Ljubljana

Lacan’s concept jouissance marks the both painful and joyful disturbance of a mind’s libidinal equilibrium which also gives coherence to the basic structure of reality from the point of view of the individual. Because someone can live a fulfilling life and be happy at all levels of what modern society has to offer, and yet may not resist a very specific form of jouissance – to risk all in favor of a small and obscene deviation from the ordinary: through a WhatsApp message to a minor showing oneself half naked, through cocaine use or a photo of a preteen Thai girl which is hidden in a drawer. The life of the individual becomes condensed as symbolic in confrontation with this minor and sinful deviation from the conventional (the nude photo from Thailand, the drugs, etc.) which, paradoxically, is effective only by being potentially capable of destroying the symbolic universe of the individual. The seemingly ‘slight deviation’ (Epicurus) may influence as traumatic and overly intense encounter with an other the subject’s ability to accept the full ontological weight of her or his world experience. Lacan’s notion of jouissance helps us understand this kind of transgression, which an individual mind might have to risk as a reenactment of what Lacan calls the “forced choice” of subjectivity.

Prvi maj praznujemo v spomin na krvave proteste leta 1886 v Chicagu, ko so delavci protestirali za osemurni delavnik in ostale delavske pravice. Prvi maj je tekom desetletij postal praznik dela v večini držav, med državami, ki ga ne obeležujejo, pa še vedno ostajajo Združene države Amerike.

Abstract

During the second half of July and the first days of August 1883, the provincial committee of the Duchy of Carniola (Deželni odbor vojvodine Kranjske) organized a provincial exhibition in the Oberrealschule of Ljubljana to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the annexation of the Province of Carniola by the Habsburg crown. The exhibition was exhaustively advertised in the feuilleton Deželna razstava v realki (Provincial exhibition in the Oberrealschule), printed in the newspaper Slovenski narod from July 21 to August 1, 1883. Two exhibition catalogues were edited, a German one 39 pages long (Katalog der im Gebäude der k. k. Oberrealschule befindlichen Landesausstellung ...) and a Slovenian one 32 pages long (Katalog deželne razstave v poslopji tukajšnje ...).
There are several important differences between the two catalogues. In the Slovenian edition, the Habsburgica chapter (German catalogue, pp. 22–24) is missing, though it has 6 pages of supplementary material. Thirteen pages of the German catalogue (pp. 3–15), but only two of the Slovenian one (pp. 3–4), are devoted to the archaeological part of the exhibition entitled Carniolia antiqua. Krain in der Urzeit und unter der Römerherrschaft (Carniola in antiquity and under Roman Rule). The exhibition presented many objects from Dežman’s pile-dwellings at Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana Marshes), from the Urnfield period, from Hallstatt period graves (Vače, Šmarjeta, Magdalenska gora near Šmarje, Tržišče near Dolenja vas, Šmihel pod Nanosom) and from the Roman period. Displayed artifacts included the famous Hallstatt-period Vače Situla, discovered in1882, and exceptional objects that belonged to the second Late Roman hoard from Gora above Polhov Gradec, excavated in 1883.
Finds not only came from the Prehistoric and Roman collections of the Provincial museum (Deželni muzej, Landesmuseum) in Ljubljana, but also from some private collections (Wilhelm Dollhof, Prince Ernst Windischgrätz from Vienna, Albert Samassa, Luka Tavčar and Lady Vok from Ljubljana, Anton Globočnik from Postojna, and Franjo Jarc from Mirna). Several of the latter were never added to any museum collection.

This text was proof-read by Emily Zavodny from the Penn State University (USA).


Izvleček

V drugi polovici julija in prvih dneh avgusta leta 1883 je bila v ljubljanski realki postavljena deželna razstava, ki jo je pripravil Deželni odbor vojvodine Kranjske. Tega leta so praznovali 600-letnico priključitve Kranjske habsburški kroni. O razstavi je izčrpno poročal podlistek Deželna razstava v realki, ki je izhajal v Slovenskem narodu od 21. julija do 1. avgusta 1883. Natisnjena sta bila dva razstavna kataloga, nemški na 39 straneh (Katalog der im Gebäude der k. k. Oberrealschule befindlichen Landesausstellung ...) in slovenski na 32 straneh (Katalog deželne razstave v poslopji tukajšnje ...).
Med njima je nekaj pomembnih razlik. V slovenskem ni poglavja Habsburgica (nem. katalog, str. 22–24), ima pa 6 strani dodatka. V nemškem je arheološki del razstave, ki je nosil naslov Carniolia antiqua. Kranjska v davnini in pod rimsko oblastjo, popisan na trinajstih straneh (od 3 do 15), v slovenskem pa na samo dveh (strani 3 in 4). Na razstavi je bilo veliko predmetov iz Dežmanovih kolišč na Ljubljanskem barju, iz žarnogrobiščne dobe, iz halštatskih grobov (Vače, Šmarjeta, Magdalenska gora pri Šmarju, Tržišče pri Dolenji vasi,  Šmihel pod Nanosom) in iz rimske dobe, med njimi leta 1882 odkrita vaška situla in leta 1883 izkopani predmeti druge zakladne najdbe z Gore nad Polhovim Gradcem.
Poleg najdb iz prazgodovinske in rimske zbirke Deželnega muzeja so bile na ogled tudi najdbe iz zasebnih zbirk (Wilhelma Dollhofa, kneza Ernsta Windischgrätza z Dunaja, Alberta Samasse, Luke Tavčarja in gospe Vok iz Ljubljane, Antona Globočnika iz Postojne ter Franja Jarca z Mirne), katerih del pozneje ni prišel v noben muzej. 

Ljubljana, November 12, 2015                      Dragan Božič

V ponedeljek, 16. julija 2018, sem imel opravek v bližini Zmajskega mostu, in ko sem ga razmišljeno prečkal, kot najbrž že tisočkrat prej, sem se ne vem zakaj spomnil, da mi je Primož Simoniti pred časom govoril o plošči z latinskim napisom, ki je vzidana vanj. Ustavil sem se in jo res takoj našel. Vzidana je na desnem bregu pri Pravni fakulteti in je nekakšna zgodovinska opomba pod črto, ki so si jo ob gradnji novega železobetonskega mostu leta 1901 privoščili Ljubljančani. Plošča je prej krasila temelje hrastovega Mesarskega mostu, ki ga je potres leta 1895 prehudo poškodoval. Napis je precej standarden, je pripovedoval Primož, zanimiv pa je elegični distih, s katerim se konča. Kronogram, v katerem se skriva letnica 1819, ko je bil leseni most postavljen, gre takole:

eVge eXoptatVs sVrreXIt Vt arCeat Ignes
    arDeret sI qVa proXIMVs VCaLegon

Krasno, postavljen je, zdaj bo lahko odganjal plamene,
    če bo v bližini mostu kje Ukalégon vzplamtel.

Ukalégon je precej obskurna mitološka figura, Priamov prijatelj iz tretjega speva Iliade, novi prevod Jelene Isak Kres ga označi kot »razsodnega moža«. Potem se pojavi še pri Vergiliju, v drugem spevu Eneide, ko Ahajci požgejo Trojo - in še enkrat, že s pridihom parodije, pri Juvenalu, v tretji satiri, ki sem jo nekoč prevajal in si najbrž samo zato zapomnil ime. Primožu se je zdelo imenitno dvoje - da so učeni Ljubljančani v začetku 19. stoletja na most vzidali še kar subtilno literarno referenco in da so jo njihovi potomci več rodov kasneje, v začetku 20. stoletja, spoštljivo ohranili. Ploščo sem si shranil v telefon in zraven pomislil, kako značilno je za Primoža, da ti zna sredi Zmajskega mostu, ki si ga videl že tolikokrat, odpreti oči za Homerja, Vergilija in Juvenala, ki so vzidani vanj. Hkrati sem razmišljal, kako bi ga nagovoril za članek o tem napisu, da bi ga lahko objavili v novi znanstveni reviji, ki jo pripravljamo z našimi študenti. Ravno na študente na svojem oddelku je bil vedno zelo ponosen. Naslednjega jutra sem potem izvedel, da članka ne bo, tako da ne vem, kaj bi mi rekel. Precej dobro pa vem, kaj si misli zdajle, kjerkoli že bere to zgodbo in njeno čudno sumljivo časovno sovpadanje. Z nasmeškom si mrmra misel nekega drugega skeptičnega učenjaka, Giordana Bruna, ki jo je rad citiral: Se non è vero, è ben trovato. Če že ni res, je pa vsaj dobro izmišljeno.

V prispevku avtor prikazuje razvoj stanovanjskih razmer v Ljubljani v prvih dveh desetletjih po drugi svetovni vojni. Prikazan je celovit razvoj stanja stanovanjskega fonda, predvojne razmere, povojna obnova, industrializacija mesta, izgradnja blokovskih naselij, reševanje stanovanjske stiske, vsakdanje življenje v mestnih naseljih, razvoj novih bivalnih konceptov stolpnice, soseske in vrstnih hiš ter izboljševanje bivalnega standarda. KLJUČNE BESEDE Ljubljana, stanovanjske razmere, 1945–1965, socializem, bloki, stolpnica, soseska, vsakdanje življenje, industrializacija, urbanizacija

HOUSING CONDITIONS IN LJUBLJANA DURING THE PERIOD OF 1945–1965 The author of the paper describes the housing conditions in Ljubljana during the first two decades after the Second World War. The presentation follows the full development of the housing fund, the prewar conditions, the postwar reconstruction, urban industrialisation, the construction of low-rise housing estates, addressing the housing crisis, the daily life in low-rise housing estates, as well as the formation of new residential concepts ascribed to high-rises, neighbourhoods, terraced houses and the rising residential standard.

V drugi polovici 19. stoletja so se vzporedno z vzponom meščanstva in njegove morale načini poročnih izbir začeli znatno spreminjati. Proti koncu 19. stoletja so se ustvarile nove zapovedi in posredne prisile »odgovorne izbire poročnega partnerja oz. partnerke«. V tekstu preko analize slovenskega tiska, literarnih del ter ego dokumentov, predstavljamo tovrstni diskurz. Preko analize vzorca poročenih parov slovenske elite (v Ljubljani in Trstu) pa predstavljamo dejanske poročne izbire slovenske elite. By considering contemporary Slovene newspapers, literary texts and ego documents from the turn of the 20th century, the article tries to analyze the discourse of the members of the Slovene elite about “proper marriage”, especially how they discussed marriages with women of other national, social and generational origin. By analyzing a sample of married couples from Ljubljana and Trieste that were part of Slovene elites the article also tries to reconstruct real marriage choices and how ...

What was workers’ self-management and what
did it aspire to be? A naive attempt to turn utopian
ideas into reality, or just a strategy to be
deployed in international relations? A way to
camouflage totalitarian rule by a single political
party, or an honest attempt to shape a partyless
society? Was self-management a last resort, an
ideology, a doctrine of the rulers or the pinnacle
of socialist humanism? There are no easy answers
to these questions, and certainly no conclusive
ones. Workers’ self-management cannot
be described in a single sentence. It is especially
important not to trust simple interpretations
that show it in only the best or worst light.

Športne organizacije so začeli v Ljubljani ustanavljati v drugi polovici 19. stoletja, razmahnile pa so se šele po prvi svetovni vojni. To vidimo tudi jz preglednic za obdobji pred prvo svetovno vojno in med obema svetovnima vojnama. Prav tako se je med obema svetovnima vojnama vsebinsko oblikoval izraz šport, dejavnost pa se je v ljubljanski javnosti hitro u veljavila. Članku smo dodali poimenski pregled športnih organizacij ali klubov v Ljubljani med obema svetovnima vojnama. Sports organisations in Ljubljana were commenced in the seecond part of the 19 th century, but came into full swing only after World War 1. That can be seen form the tables for the periods before World War 1 and between the two World Wars. Just as well the expression sport was given its content form between the two wars, and the activity itsel was swiftly carried into effect in the Ljubljana public. The article is supplemented with areview (by name) of sports organisations or clubs in Ljubljana between the two World Wars.

Prof. Reiner (1825-1897) from Celovec and B. Lergetporer (1845-1910) from Bled, the authors of the first series of the landscape photographs of Carniola and other lands
http://www.collecta.si/o-prireditvi/arhiv/arhiv-2012/program-2012/predavanja-in-drazbe/

Država SHS je bila državna skupnost, ki so jo ustanovili habsburški Jugoslovani ob državni odcepitvi od Avstro-Ogrske monarhije 29. Oktobra 1918. Obstajala je do 1. Decembra 1918, ko se je s Kraljevino Srbijo združila v Kraljevino SHS. Država SHS je ob svojem nastanku obsegala Slovenija (brez Prekmurja), Hrvaško z Istro in Dalmacijo (a brez Medjimurja) ter Bosno in Hercegovino. Pred zedinjenjem s Kraljevino Srbijo pa se je njen dejanski ozemeljski obseg zmanjšal, kajti v prvi polovici novembra 1918 je, skladno z znanim Londonskim sporazumom iz leta 1915, vojska Kraljevine Italije pričela zasedati slovensko Primorje, Istro, kvarnerska otoka Cres in Lošinj, severno Dalmacijo in dalmatinske otoke. Državi SHS je načeloval tedanji vodilni slovenski politik, prvak Vseslovenske ljudske stranke (VLS) dr. Anton Korošec, ki je bil predsednik Narodnega Viječa Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov v Zagrebu (Narodno Vijeće), najvišjega organa oblasti v Državi SHS. Država SHS je obstajala od 29. oktobra do 1. decembra 1918, ko se je s Kraljevino Srbijo združila v Kraljevino Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev. Mednarodno ni bila priznana, je pa izpolnjevala vse zahteve mednarodnega prava za nastanek države.  V svoji seminarski nalogi bom opisala po kakšnem poteku je Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov nastajala in kakšna je bila sestava sestava in način funkcioniranja Narodne vlade SHS v Ljubljani in pa razdelala temo o želji Slovencev po ustanovitvi slovenskega parlamenta.

This essay interprets feminist and lesbian street actions, street art and graffiti in Ljubljana (Slovenia) as sporadic, anonymous, fleeting, and illegal interventions in the institutionalized sphere of feminist knowledge (re)production and the dominant cultural order. Selected graffiti, street art and street actions of the last fifteen years are paralleled with relevant political events and the written herstory of feminist and lesbian initiatives of the same period. The essay argues that these forms of grassroots activism, understood as one of the communication tools available to young and progressive feminists and lesbians, offer them public visibility and the possibility of creating and intermediating their own knowledge, values, and herstory – in short, an oppositional imagined community.

The first (2008) version of the essay is online: https://amnis.revues.org/545

The revised and updated version, entitled "Streetwise Politics: Feminist and Lesbian Grassroots Activism in Ljubljana" is attached below. It was published in: Elke Zobl, Ricarda Drüeke (eds.): Feminist Media: Participatory Spaces, Networks and Cultural Citizenship, transcript, Bielefeld, 2012, pp. 123-135.

More about the book at: http://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-2157-0/feminist-media

In Slovenia as an independent state after the disintegration of Yugoslavia (1991) ice hockey is one of the traditional team sports with successes at the international level and qualifications for the Olympics (Sochi 2014, Pyeongchang 2018). The development of ice hockey is closely connected with the activities of the Ilirija Sport Club, organised as football club in 1911 which kept operating until 1945. After WWI in Iliria expand sport activities with winter sports and within them with ice hockey. In paper we follow the organistaion of ice hoceky in Iliria and Slovenia and briefly stress also the period of development till 1941.

The late ancient legend of the Argonauts which, according to both
ancient and modern historiographers, dates back to the 13th century
BC1 says that prehistoric Emona was founded by Jason on his way
home from Colchis.2 During Roman times, the name Emona was related,
in popular etymological terms, to the ancient name of Thesally
(Haemonia). Linguistically, the name has so far not been clarified.
Linguists agree, however, that it is neither of Roman-Latin nor Celtic
or Greek origin, but is attributable to Etruscan-Venetic or even older
roots, which is in harmony with both the legendary information about
the origin of the settlement and recent archaeological discoveries.3
Spurred by enhanced building development in the centre of Ljubljana
in recent years, these discoveries have enabled new insights into the
settlement pattern of prehistoric Ljubljana.

The Deeds Pertaining to the Jesuit College of Ljubljana
in the period 1592-1751

August 7, 2014 marks the 200th anniversary of the restoration of the Society of Jesus, whose work in the past has left an indelible impression on Slovenian people. Jesuit schools helped to create Catholic intelligentsia during the Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Renewal and through their sermons, missions, Marian congregations and catechesis Jesuits were very influential in shaping the image of a Slovenian believer. The order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and his followers in the early 1530s and was confirmed by Pope Paul III in 1540 with his bull Regimini militantis ecclesiae. Spreading rapidly throughout Europe, Jesuits assisted the Catholic rulers of the 16th century in the recatholization of Southern and Central Europe after the Protestant Reformation. They came to Inner Austria at the invitation of Archduke Carl II; in 1573 the Jesuit college opened its gates in Graz. As early as 1584 the college grew into a university and became a place of study also for a number of young men coming from Slovenian Lands. Jesuits arrived to Carniola after having been invited by the Ljubljana bishop Janez Tavčar (1580-1597). Following Tavčar’s extensive correspondence with Archduke Maximilian and Pope Clement VIII about financial foundations for this new church institution, the Pope eventually established the college in Ljubljana in 1596. In 1603, Archduke Ferdinand II issued his founding charter, but it was only in 1607 that the Ljubljana college was granted privileges with Ferdinand’s so-called second founding charter, which also specified its borders. Built on the spot of the former poorhouse (Spital) near today’s Parish Church of St. James, the college was extremely beneficial in terms of providing education as well as formation of young people up until the dissolution of the order in 1773. The school that was part of the college managed to acquire a status of a higher education institution in the 18th century, but could, regretfully, not grow into a university mostly due to political situation in Inner Austria. After the order was suppressed Jesuits withdrew from Slovenian Lands and only returned to the region at the end of the 19th century. Currently they are active in five Slovenian parishes, three in Ljubljana and two in Maribor. The deeds pertaining to the Jesuit college were initially kept by St. James’s Church in Ljubljana. After the suppression of the order in 1773 they were taken to Vienna, where they remained for over 200 years. In 1978, the deeds were returned to Slovenia and are today kept at the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia within its Collection of Deeds (SI AS 1063). Since 2005 they have been available in a digital form; over the past few years they have also been made accessible online.

U članku se analiziraju vojne operacije na području Podvučjaka i bitka za Odžak kojom krajem svibnja 1945. završava Drugi svjetski rat na europskom tlu. U prvom dijelu prezentiraju se geografska i demografska obilježja ovog prostora, a u drugom borbe koje su se ondje vodile između 1941. i 1944. s posebnim osvrtom na organizaciju obrane, ali i međusobne odnose partizana i četnika. U trećem dijelu analizira se položaj Podvučjaka u završnim borbama 1945., a u četvrtom bitka za Odžak koja je okončana padom grada 27. ili 28. svibnja iste godine. U posljednjem dijelu pokušavaju se identificirati lokacije logora i grobišta, ali i počinitelja ratnih i poratnih zločina nad hrvatskim stanovništvom zatečenim na tom području potkraj svibnja 1945. Ključne riječi: Drugi svjetski rat, Bosna, Odžak, završne operacije, poginuli, nestali, ratni zločini Uvod Proljeće 1945. na našim prostorima obilježile su tzv. završne operacije za oslobođenje Jugoslavije okončane predajom Hrvatskih oružanih snaga (HOS) u Austriji sredinom svibnja. Rat je završio sedam dana kasnije, pisao je nakon rata Milan Basta, tadašnji politički komesar 51. vojvođanske divizije u sastavu Treće armije, koji je aktivno sudjelovao u navedenim događajima. 1 Jugoslavenski primjer nije bio izolirani slučaj. Iako je većina zapovjednika postrojbi Wehrmachta položila oružje u skladu s naredbama generala Jodla i generala Keitela o bezuvjetnoj predaji od 7. i 8. svibnja 1945., dio postrojbi pod zapovjedništvom feldmaršala Ferdinanda Schörnea nastavio se boriti sve do 11. i 12. svibnja. Slijedećeg dana predale su se i preostale njemačke postrojbe u Čehoslovačkoj. Garnizon na otoku Alderney u kanalu La Manche predao se 16. svibnja, a manja skupina njemačkih vojnika izgubila je radio vezu te ostala izolirana na norveškom otoku Svalbard sve do rujna 1945. Uvriježeno je mišljenje da je 1 " Rat je završen sedam dana kasnije " naslov je knjige Milana Baste, objavljene prvi put 1976. godine u Zagrebu u nakladi Globusa.

Kratice LASK nam skrivajo pozabljeno in izgubljeno športno zgodbo, sovpadajočo s športnim in univerzitetnim vrenjem po prvi svetovni vojni, potem ko je bila ustanovljena jugo-slovanska država. V članku odstiramo na osnovi ohranjene-ga zapisnika sej upravnega (centralnega) odbora ali kratko »odbora kluba« med leti 1920 in 1923 športno kopreno »aka-demikov«-športnikov mlade ljubljanske univerze, ki jim je prosti čas zapolnjeval šport. Šport je tedaj v Ljubljani v luči narodne evforije in »osvobojenja« doživljal preporod in štu-denti ljubljanske univerze so v tem pogledu dali zgodovin-ski prispevek. LASK je bil ustanovljen leta 1920 in je delo-val kratkih pet let, članstvo pa je nato nadaljevalo športno pot v Primorju ali drugih ljubljanskih športnih klubih. Glede na zapisnik, ki je dragocen zgodovinski športni dokument in eden redkih dokumentov športa iz obdobja med obema svetovnima vojnama, je poudarek na orisu organizacijskega razvoja v prvih treh letih, kakor nam ga slika zapisnik. Ključne besede: akademiki, študenti, šport, nogomet, Univerza v Ljubljani.
The acronym LASK conceals a forgotten and lost sport story that coincides with the dramatic period for sports and for the University of Ljubljana after World War I, after the establishment of the state of Yugoslavia. Based on the preserved minutes of the club committee's meetings between 1920 and 1923, the article unveils the story about the athletes who studied at the then relatively new University of Ljublja-na and dedicated their leisure time to sport. In the then Lju-bljana, characterised by nationwide euphoria and the spirit of 'liberation', sport had been revived and the University of Ljubljana's students made a historical contribution in this respect. The LASK was founded in 1920 and operated during a short five-year period, whereas the members pursued their sports careers either in the Primorje club or in other Ljublja-na-based sports clubs. The minutes are a valuable historical sport document and one of the few of this kind from the period between the two World Wars, and they put emphasis on the description of the organisation in the first three years of development.

My MA Thesis on Feminist and Queer Festival Red Dawns (Rdeče zore). In it, I wonder whether the festival managed to create a feminist and queer public (space) in its ten-year-long history. I discuss feminist political theory of counterpublics and juxtapose it with the views expressed by 17 festival (co)organizers whom I interviewed in 2009. The theme is framed within the recent history of feminist, lesbian and queer organizing in Ljubljana, within the contemporary current of transnational DIY grassroots feminism and within the postsocialist frame.

A shorter version ("only" 100 pages) was published in ISH Monitor, vol.12, nr. 1 (2010). PDF: http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-5UPFXV0N/?query=%27keywords%3dMonitor+ISH+tea+hvala%27&pageSize=20

Zgodovina obveznega osnovnega šolstva na Slovenskem ni povezana samo z oblikami poučevanja, vrstami izobraževanja, pravnimi predpisi o izvajanju šolanja in uveljavljanjem državne emancipatorne in nacionalne ideologije, temveč je tudi snovna zgodovina, ki se zrcali v številnih grajenih šolskih stavbah. Arhitekturni ostanki nekdanjih in sedanjih šolskih prostorov v Ljubljani prav najbolj zgovorno pripovedujejo o bogati nepremični dediščini, saj so šolske stavbe odražale sočasne arhitekturne in druge družbene tokove, uveljavljanje novih pedagoških pristopov ter zagotavljanje ciljnega kvalitetnega izobraževalnega okolja. V Ljubljani v prvi polovici 20. stoletja lahko sledimo arhitekturnim spremembam šolskih stavb od klasično zasnovanih monumentalnih stavb, ki so sledili postavljanju generičnim in tipiziranim idealom javnih upravnih zgradb Avstro-Ogrske, pa vse do modernističnih jugoslovanskih stavb po vzoru novega jezika funkcionalizma, ki nam je predvsem po drugi svetovni vojni v skladu z modernejšimi pedagoškimi smernicami zapustil paviljonske in brezkoridorne šole, ki so jih postavili domači arhitekti iz ljubljanske arhitekturne šole.

The history of obligatory primary schooling in Slovenia is connected not only with the forms of teaching, types of education, legal regulations regarding the implementation of education and the establishment of the state emancipatory and national ideology, but also with the material history reflected in the numerous school buildings. The architectural remnants of former and present school premises in Ljubljana offer us a telling tale about an abundant immovable heritage since school buildings always reflect the contemporary architectural and other social currents, the establishment of new pedagogical approaches and the provision of targeted high quality educational environment. In the first half of the 20th century in Ljubljana we can follow the architectural changes of school buildings from traditionally designed monumental
buildings, following the generic and typified ideals of public buildings in Austria-Hungary, down to the modernistic Yugoslav buildings following the model of the new language of functionalism, which particularly after World War Two, in line with the more modern pedagogical guidelines, left us with pavilion-like, corridor-free schools, designed by local architects from the Ljubljana architectural school.

Exhibition catalogue with four papers: 1. Emona: a Roman city and its legacy (B. Županek); 2. Stories of Ljubljana's beginning: Emona, the Argonauts and the Ljubljana dragon (B. Županek); 3. "Hail to the venerable daughter of Jason!" (I. Zmuc); 4. Ljubljana and its place in antiquity, the creation of Ljubljana's old and glorious history (J. Polajnar)

"Architect's Wonderful Dream of our Pantheon" - Plečnik's Unexecuted Plans for Honorary Cemetery of Important Slovenians

The article discusses the unexecuted plans for “Honorary cemetery of important Slovenians”, designed by architect Jože Plečnik. In the frame of urban planning of Bežigrad, northern part of Ljubljana, the architect also dealt with the territory of the abandoned St. Christopher cemetery, where the enlargement of St. Christopher church, new monumental church (Hall of Fame) as well as memorial park has been planned.  The  latter  should  become  a  Slovenian  Pantheon  and  as  such  play  an  important  role  in  creating historical memory and promoting national consciousness. Due to the different wishes of the owner of the area, Diocese of Ljubljana, the project was never executed, its only remaining is Navje memorial park, which has, due to much smaller dimension, never played the same role as Plečnik ’s original idea would.

Lazarinijeva palača sredi Novega trga na Gosposki ulici 10 v Ljubljani skriva med svojimi zidovi večtisočletno zgodovino, ki ji lahko sledimo od kulture žarnih grobišč, rimskega in srednjeveškega mesta do baročnih prenov in današnjih modernih gradbenih posegov. Prvi arhivski viri so nam za bližnjo okolico dostopni že v 13. stoletju, ko se omenja tamkajšnja redovna skupnost, bolj zgovorni pa so viri od 16. stoletja naprej, ko lahko že sledimo lastninski kontinuiteti zemljišča in stavb na njem vse do današnjih dni. Prvi znani lastnik hiše na današnji Gosposki ulici 10 je bil Krištof Peer. Družina Peer je bila znana družina na Kranjskem, ki je izvirala s Kočevskega. Številni nosilci priimka Peer so bili tudi meščani Ljubljane, med njimi je bil sredi 18. stoletja celo župan mesta.

Lazarini’s palace on Gosposka Street 10 in the middle of New Square (Novi trg) in Ljubljana hides within its walls a millennial history that can be traced from the culture of urn cemeteries, Roman and Medieval times, to the baroque adaptations and modern city structures. The archival sources are available to us for the surrounding area as early as the thirteenth century, when the religious community of the place was established, more eloquent are the sources from the sixteenth century onwards, when we can trace continuity of ownership until the present day. The first known owner of the house on today’s Gosposka street 10 was Christopher Peer. The Peer family was a wellknown family in Carniola that originated from Gottschee (Kočevska). Many individuals of the surname Peer were also citizens of Ljubljana, one of them was even the mayor of Ljubljana in the mid-eighteenth century.

This comparative case study first demonstrates the benefits of bicycle transit use, then assesses the proliferation of bicycle modal programs inside Copenhagen, Denmark and highlights several best practices which would benefit bike transit inside the capital city of Slovenia, Ljubljana.

V obdobju po drugi svetovni vojni (1941–1945) se območje nekdanje Jugoslavije po eni strani razvija v specifičnih geopolitičnih razmerah »hladne vojne« med kapitalističnim Zahodom in socialističnim Vzhodom ter po drugi strani v iskanju svoje »tretje poti« s svojevrstnim eksperimentom socialističnega samoupravljanja po resoluciji Informbiroja (1948). Tedanja arhitekturna produkcija, še posebej na področju večstanovanjske arhitekture, se je morala v takšnih spremenjenih družbenopolitičnih, ideoloških, ekonomskih in gospodarskih okoliščinah prilagoditi novim razmeram ter tudi ustrezno odgovoriti na nove potrebe in zahteve uporabnikov ter zahteve sodobnega prebivanja tistega časa. Prav zato se je modernistična paradigma z vidnimi elementi globalizacije pokazala kot najbolj zaželena oblika pri ustvarjanju enostavne, funkcionalne, racionalne in ekonomične večstanovanjske arhitekture z močnim socialnim predznakom, prilagojene tudi novim konstrukcijskim zahtevam sistema visokoproduktivnih tehnologij, ki je predstavljala pomembno komponento pri identifikaciji novega »socialističnega« človeka v skladu z razglasitvijo gradnje socializma pri nas.
V teh specifičnih pogojih in okoliščinah ter v času omejujočih in redukcionističnih veljavnih normativov in predpisov na področju stanovanjske gradnje, ki so se v praksi pogosto izkazali za protislovne, ter splošnega pritiska državnega aparata na čim bolj množično proizvodnjo stanovanj s ciljem reševanja permanentne stanovanjske krize se večstanovanjska arhitektura Beograda, Ljubljane in Zagreba (1950–1973) razvija na način sinteze eksperimenta, estetike strukturalnega racionalizma in inovacij. Takrat nastanejo za tisti čas zares inovativne in inventivne rešitve notranje prostorske in funkcionalne organizacije stanovanjskih enot, specifične za obravnavani prostor in čas, ki vzpostavljajo ravnotežje med prostorskimi potrebami in razpoložljivimi kvadraturami, da bi zadostile minimalnim standardom in ustvarile maksimalno kakovost stanovanja, ter tako predstavljajo pomemben prispevek obravnavanih območij tako v regionalnem kot v tedanjem celotnem evropskem prostorskem in časovnem kontekstu. Arhitekti z območja nekdanje Jugoslavije pri tem tudi upoštevajo in se ozirajo na že prej uveljavljene kulturno-zgodovinske zasnove organizacije bivalnega prostora kot jasne kontinuitete razvoja zasnov prostorske in funkcionalne organizacije stanovanja iz prejšnjih obdobij, ki se v pogojih aktualne modernizacije v drugi polovici dvajsetega stoletja še nadgrajujejo v skladu s tehnološkimi in tehničnimi dosežki, predvsem zato, da bi ustvarili racionalno, ekonomično in fleksibilno tlorisno zasnovo stanovanj, ki bi lahko zadostila vsem potrebam in zahtevam uporabnikov.
Namen doktorske disertacije je odgovoriti na vprašanja o možnosti valorizacije in revalorizacije izbranih večstanovanjskih objektov kot pomembnih predstavnikov modernistične dediščine obravnavanih mest druge polovice dvajsetega stoletja. Na podlagi poglobljene raziskave razvoja večstanovanjske arhitekture Beograda, Ljubljane in Zagreba (1950–1973) se lahko ugotovijo in opredelijo specifične in pomembne sheme stanovanjskih tlorisov ter pripravi nov predlog dopolnitve tipologije specifičnih in pomembnih primerov večstanovanjskih objektov. Doktorska disertacija se lahko označi kot pionirski poskus ustvarjanja enotnega in sistematiziranega pregleda obravnavane problematike ter odpira nov pogled na razvoj stanovanjskega tlorisa v večstanovanjski arhitekturi povojnega modernizma kot pomembne funkcionalistične komponente, ki je pogosto in neupravičeno zanemarjena pri vrednotenju povojne modernistične dediščine.

Ključne besede: večstanovanjska arhitektura, modernizem, tlorisna zasnova, Beograd, Ljubljana, Zagreb

In 1980 Ljudmila Plesničar published a Roman grave, discovered to the south-east of the colony of Emona (modern Ljubljana) along the road leading towards the municipium Neviodunum (modern Drnovo near Krško).
The grave inventory included among other items a marble casket, two iron and four bone objects, explained by the author as an iron chopping-knife, a bone pin, a bone tube, an iron adze and two bone spatulae. The last three can be identified as a fragmented iron wax spatula, a bone strip terminating in a perforated tab, probably a ruler, and a bone knife resembling modern paper knives.
Roman bone or ivory knives, in form very close to iron-bladed pen-knives,
are extremely rare. Apart from the knife from Ljubljana, two others have been found in graves associated with writing and measuring instruments.

The subject of this study refers to several aspects of the life and activity of a military who, although was well‐known among his arms companions through his virtues and good deeds, didn’t have the chance of a historical posterity. The character of our current research is a foreigner whose destiny brought him on Romanian lands for a short time, a stay that had as outcome several testimonies of his professional competences. A notorious result of its passage through the Romanian Principalities is the plan of Brăila town in 1790, a precious source for the military history as well as for the history of military cartography, and especially for the Lower Danube’s town history. Therefore, we are talking about Captain Johann Vermatti von Vermersfeld (1754–1794), officer in the Habsburg army, who during this time was involved in the Russian‐Austrian‐Turkish War (1788–1791).