Metropolization

The territorial changes linked to metropolisation are prompt ans sound in the Dakar region and mostly in its outskirts which are at the core of the metropolis planning strategies. Here, the metropolitan outskirts refer to the former rural collectivities of Sangalkam in the north and that of Sebikhotane in the south; at  the eastern part of the Cape Verde peninsula. This article deals with the territorialities and the meanings they convery in a context in which the Dakar metropolis is reinventing its relationship with its surroundings. In order to account for the outskirts, socio-spatial, political, and territorial changes, the study is based on some qualitative facts gathered in 2009 and then brought up to date in 2014. Also, on investigations carried out with some institutionnal actors, community, movements as well as customaries. The results show that the changes occur in the Dakar metropolis outskirts are accompanied by territorial restructuring that upset more than they promote a coherent spatial organization. Several kinds of territoriality overlap each other’s by contributing more or less to the metropolitan integration.

Os mecanismos, por meio dos quais vem ocorrendo a expansão urbana,
iniciaram-se no século XX e formam parte do processo de urbanização e
conurbação de Florianópolis com os municípios de São José, Palhoça e
Biguaçu. Esse crescimento esteve marcado pela atuação dos agentes
produtores do espaço, em específico das incorporadoras, das
construtoras e do Estado, todos inseridos no sistema econômico
capitalista. Hoje, na segunda década do século XXI, presenciamos a
inovação de processos e produtos imobiliários, que se impõem sobre a
urbanização anterior e a sociedade, alcançando outros munícipios
próximos, como Santo Amaro da Imperatriz. O indiscriminado
parcelamento do solo em áreas periurbanas, o protagonismo das
empreiteiras vinculadas ao programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, a falta do
Estado como agente regulador do uso do solo e o monopólio imobiliário
das grandes empresas de construção civil nos levam a identificar que
estamos frente à financeirização do espaço urbano. Assim, a presente
pesquisa teve como objetivo: analisar de que forma os principais agentes
produtores do espaço urbano e as relações que estabelecem entre si
impactam no crescimento e na expansão da área conurbada da Região
Metropolitana de Florianópolis. Vale ressaltar que atualmente suas
intervenções não se limitam ao parcelamento do solo e à construção da
moradia, eles se vinculam, sobretudo, aos monopólios do setor
financeiro, além de se alimentarem da valorização imobiliária e de
estratégias operacionais agressivas, que dão como resultado a
fragmentação da malha urbana e a espoliação, por conta da extensão de
áreas residências periféricas, e o consequente incremento de
deslocamento casa-trabalho, trabalho-casa da população. Isso, somado
ao ineficiente sistema de transporte coletivo, acentua a segregação
socioespacial da classe de baixos salários, que é expulsa das áreas
centrais pelos mecanismos de valorização da terra. Tal fato implica
profundas alterações na forma, na estrutura e na natureza do espaço
urbano configurando, assim, um intenso processo de metropolização

The book presents lines of research and goals of project INCT Observatório das Metrópoles (Metropolis Observatory). It outlines aspects of metropolitan dynamics and potential effects on urban order arising from the national development model linked to the process of globalization and the new stage of capitalist accumulation, according to different theoretical interpretations. It also presents methodological procedures developed by the Metropolis Observatory for social analysis of the metropolitan space, the main concepts related to the structure of the social space – which is central to the research – as well as hypotheses guiding comparative research on possible changes in the fifteen Brazilian metropolitan areas. This book presents the results of the research on Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area. The book is organized in two parts ("Dynamics of Brazilian metropolization and socioeconomic and demographic changes" and "Changes in the social structure, in the territory and in the metropolitan welfare") and ten chapters that presents the social, political, economic and spatial changes of the Porto Alegre metropolis and metropolitan area during the last three decades (1980-2010).

En los últimos años América Latina muestra un crecimiento considerable en las ciudades de mediano tamaño (BID 2011). En México, este fenómeno sucede en las Zonas Metropolitanas donde se concentra más del 56 por ciento de la población total nacional (SEDESOL, CONAPO E INEGI 2010). La mayoría de estas áreas son conformadas por ciudades medias y pequeñas que anteriormente fungían como polos de desarrollo rural. Dentro de estas reconfiguraciones socio espaciales se experimentan relevantes cambios colectivos debido a procesos económicos, generando condiciones de desigualdad (Harvey 2012, Montaner y Muxi 2011). La prevalencia de un modelo de ciudad expansiva y fragmentada no solo ocurre en las grandes ciudades (CTSEmbarq, IMCO y Centro Mario Molina, 2013). Lo anterior, se demuestra a partir de un análisis conceptual, de una revisión de las políticas públicas y de una primera aproximación a la identidad colectiva en dos ciudades mexicanas. Además, de dar cuenta del estado actual de las delimitaciones urbanas y el ordenamiento del territorio en el país, lo cual permite un acercamiento a la compleja realidad de las problemáticas globales para plantear alternativas de solución desde la planeación y gestión de la ciudad.

Our article aims to understand the participation of the ‘backpacking neighbourhood’ Phạm Ngũ Lão in the current metropolization process of Hồ Chí Minh City. This neighbourhood is representative of Vietnamese ‘glocalization’. By this term, we mean the abilities of local stakeholders
to benefit from the opportunities created by an increasingly global economy. These skills are reflected not only in innovations and landscape transformations to attract tourists, but also in ‘reactivations’ based on older urban practices. We question not only the production of specific urban territories through backpacking activities, but also the spatial and social
inequalities they generate. By doing so, our intention is to combine tourism studies and urban studies to ‘unpack’ the figure of the backpacking neighbourhood and to go beyond the idea of urban enclaves.

Purpose - This article aims to explore the relationship between the financialisation dynamics of listed property companies (LPCs) and their participation in the metropolisation dynamics, in ten European countries between 2000 and 2017. The study takes place in a context of globalised real estate markets and modification of traditional urban economics.

Design/methodology/approach - The measure of financialisation corresponds to a beta increase, in the sense of the capital asset pricing model, and is corroborated by an informativeness index. LPC-owned properties are classified along two spatial segmentations. Panel models are used to analyse the relation between financial hierarchy changes and urban hierarchy changes (through building arbitrages).

Findings - Financialisation is generally associated with a decrease in the number of assets owned, especially in the Netherlands and the UK, whereas non-financialised companies tend to increase their number of assets, especially in “flight to quality” countries such as Germany and Switzerland. In the first case, non-urban spaces and small and medium urban areas are arbitraged in favour of urban cores and metropoles. In the second, investments are reallocated towards hinterlands and the lower segments of the urban hierarchy. Over the study period, the parallels between the financial hierarchy and the urban hierarchy were reinforced. Spain illustrates the risks of this evolution, whereas Sweden and Belgium present specificities.

Originality/value - This article illustrates how LPCs function as transmitting channels in the new spatial and urban organisation.

Link to the paper on the journal’s site:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JERER-10-2019-0035/full/html?skipTracking=true

Assuming a life cycle economy perspective and using the link between demography and house prices, this article proposes a methodology to analyze the spatial reshaping of housing wealth caused by the elder-boom. The modification in housing wealth circulation across generations is also a spatial modification that carries consequences for local territories. While the losses are amplified for some departments, others benefit from this reorganization. Metropolization is insurance against important wealth losses, whereas for the nonmetropolitan departments, a combination of second-order factors is required to avoid housing wealth decline. Our results suggest that these evolutions are mainly structural and that the cyclical variables are of secondary importance. Compensation, by positive cyclical trend, for structural decline is not a circumstance that currently obtains in French case. Gentrification also appears to be strongly related to this change, in which various macrostructural inequalities are reinforced. As for the unemployment rate, this indicator poorly reflects the shift and can be misleading.

The processes of suburbanization and metropolization of major Polish cities which have intensified since mid-1990s are characterized by specific socio-demographic changes, among which one of the most visible is the reversal of the direction of migration. Until the early 1990s migration from the countryside to the city center prevailed, however at present the outflow to external zone of the metropolitan area dominates. Not only the people of Kraków migrate but also increasingly the shift of industrial and service sectors to suburban zone is observed, which leads to the development and differentiation of functional and spatial relationships within the KMA. The aim of the study is to examine changes in the scale and direction of these relationships within the Kraków Metropolitan Area using data on commuting collected by the Central Statistical Office for the years 2006 and 2011

Resumen
Las autoridades mexicanas reconocen que el problema de la movilidad urbana en el país es un asunto que se ha ignorado por años, lo que ha acarreado diversas consecuencias socioespaciales y medioambientales. De igual manera, afirman que se requiere impulsar la estructura de gobernanza urbana, establecer marcos de apoyo y favorecer la planificación y gestión del desarrollo urbano para alinearse con los compromisos de la Nueva Agenda Urbana y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable de ONU-Hábitat. El presente documento expone un esfuerzo de gobernanza tripartita entre el gobierno de San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México, la Universidad del Valle de México, campus  Monterrey Norte (UVMCMN) y su comunidad estudiantil para construir patrones locativos y de tipología de movilidad a partir de la implementación de un instrumento cualitativo-cuantitativo. Los resultados evidencian que, aunque existe una buena cobertura de la red de transporte urbano y la comunidad tiene acceso a ella, dicha red es desaprovechada porque sus recorridos no responden a criterios de eficiencia, seguridad o economía para los estudiantes y, en consecuencia, la proximidad entre la vivienda y el espacio educativo, más que considerarse un atributo locativo positivo, es un factor de diferenciación y desigualdad social.

Abstract
The Mexican authorities recognize that the problem of urban mobility in the country is an issue that has been ignored for years, and that has caused various socio-spatial and environmental consequences. Likewise, they affirm that it is necessary to promote the urban governance structure, establish support frameworks and favor urban planning and management, to align with the commitments of the New Urban Agenda and the UN Sustainable Development Goals- Habitat. This document sets forth a tripartite governance effort between the government of San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico, and the Universidad del Valle de México, Monterrey Norte campus (UVMCMN), and its student community, through which use is made of technology to execute a qualitative-quantitative instrument to build locative patterns and mobility typologies. The results show that, although there is good coverage of the urban transport network and the community has access to it, said network is wasted because its routes make aspects such as efficiency, security or economy difficult, so the proximity between housing and educational space, rather than being considered a positive locative attribute, in this case of study, it is a factor of social differentiation and inequality.

Resumo
As autoridades mexicanas reconhecem que o problema da mobilidade urbana no país é uma questão ignorada há anos e que causou várias consequências socioespaciais e ambientais. Da mesma forma, afirmam que é necessário promover a estrutura de governança urbana, estabelecer estruturas de apoio e favorecer o planejamento e gestão urbanos, para alinhar-se com os compromissos da Nova Agenda Urbana e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU. Habitat. Este documento estabelece um esforço tripartido de governança entre o governo de San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México, e a Universidade do Vale do México, campus de Monterrey Norte (UVMCMN), e sua comunidade estudantil, através da qual o uso é feito de tecnologia para executar um instrumento qualitativo-quantitativo para construir padrões locativos e tipologia da mobilidade. Os resultados mostram que, embora exista uma boa cobertura da rede de transporte urbano e a comunidade tenha acesso a ela, essa rede é desperdiçada porque suas rotas dificultam aspectos como eficiência, segurança ou economia, dificultando a proximidade entre moradia e espaço educacional, ao invés de ser considerado um atributo locativo positivo, no caso do estudo, é um fator de diferenciação e desigualdade social.

Resumé
Les autorités mexicaines reconnaissent que le problème de la mobilité urbaine dans le pays est un problème ignoré depuis des années et qui a entraîné diverses conséquences socio- spatiales et environnementales. De la même manière, ils affirment qu'il est nécessaire de promouvoir la structure de gouvernance urbaine, d'établir des cadres de soutien et de favoriser la planification et la gestion urbaines, pour s'aligner sur les engagements du Nouvel Agenda Urbain et les Objectifs de Développement Durable des Nations Unies-Habitat. Ce document présente un effort de gouvernance tripartite entre le gouvernement de San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexique, et l'Universidad del Valle de México, campus de Monterrey Norte (UVMCMN), et sa communauté étudiante, à travers laquelle il est fait usage de la technologie pour exécuter un instrument qualitatif-quantitatif pour construire des modèles locatifs et une typologie de la mobilité. Les résultats montrent que, bien qu'il y ait une bonne couverture du réseau de transport urbain et que la communauté y ait accès, ce réseau est gaspillé car ses itinéraires rendent difficiles des aspects tels que l'efficacité, la sécurité ou l'économie, donc la proximité entre le logement et l'espace éducatif, plutôt que d'être considéré comme un attribut locatif positif, dans le cas de l'étude, il s'agit d'un facteur de différenciation et d'inégalité sociale.