Methodologies

The use of the Internet for conducting research has found that the level of anonymity intrinsic to web based surveys is useful in deterring various participant biases. Though, concerns about Internet privacy could interfere with the effects of perceived anonymity and influence how a person responds. In this study, participants were asked to take an Internet survey and then were randomly assigned to conditions with varying degrees of implied privacy in which they answered questions about their desire for casual sex (sociosexuality) and their lifetime sexual partners. Only in the condition without any threat to the participant’s anonymity was there no difference between men and women’s reports of their sexual behavior. However, in every condition men reported having a significantly higher sociosexuality than women. Findings are consistent with both the biologic and gender-biased explanations in differences of self-report for sexual information. Implications for social constraints and Internet based research are discussed.

This report is the work of a group of six young Egyptian researchers. Based on semi structured interviews and focus groups it explores the notions of identity held by contemporary young Egyptians, „offline‟ and „online‟. It sets out to unravel some of the „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ they are subject to. It was conducted through a period of two years from 2008 till 2010.

The research and its design arose from a problem the researchers observed within the contemporary Egyptian context, and that is the struggle between the forces of tradition and Modernity that the Contemporary Egyptian society faces. This has led to „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ about what manifests contemporary Egyptian identity. This problem is particularly apparent among young people in Egypt. On the one side, a large number of young Egyptians today feel comfortable adopting „Western‟ lifestyles while on the other side, there are those, who categorically reject these „Western‟ lifestyles in favor of more „traditional‟ ones. And yet others, in fact a large number of young people, adopt both lifestyles, though often in what can be seen as contradictory and inconsistent ways.

The  main  objective  of  this  article  is  to  present  a  sample  lesson,  which  incorporates authentic materials, for the English course LM-1230 Oral Communication I based on the pedagogical principles of Content-based Instruction (CBI). This sample lesson will help novice instructors who will eventually  teach  Content-based  Instruction  courses  at  an  intermediate  level  of  English.  The  target population of this sample lesson and its sample tasks consists of students who take the second-year oral course of the English Major in the School of Modern Languages at the University of Costa Rica. Throughout this course, students cover two main topics: health issues and environmental problems.

This article analyses different methodological approaches adopted by theoretical articles published in translation studies journals. To account for the range of perspectives, a small corpus comprising articles from three journals listed in both the Thomson and Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) was studied. The article discusses how the methods used could gain in rigor from being formalized. It begins by defining translation theory before outlining a corpus of articles to be studied. It then moves onto describing and discussing four methodologies to provide recommendations for conducting future research in translation theory.

Exploring Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas's interventions into debates regarding the history of Islam and the processes of Islamisation in the Malay World, this article argues that al-Attas's unique contribution to the Malay-Islamic historiography could only be fully understood by directing our attention to the problems of orientalism which al-Attas has sought to address. Al-Attas is critical of prevailing paradigms and methods of analysis adopted by orientalists which, to him, have obscured the circumstances that led to the venture of Islam in early modern Malay world. Aside from scrutinising al-Attas's attempts to correct and expose the errors committed by a select group of scholars and intellectuals, the article illuminates the new pathways that al-Attas explored to expand the frontiers of the history of Islam in the Malay World.

For full article please visit
http://tafhim.ikim.gov.my/index.php/tafhim/article/view/7

TRANSYT has been used in Chile since the early 1980s for cost–benefit analysis of infrastructure and traffic management projects. It is also the main tool of the Area Traffic Control Unit of Santiago de Chile since mid 1990s. As a result of this experience, many methodological improvements to the model have been done in order to take into account local conditions. This paper presents a review of these methodological as well as practical advances on the TRANSYT model made in the Chilean context during the past 15 years. Issues considered are cruise time distributions, the cycle-time selection method, saturation flows and car equivalents, public transport modeling, peak-hour delay calculation, modeling unsignalized intersections and zebra crossings, and fuel-consumption estimation.

Resumen:
A comienzos de los años 80 aparecieron los primeros libros relacionados con la historia de la fotografía española. La falta de modelos y metodologías específicas, la ausencia de una historiografía nacional previa, la escasa información sobre la materia y la pluralidad de enfoques implicados provocaron la dispersión de objetivos y una insuficiente reflexión teórica sobre los métodos históricos aplicados. El dilema entre la historia general de la fotografía española y las historias locales de la fotografía en cada una de las regiones de España, ha marcado el desarrollo y los avances de esta disciplina en las últimas tres décadas, y plantea un interesante debate sobre la “distancia adecuada” que el historiador debe tener respecto al objeto de su investigación.  La necesidad de renovar y actualizar la historia de la fotografía en España pasa por una reflexión sobre las metodologías empleadas hasta ahora y por profundizar en el conocimiento, el análisis y la definitiva recuperación del patrimonio fotográfico español.

Abstract:
The first books on the history of photography in Spain were published in the early 80s. The lack of specific models and methodologies, the absence of a previous national historiography, the limited information on the subject and the plurality of approaches involved caused the dispersion of objectives and an insufficient theoretical reflection on the historical methods applied. The dilemma between a general history of Spanish photography and local histories of photography in each of the regions of Spain, has marked the development and progress of this discipline in the last three decades, and raises an interesting discussion about the “appropriate distance” that the historian must have regard on the object of their research. The need to renew and update the history of photography in Spain, goes through a reflection on the methodologies used so far and deepen the knowledge, analysis and definitive recuperation of Spanish photographic heritage.

Historical Ecology is a multidisciplinary field that studies long-term relationships between humanity and the environment. There is a missing synthesis effort to organize and present the state of the scholarship in Historical Ecology in Brazil. We aimed to characterize by whom, when, where, what, and how research in Historical Ecology has been conducted in Brazil. We made a systematic mapping of 118 scientific articles published in Portuguese, Spanish, and English that fit our inclusion criteria. The results showed articles from 1998 to May 2021, published in 79 different journals. We found 264 national and international authors (60% men and 40%women); 91% of all investigations were carried out in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. There are few works about Cerrado, Caatinga, and Pampa, and none for Pantanal. The most mentioned keywords were historical ecology, Amazon, forest, and archaeology. Twenty-three articles focused on a particular species, primarily plants; 37% of all ar...

The Network of Networks for Impact Evaluation (NONIE) was established in 2006 to foster more and better impact evaluations by its membership, the evaluation networks of bilateral and multilateral organizations focusing on development issues, as well as networks of developing country evaluators. NONIE's member networks conduct a broad set of evaluations, examining issues such as project and strategy performance, institutional development, and aid effectiveness. But the focus of NONIE is narrower. By sharing methodological approaches and promoting learning by doing on impact evaluations, NONIE aims to promote the use of this more specific approach by its members within their larger portfolio of evaluations. This document, by Frans Leeuw and Jos Vaessen, has been developed to support this focus.

The teaching of law has experienced new challenges, especially with globalisation and the changes introduced by the Bologna process. However, it has been difficult to implement them before the insistence of the traditional methodology of expository lessons, deeply rooted in the cycles of law. One of the current challenging methodologies is the legal clinics, as a dynamic and providing tool for active learning and facilitating the acquisition of practical competences. The legal clinics offer the possibility of a teaching based on life cases, allowing students to observe the effective or simulated representation of legal cases, developing skills, also appealing to the values and ethics that are imposed on a future jurist, be a lawyer or a magistrate. The purpose of our study is to raise awareness of the paradigm shift in the teaching of law, especially in Portuguese schools. The legal clinics will raise awareness of civil society, instilling reliability in the legal services.   Keywor...