Marathi

Patil, Y. Y. (April 2015). Edited a book "SHABDAGANDH", Collection of Poetry, written by her Father Shri. Raghunath Narayan Raut / Raghu Varorkar; Pasaaydaan Foundation, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 78p.; ISBN: 978-93-521253-1-9. It is available free for reading HERE.

— Devnagari is the most popular script in India it is used by over 400 million people all over world. Recognition of Devnagari handwritten word has been a popular research area for many years because of its various applications. This paper describes different techniques for pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification which play an important role for recognition of word. Index terms- Preprocessing,Feature extraction,Segmentation

मराठी शुद्धलेखनावरून दीर्घ काळापासून सुरू असलेल्या वादाचा आढावा या लेखात घेतला आहे. मराठी लेखनाच्या नियमांमध्ये एकवाक्यता यावी यासाठी स्वातंत्र्यपूर्व काळापासून प्रयत्न केले जात होते. पन्नाशीच्या दशकातही ते सुरूच राहिले. महाराष्ट्र राज्यस्थापनेनंतर १९६२ साली महाराष्ट्र सरकारने अधिकृत लेखननियमांची घोषणा केली. असे असूनही शुद्धलेखनाचे नियम हा आजही मराठी सारस्वतातला एक वादग्रस्त आणि ज्वलंत विषय आहे. १९व्या शतकात मराठी भाषेचे आधुनिकीकरण होत असताना मराठीच्या लेखनामध्ये आणि व्याकरणामध्ये महत्त्वाचे बदल घडून आले. याच बदलांतर्गत शुद्धलेखनविषयक वादांना तोंड फुटले. या लेखात बदलत्या लेखनपद्धती, व्याकरणचर्चा, आणि भाषेच्या ऐतिहासिक अभ्यासाच्या संदर्भात शुद्धलेखनवादांची चिकित्सा केली आहे. स्वरचिन्हे आणि शिरोबिंदूंवरच्या वरकरणी चर्चा फक्त लेखनप्रक्रियेशी संबंधित नसून साक्षरता, ऐतिहासिक तथ्ये आणि भाषेच्या सामाजिक-राजकीय अस्तित्वाच्या खोल आणि गुंतागुंतीच्या विषयांशी निगडित आहेत, असा तर्क या निबंधात मांडायचा प्रयत्न केला आहे. हा निबंध इंग्रजीत येथे वाचता येईल: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42269164/download_file?st=MTQ4MDA1Njk1MywxMjUuMjIuMTA1LjUxLDk1Mjc3MQ%3D%3D&s=profile

... He offers a triangle of lines that link gods, poets, and audience ... Friedhelm Hardy in his book VirahaBhakti (1983: 489–91) observes similar inter-referential traits between South ... and the Bhågavata Purå~a, what he calls an “opus universale,” a text composed in South India in the ...

The translator Dr. Yojana Patil owe to Florece Scovell Shinn who wrote “The Game
of Life & How to Play It” original book in English, as
well as ‘Ishaamaa’ Kundanika Kapadia for bringing it
to India in a condensed Gujarati Translation “ીવન
એક ખેલ”, which she translated in Marathi here.

In theorizing the modernist avant-garde, there is a widespread tendency to collapse the distinction between modernity as a set of wider social and historical processes, and modernism as an artistic phenomenon. There is also a tendency to think of the modernist avant-garde as a failed attempt to erase the distinction between art as an institution and social life. In the Indian context, as the phenomenon of modernity is intrinsically connected to colonialism and the ‘ influence of the West’, modernism and the avant-garde is often understood, not just as Eurocentric but also as an inauthentic , derivative and superficial phenomenon. Underneath these established ways of understanding the modernist avant-garde and its social context is the reductive Marxist belief that there is a deterministic causality between ‘superstructure’ ( the avant-garde) and base ( social and historical condition of modernity). In the current article, I argue in the context of B.S Mardhekar’s Marathi poetry, tha...

This essay tries to map out place of Experimentations  introduced by P S Rege in modern Marathi lyrical poetry. Unexplored genre conventions, which mainly focused on 'print' and 'private' mode of poetic communication is the prime area of these experiments. Texts, on the one hand tries to deal with newly introduced notions of modern poetic discourse and on the other hand incorporates various Spech Genre of everyday Life in poetry. The essay signifies the importance of concept of experimentation not only in terms of style and form, but also with changing themes and visions.

In theorizing the modernist avant-garde, there is a widespread tendency to collapse the distinction between modernity as a set of wider social and historical processes, and modernism as an artistic phenomenon. There is also a tendency to think of the modernist avant-garde as a failed attempt to erase the distinction between art as an institution and social life. In the Indian context, as the phenomenon of modernity is intrinsically connected to colonialism and the ' influence of the West', modernism and the avant-garde is often understood, not just as Eurocentric but also as an inauthentic , derivative and superficial phenomenon. Underneath these established ways of understanding the modernist avant-garde and its social context is the reductive Marxist belief that there is a deterministic causality between 'superstructure' (the avant-garde) and base (social and historical condition of modernity). In the current article, I argue in the context of B.S Mardhekar's Marathi poetry, that using the framework of semiotics of culture as developed by the Tartu-Moscow school of cultural semiotics, we can attempt to theorize the avant-gardes afresh, especially in the Indian context and it can yield some significant insights into semiotic mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. According to this approach as the cultural mechanism underlying all communication as well as all generation of new information (including the modernist agenda of 'making it new' anywhere in the world at any time) involves translational exchange between two non-identical semiotic systems, thus we can understand the modernist avant-gardes as intrinsically a cross-cultural dialogic phenomenon instead of being merely a Eurocentric one. The dark surreal imagery of Mardhekar's poetry, accordingly, can be read as translation of the language of western avant-gardes into the language of traditional Marathi lyrical poetry that was sentimental and clichéd, and in the process compensating the continuous process of " aging " of the various means of meaning-generation in Marathi culture by the introduction and use of new, previously forbidden, meaning-generating structures. The pervasive and decisive presence of the urban life in the avant-gardes across the world can also be understood in cultural semiotics terms as the city is seen as a complex and powerful polyglot system of meaning generation. As the languages of the new hybrid avant-gardes were unfamiliar in the Indian context in the late nineteen-forties, one can understand the function of the texts like ' Skeletons Laugh' as ' text-codes' that seek to codify this avant-garde poetic idiom in Indian languages, thus opening up spaces for later postmodern avant-garde literatures to emerge. Using this framework, one can understand Modernism, an umbrella term for various avant-gardes, as the one which deliberately models the languages of art on the everyday semiotic heterogeneity of the contemporary semiosphere and deliberately introduces 'explosive' processes, the elements of chance and unpredictability, in the languages of art.

आपण जॉनला "बाप्टिस्ट" का म्हणतो? कारण “पश्चात्ताप” यासाठी त्याने पाण्यात लोकांना बाप्तिस्मा दिला. मी येशूला "बाप्टिस्ट" का म्हणतो? कारण अगदी पापावर विजय मिळविण्यासाठी आणि मृत्यूच्या भूमीपासून स्वतःला वाचवण्यासाठी, तो "पापांच्या पश्चात्ताप" साठी लढायला आला. त्याला मरणातून पुन्हा उठविल्यानंतर लगेचच त्याने आपल्या शिष्यांना पाण्याने नव्हे तर आत्म्याने बाप्तिस्मा दिला (जॉन २०:२२). जेव्हा येशूने पुनरुत्थानानंतरचे “आत्मा बाप्तिस्म्या” चे ध्येय सुरू केले आणि ते आजही चालू आहे. पहिल्या प्रेषितांना हे समजले आणि पृथ्वीवरील सर्व लोकांमध्ये येशूची ओळख करुन देण्यासाठी आणि त्यांच्या "बाप्तिस्म्याच्या आत्म्यास" मदत करण्यास गेले.

The earliest Marathi commentary on the Bhagwad Gita  known as the Dnyaneshwari, the Dnyanadevi or the Bhavarth Deepika (A.D. 1290) by Dnyaneshwar or Dnyanadev  (1275-  1293 AD ) is one of  the essential religious and spiritual texts in Maharashtra whose influence on the later development of Marathi literature and culture is enormous.  In a striking metaphor towards the end of his book, Dnyaneshwar tells his guru Nivruttinath, “O my Master, you have made me create this second universe in the form of this work, and that makes me mock at sage Vishwamitra, who created a transient world for Trishanku, simply to demean god Brahma. But this literary creation of mine will live forever.” (18.1886-87).  His act is like that of creating ‘duji shrusti’ an alternative universe like Vishwamitra creating an alternative world for Trishanku.  However, he Vishwamitra’s world was flawed so he mocks at it, while his own creation is not. This is possible because of the Guru’s grace and the grace of saints who he addresses in the’ dharma kirtan’. The current essay explores the implications of reading this act of creating ‘duji shrushti’ as an act of translation from the point of view of contemporary translation studies. The expanded notion of translation used  in order to approach pre-colonial texts like the Dnyaneshwari reveals a rich body of metaphors like that of Trishanku’s‘duji shrushti’ which can be seen as models cross-linguistic and cross cultural communication in pre-colonial multilingual society. An attempt then is made to historically situate these notions in their social and cultural contexts.

The period in which it was composed is significant for South Asia as well as Europe as these places witnessed, in Sheldon Pollock’s words, “transformation in cultural practice, social-identity formation, and political order with far-reaching and enduring consequences.”  He understands the creation of such a text as part of the process of ‘vernacularization’, or “the historical process of choosing to create a written literature, along with its complement, a political discourse, in local languages according to models supplied by a superordinate, usually cosmopolitan, literary culture (1998:21-26). However, I seek to demonstrate in my reading of the Dnyaneshwari using theoretical advances in translation studies and comparative literary studies, what seems to happen in this process is not a simple adoption of cosmopolitan models (teeka/bhashya) in the local languages but creation of new models, genres and literary languages, towards different functional ends, that are neither ‘Sanskrit’ nor ‘Marathi’, but interliterary in the sense of the term used by Durisin (1984) and are created through translation, understood as a process of semiotic transformation.  In social and cultural domain, bhakti literature is neither a single or simple political project of social liberation nor simple continuation of Puranic brahminical hegemony and instead of seeing it simplistically as ‘vernacularization’,  ‘revolution’ or ‘counter-revolution’, the processes of emergence of new literatures have to be understood in context of the complex overlapping and conflictual social and cultural formations of sects, patronage of multiple kinds, innovative intellects and caste-class-gender intersectionalities of literary polysystem of the period.

Keywords: Translation studies, Pre-colonial translation, Dnyaneshwari, Marathi literature, Vernacularization, Interliterary processes, comparative literature

The notions of bhakti and Maharashtra Dharma have remained critical for construction and contestation of modern Marathi identity, and the current write up seeks to provide a brief historical overview of these constructions and modern contestations.

My fortnightly column on the identity of Maharashtra in Saamana, the Mouthpiece of Shivsena .
It deals with issues of Maharashtra History, Marathi Language, Marathi Diaspora, The archaic expressions of Identity politics and the possibilities of Marathikaaran(the new politics of Marathi language,culture and the Marathi speaking people).

This paper reiterates that metathesis is a non-arbitrary and valuable process of sound change; an idea that is in line with the latest research in the field of Phonology and Historical Linguistics. The central idea is to evaluate the occurrence of aspirated nasal clusters through various stages of Marathi evolution and to find out if the process in question is Metathesis. Phonological theories ranging from rule-based arguments to Optimality Theory are employed to explain the process of metathesis of the aspirated nasal cluster /hm/ to /mh/ in Marathi. There are issues like dialectal variation, occurrence of tatsama words and lack of researchable data that make this process of identification difficult. Therefore in this paper I have attempted to draw an etymological connection of this cluster through various stages of the Indo-Aryan (leading to Marathi) evolution, namely:
Sanskrit > Prakṛit > Proto New Indo-Aryan > Old Marathi > Transition stage  (Middle Marathi, Early Modern Marathi)  > Modern Marathi.
I have thus tried to put together a larger picture to map the history of /mh/ cluster using data examples from various stages.

The aim of this paper is to present the literature of the meteorological aphorisms in some North Indian Indo-Aryan languages. Our presentation is based only upon written data, which are available in collections of proverbs and other sayings or in corpus of folk astrology.
The meteorological aphorisms, which can be considered as a class by themselves, contain two kinds of elements dealing respectively with the observation and the forecasting of weather and crops. This literature can be presented as didactic and predictive and is connected with folk astrology, especially as far as expressing date and time is concerned. Moreover, in North India, such corpus have been ascribed to legendary astrologers, whose names, as can be seen in the bhanitas, are linked with one another.
Many meteorological aphorisms can be traced as identical, with small formulary or dialectic differences, in many regions of North India. Hence we have a "continuum" of both aphorisms and formulae, the variations of which indicate their diffusion and their circulation. Thus, on the basis of this continuum, it is possible to create a thesaurus of meteorological aphorisms, which could be the beginning of a critical study.

Avant-garde experimental Marathi poetry after the 1990s underwent a spectacular shift of sensibility, linguistic orientation, styles, thematic concerns and techniques. The shift was correlated to the social, economic and cultural processes of globalization and liberalization which were unleashed upon Indian society at that time, and led to this emergent poetry being largely read in the context of globalization and its discontents. This write-up seeks not only to explore the varied stylistic and thematic concerns in Hemant Divate’s poetry but also seeks to situate it in the wider literary, cultural and historical contexts of its production.

Machine translation has expanded immensely, particularly in this period. Machine translation can be broken into seven main steps namely- token generation, analyzing morphology, lexeme, tagging Part of Speech, chunking, parsing, and disambiguation in words. NLP is a promising field of research, which enables the machine to analyze and process the meaning behind human languages. The aim of our project is to assign a specific grammatical class to the input sequence of Hindi and Marathi language. Major part of India's population belongs to rural areas and these people are more comfortable and well acquainted with Hindi and Marathi Language. It is considered one of the official languages of India. But, as most of the material available online today is in English it becomes difficult for them to understand it. So, to ease up their interaction with the online portal and to make it effective, language translation comes into view and Natural Language Processing plays a key role in it. From speech recognition to sentiment analysis, NLP is the backbone of this interaction. Furthermore, for development of any NLP application, POS tagging is a necessary step. English language tagging is already available so our concentration was basically more on Hindi and Marathi corpus POS tagging. Although there are many approaches available for POS tagging like rule- based POS tagging, lexical analysis etc. we have considered the stochastic based POS tagging for our project because of its better results in other languages.

Text-line segmentation is an essential part of script identification technique from handwritten and printed document images. In case of handwritten documents, overlapping, touching, skewed and small perforations between the lines makes line extraction difficult task. Presence of such variations leads to errors and wrong identification of script. This paper describes an efficient line extraction technique from handwritten document images using histogram and connected component analysis. Using horizontal histogram profile, a threshold, i.e., average height of a line in the given document is computed, using which the non-overlapping lines are extracted. In order to extract overlapping lines, that exceed the given threshold, a rectangular bounding box is imposed over the words of the overlapping lines using connected component analysis. The mid-point of each bounding box is then calculated and compared with the average height of the image to label each component as either belonging to u...

The Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE) provides document collections, topics, and relevance assessments for information retrieval (IR) experiments on Indian languages. Several research questions are explored in this article: 1) How to create create a simple, language-independent corpus-based stemmer, 2) How to identify sub-words and which types of sub-words are suitable as indexing units, and 3) How to apply blind relevance feedback on sub-words and how feedback term selection is affected by the type of the indexing unit. More than 140 IR experiments are conducted using the BM25 retrieval model on the topic titles and descriptions (TD) for the FIRE 2008 English, Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi document collections. The major findings are: The corpus-based stemming approach is effective as a knowledge-light term conflation step and useful in the case of few language-specific resources. For English, the corpus-based stemmer performs nearly as well as the Porter stemmer and ...

The earliest Marathi commentary on the Bhagwad Gita  known as the Dnyaneshwari, the Dnyanadevi or the Bhavarth Deepika (1290) by Dnyaneshwar  (1275-  1296 CE) is one of  the essential  religious and spiritual texts of Maharashtra.  Sheldon Pollock would see creation of such a text as part of the process of ‘vernacularization’, or “the historical process of choosing to create a written literature, along with its complement, a political discourse, in local languages according to models supplied by a superordinate, usually cosmopolitan, literary culture (1998:26). As far as ideological aspect of this activity is considered, the legacy of Bhakti is a contested one in the modern age. While numerous critics like Gangadhar Gadgil (1994) typically hold that Dnyaneshwar “laid the foundation of a social revolution. Dharma or spiritual experience in its highest form was brought within the reach of the ordinary people. Potters, cobblers, tailors, maidservants, all shared this spiritual experience (9), radical intellectuals and reformers like Phule held that after the destruction of Buddhism at the hands of Shankaracharcya, “When the brave followers of the Prophet Hajrat Mohammed destroyed not merely the religious contrivances of the Aryan Brahmins but also destroyed the idols of the Somnath temple with their swords, started to liberate the Shudra farmers from the swindle of the brahmins, the brahmins like Mukundraj and Dnyaneshwar selected some portions of the Bhagwat texts and brought them into Prakrit in the  form of the texts like the  Vivek Sindhu and the  Dnyaneshwari as part of their conspiracy and deceived the farmers so much that they started considering the Koran as well as Muslims as inferior and started hating them.”(Cited by Padhye, 2017, 12).

However, I seek to demonstrate in my reading of the Dnyaneshwari using theoretical advances in translation studies and comparative literary studies, what seems to happen in this process is not a simple adoption of cosmopolitan models (teeka/bhashya) in the local languages but creation of new models, genres and literary languages, towards different functional ends, that are neither ‘Sanskrit’ nor ‘Marathi’, but interliterary in the sense of the term used by Durisin (1984) and are created through translation, understood as a process of semiotic transformation.  The ideological constraints of sectarian ideologies and negation for patronage are critical in not only understanding pre-colonial Marathi literature but also in reading refractions, retellings and pre-colonial bilingualism.  In a larger social and cultural domain, we discover that bhakti literature is neither a single or simple political project of social liberation nor of simple continuation of Puranic brahminical hegemony. It is heterogeneous and having many contradictory strands, some of which are radical and many deeply conservative.  Instead of seeing it simplistically  as ‘vernacularization’,  ‘revolution’ or ‘counter-revolution’, the processes have to be approached in more nuanced manner  in context of the complex overlapping and conflictual social and cultural formations of sects, patronage of multiple kinds, innovative talents and systems of caste-class-gender intersectionalities of the period within which the literary polysystem is situated.
.
Key words: Dnyaneshwari, Marathi literature, the Bhagwad Gita, Commentary, translation, precolonial period

This paper describes the integration of commonly used screen readers, namely, NVDA [NVDA 2011] and ORCA [ORCA 2011] with Text to Speech (TTS) systems for Indian languages. A participatory design approach was followed in the development of the integrated system to ensure that the expectations of visually challenged people are met. Given that India is a multilingual country (22 official languages), a uniform framework for an integrated text-to-speech synthesis systems with screen readers across six Indian languages are developed, which can be easily extended to other languages as well. Since Indian languages are syllable centred, syllable-based concatenative speech synthesizers are built. This paper describes the development and evaluation of syllable-based Indian language Text-To-Speech (TTS) synthesis system (around festival TTS) with ORCA and NVDA, for Linux and Windows environments respectively. TTS systems for six Indian Languages, namely, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Malayala...

Machine translation is being carried out by the researchers from quite a long time. However, it is still a dream to materialize flawless Machine Translator and the small numbers of researchers has focussed at translating Marathi Text to English. Perfect Machine Translation Systems have not yet been fully built because the fact that languages differ syntactically as well as morphologically. Majority of the researchers have opted for Statistical Machine translation whereas in this paper we have addressed the challenges of Rule based Machine Translation. The paper describes the major divergences observed in language Marathi and English and many challenges encountered while attempting to build machine translation system form Marathi to English using rule based approach. As there are exceptions to the rules and limit to the feasibility of maintaining knowledgebase, the practical machine translation from Marathi to English is a complex task.

In this paper we present a Marathipart of speech tagger. It is morphologically rich language. it is spoken
by the native people of Maharashtra. The general approach used for development of tagger is statistical
using Trigram Method. The main concept of Trigram is to explore the most likely POS for a token based on
given information of previous two tags by calculating probabilities to determine whichthe best sequence of
tag is. In this paper we show the development of the tagger. Moreover we have also shown the evaluation
done.

In this paper we propose a system for recognition of Marathi handwritten numbers. In this system we develop an algorithm in which we employed Euclidean distance technique for recognition. This algorithm tested on our own database in which we collected 0-9 handwritten Marathi numbers and this handwritten numbers converted in digitization using scanner of brand UMAX model Astra 5600. The handwritten font size of each numbers for each person is different and we made same size, by comparing query/test image of number with database image of numbers by removing rows and columns from bigger size of row and column. Also we compare two techniques of removing rows and columns from centre and removed rows and columns from outer sides (i.e. from top, bottom, left and right side) of database images of numbers for calculation of Euclidean distance. The algorithm tested in Matlab tool and the result is shown in table.