are increasingly used for enhancing athletic performance and muscle recovery but also for neuromuscular rehabilitation and in sports medicine. Infrared-based devices frequently used on athletes include infrared thermal blankets, infrared lipo laser paddles (soft-laser), infrared heat lamps, infrared bands, infrared saunas, infrared pens, far infrared-emitting ceramic or stone beads and far infrared-emitting apparel (technical sportswear). Methods: A literature analysis of the last twenty years was made regards the application of infrared rays on athletes. Results: Although the mechanisms of action of infrared rays are still unclearly, they develop endogenous heat and show many interesting heat-related effects and non-heat-related effects on the human tissues included skeletal muscles, tendons and ligaments. Conclusions: Infrared has a positive effect on all disorders of the locomotor system and concurs to the improvement of skeletal muscle performance, decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress, delays of muscle fatigue, reduces pain (also chronic pain) and inflammatory responses of muscles, protects against muscle injuries and stimulates general psychophysical well-being.

Millions of individuals around the world suffer from motor impairment or disability, yet effective, engaging, and cost-effective therapeutic solutions are still lacking. In this work, we propose a game for hand rehabilitation that leverages the therapeutic aspects of music for motor rehabilitation , incorporates the power of gamification to improve adherence to medical treatment, and uses the versatility of devices such as the Leap Motion Controller to track users' movements. The main characteristics of the game as well as future research directions are outlined.

Research on the so-called " neural correlates of consciousness " (NCC) has come out of its niche, becoming a " trendy " matter both in scientific literature and mass media. It is a consequence of knowledge forthcoming about " vegetative state " (SV) and " minimally conscious state " (MCS). The idea of losing command of ourselves is indeed one of the greatest fears of this century. We are aware of the fact that we can find ourselves in a not-so-defined state (that may be definitive), which could be of more or less complete dependence on the others for an indefinite time. Thus, the reflection on the nature of consciousness, apart from representing one of the central scientific challenges of this new millennium , is also an urgent human necessity. While the problem of consciousness is no longer an exclusive object of philosophy, the discussion on the social consequences of these syndromes where there is impairment of consciousness has begun to raise ethical matters. Generally, all the scientific matters imply two kinds of fundamental questions: (1) those related to the nature of the problem itself; and (2) the possible solutions of this particular problem. Concerning the nature of consciousness, we face a " constitutional dilemma " for consciousness is not defined in a univocal way by various researchers over the world. What are the consequences of this heterogeneity? The most obvious deduction we can draw is that we have not defined yet what exactly is consciousness. This leads to inevitable consequences of scientific procedure: the lack of prerequisites of reproducibility. For example, " apples fall down, " and when Newton gave this phenomenon a certain mathematical description, he referred to something that everybody could observe in an absolutely comparable way. Thereby, if—for example—a Dutch or Australian scientist would have liked to verify the Newton equations, he would not have had problems doing it, confirming the laws of gravity. Unfortunately, with respect to consciousness, the situation is not the same given that a certain discovery made in a Japanese laboratory may not be confirmed by another laboratory where this problem (and also the expected answer) is defined in another way. Contemporary researchers assume consciousness as the condition in which we wake up in the morning after a no-dreams sleep (e.g., John Searle), while for many others, it is a combination of perception, synthesis, subjectivity, and free will. For some scientists (including the neurophilosopher Thomas Metzinger), consciousness itself has a lot of illusive elements, as well as free will (e.g., Benjamin Libet, Martin Heisenberg, and others). According to others, the only element that can be examined in a scientific way is the exact moment when a subject (obviously collaborative) confirms his or her awareness of a certain stimulus. To conclude, it is not easy to reproduce and compare the results achieved in different laboratories of the world: We put forth various questions, and thereby, the possible answers can be incomparable. In our opinion, dividing consciousness in parts implies " the paradox of the parts of an unknown whole " (Sarà & Pistoia, 2010), which leads us to wonder whether it is possible to study the distinct parts of a whole that we have not yet described in its entirety. Another important limit in studying patients with SV and MCS is represented by the considerable heterogeneity of brain damages that cause the above syndromes. However, we can affirm that the scientific literature is moving toward a " connectionist " view of cognitive functions and therefore of consciousness itself. The concept of functional integration is more and more spread in neuroscience. Particularly, the phenomenon of consciousness would emerge from dynamic shaping of neural functional aggregates even between distant cerebral areas. We have used the verb " emerge " to represent the types of phenomena (called " emergence phenomena ") among which, according to different authors, could be also consciousness. An emergent phenomenon is something that draws on what already exists in that space assuming its own identity. For example, a flock of birds (which is a dynamic aggregate of elements previously independent from each other), in aggregate, forms a new and clearly recognizable entity. We know that the aggregate will adopt its own behavior with advantages for itself and, above all, the elements that form it: single birds. The phenomena of emergence can be the subject of studies even when considering the laws of quantum mechanics with important advantages taking into account the matters related to nondeterministic behavior of so-called " voluntary " mental activity. An emergent phenomenon must necessarily be regarded in its entirety (also in line with the paradox of the parts of an unknown whole).

Materials and Methods: Bio aerosol characteristics of air in the market were analysed by Reusable Aluminium Two Stage Viable Anderson Cascade Impactor. Spirometry with American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards was done in non-smoker 640 individuals; 210 individuals exposed to dust and 430 individuals living around the same area but not exposed to dust. According to age 2 groups were made. Group A (20-30years) having 110 exposed and 220 unexposed individuals .Group B (31-40years) having 100 exposed and 210 unexposed individuals. Spirometry results were compared between 2 groups using SPSS software version 16.0.2 for student’s t test and F test to test the statistical significance at p < 0.05 and confidence interval of 95%.

У овом раду су приказани резултати истраживања индикација за примену превентивно корективних вежби и игaрa у основној школи за образовање ученика са сметњама у развоју.  Основна претпоставка је да редуциран соматски статус ограничава функционисање ученика у школи и лимитира њихову могућност учествовања у наставним и ваннаставним активностима. Истраживањем је обухваћено укупно 24 ученика од I до VIII разреда (сви испитаници похађају основну школу за образовање ученика са сметњама у развоју). Узраст испитаника био је 9 до 17 година. Испитаници су били оба пола (9 испитаника женског и 15 испитаника мушког пола). Процена индикација за примену превентивно корективних вежби и игaрa je вршена Протоколом за утврђивање соматског статуса. Истраживањем је евидентирана висока учесталост различитих соматских дефицита код испитаника, што представља основну индикацију за примену превентивно корективних вежби и игaрa у свакодневном раду у школи за образовање ученика са сметњама у развоју. 
Кључне речи: специјална едукација и рехабилитација, превентивно корективне вежбе и игре, соматски статус.

Motor rehabilitation technologies commonly include virtual environments that motivate patients to exercise more often or more intensely. In this paper, we present a novel virtual rehabilitation environment in which two people work together to prepare meals. The players' roles can be fixed or undefined, and optional challenges can be added in the form of flies that must be swatted away. A preliminary evaluation with 12 pairs of unimpaired participants showed that participants prefer cooperating over exercising alone and feel less pressured when cooperating. Furthermore, participants enjoyed the addition of flies and preferred not to have defined roles. Finally, no significant decrease in exercise intensity was observed as a result of cooperation. These results indicate that cooperation could improve motor rehabilitation by increasing motivation, though the virtual environment needs to be evaluated with participants with motor impairment.