Marathi

e-Governance and Web based online commercial multilingual applications has given utmost importance to the task of translation and transliteration. The Named Entities and Technical Terms occur in the  source language of translation  are called out of vocabulary words as they are not available in the  multilingual corpus or dictionary used to support translation process. These Named Entities and Technical Terms need to be transliterated from source language to target language without losing their phonetic properties. The fundamental problem in India is that there is no set of rules available to write the spellings in English for Indian languages according to the linguistics. People are writing different spellings for the same name at different places. This fact certainly affects the Top-1 accuracy of the transliteration and in turn the translation process. Major issue noticed by us is the transliteration of named entities consisting three syllables or three phonetic units in Hindi and Marathi languages where people use mixed approach to write the spelling either by orthographical approach or by phonological approach. In this paper authors have provided their opinion through experimentation about appropriateness of either approach.

Machine translation is being carried out by the researchers from quite a long time. However, it is still a dream to materialize flawless Machine Translator and the small numbers of researchers has focussed at translating Marathi Text to English. Perfect Machine Translation Systems have not yet been fully built because the fact that languages differ syntactically as well as morphologically. Majority of the researchers have opted for Statistical Machine translation whereas in this paper we have addressed the challenges of Rule based Machine Translation. The paper describes the major divergences observed in language Marathi and English and many challenges encountered while attempting to build machine translation system form Marathi to English using rule based approach. As there are exceptions to the rules and limit to the feasibility of maintaining knowledgebase, the practical machine translation from Marathi to English is a complex task.

This paper describes the approach followed for development of speech database of Marathi digits starting from Shunya (zero) up to Nau (nine). The following paper describes the step by step procedure followed for the development of the speech database. For the development of automatic speech recognition (ASR) it is necessary to have a speech databases and the recognition rate depends upon the quality of the used speech databases. I. INTRODUCTION Speech is the way communication between humans where human can share their information with each other. The researchers around the world are trying to develop new interface system for communication between human and computer. Speech is having the capability of being used as a mode of interaction between human and Computer. Estimated number of languages spoken around the world varies between 6,000 and 7,000. Language technologies can play a vital role in the natural interfaces for those who can't understand the particular language. The lan...

Machine translation has expanded immensely, particularly in this period. Machine translation can be broken into seven main steps namely- token generation, analyzing morphology, lexeme, tagging Part of Speech, chunking, parsing, and disambiguation in words. NLP is a promising field of research, which enables the machine to analyze and process the meaning behind human languages. The aim of our project is to assign a specific grammatical class to the input sequence of Hindi and Marathi language. Major part of India's population belongs to rural areas and these people are more comfortable and well acquainted with Hindi and Marathi Language. It is considered one of the official languages of India. But, as most of the material available online today is in English it becomes difficult for them to understand it. So, to ease up their interaction with the online portal and to make it effective, language translation comes into view and Natural Language Processing plays a key role in it. From speech recognition to sentiment analysis, NLP is the backbone of this interaction. Furthermore, for development of any NLP application, POS tagging is a necessary step. English language tagging is already available so our concentration was basically more on Hindi and Marathi corpus POS tagging. Although there are many approaches available for POS tagging like rule- based POS tagging, lexical analysis etc. we have considered the stochastic based POS tagging for our project because of its better results in other languages.

In theorizing the modernist avant-garde, there is a widespread tendency to collapse the distinction between modernity as a set of wider social and historical processes, and modernism as an artistic phenomenon. There is also a tendency to think of the modernist avant-garde as a failed attempt to erase the distinction between art as an institution and social life. In the Indian context, as the phenomenon of modernity is intrinsically connected to colonialism and the ' influence of the West', modernism and the avant-garde is often understood, not just as Eurocentric but also as an inauthentic , derivative and superficial phenomenon. Underneath these established ways of understanding the modernist avant-garde and its social context is the reductive Marxist belief that there is a deterministic causality between 'superstructure' (the avant-garde) and base (social and historical condition of modernity). In the current article, I argue in the context of B.S Mardhekar's Marathi poetry, that using the framework of semiotics of culture as developed by the Tartu-Moscow school of cultural semiotics, we can attempt to theorize the avant-gardes afresh, especially in the Indian context and it can yield some significant insights into semiotic mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. According to this approach as the cultural mechanism underlying all communication as well as all generation of new information (including the modernist agenda of 'making it new' anywhere in the world at any time) involves translational exchange between two non-identical semiotic systems, thus we can understand the modernist avant-gardes as intrinsically a cross-cultural dialogic phenomenon instead of being merely a Eurocentric one. The dark surreal imagery of Mardhekar's poetry, accordingly, can be read as translation of the language of western avant-gardes into the language of traditional Marathi lyrical poetry that was sentimental and clichéd, and in the process compensating the continuous process of " aging " of the various means of meaning-generation in Marathi culture by the introduction and use of new, previously forbidden, meaning-generating structures. The pervasive and decisive presence of the urban life in the avant-gardes across the world can also be understood in cultural semiotics terms as the city is seen as a complex and powerful polyglot system of meaning generation. As the languages of the new hybrid avant-gardes were unfamiliar in the Indian context in the late nineteen-forties, one can understand the function of the texts like ' Skeletons Laugh' as ' text-codes' that seek to codify this avant-garde poetic idiom in Indian languages, thus opening up spaces for later postmodern avant-garde literatures to emerge. Using this framework, one can understand Modernism, an umbrella term for various avant-gardes, as the one which deliberately models the languages of art on the everyday semiotic heterogeneity of the contemporary semiosphere and deliberately introduces 'explosive' processes, the elements of chance and unpredictability, in the languages of art.