Slovenian History

The forty-year jubilee of introducing municipal autonomy in accordance with the European Charter of Local Self-Government was celebrated in Austria in 2002. When considering a legal-historical aspect, the municipal autonomy in Austria did not begin forty years ago, but it began much earlier, because the entire development, which certainly commenced prior to the year 1918, should be taken into account. This was the period of the monarchy, to which also the present Republic of Slovenia belonged. The actual beginning of municipal autonomy goes back to the year 1848 and far beyond. In specialised literature, this year is referred to as the beginning of municipal autonomy, however, there are some good reasons to believe that municipal autonomy commenced at the beginning of the 16th century. The years 1848 and 1862 are correct  when referring only to commencements of modern understanding municipal autonomy, because there is a well-known principle of Article 1 of the Temporary Municipal Act from that period, which declares that the free municipality is the basis for the free state.
In view of development, it is possible to talk about the period prior to Joseph II’s legislation (until 1780), which provides borough and town charters and privileges. For Slovenia, the Ptuj Town Charter of 1376 (especially that of the year 1513), and the privilege, concerning Elections for Mayor, granted to Ljubljana in 1504, are two major
landmarks in municipal autonomy. They are followed by the pre-March period and by the period after the year 1848.
Modern municipal autonomy has its roots in the autonomy of individual government office holders. After the year 1848, government was divided into own and delegated competences of the Mayor and municipal councils.
With regard to development, terminologically speaking, the municipality as a legal person (the ideal one) is the body, which takes care of the matters within its own competence (referring to pasture rights, collection of individual contributions, etc.).
According to the above-mentioned information, the municipality, being an institution, has always served the interests of a local community. And to a large extent, the local
community has always autonomously performed its tasks.

Leta 2002 so v Avstriji praznovali štiridesetletnico uvedbe občinske avtonomije skladno z evropsko listino. S pravnozgodovinskega vidika to ni začetek občinske avtonomije v Avstriji, temveč je ta mnogo starejša in je potrebno upoštevati celoten razvoj, ki se gotovo začne pred letom 1918. To je obdobje monarhije, kamor je spadala tudi današnja Republika Slovenija. Dejanski začetek občinske avtonomije sega krepko preko leta 1848, ki v literaturi velja za začetek, in ga je mogoče z vso pravico postaviti v začetek 16. stoletja. Letnici 1848 in 1862 veljata le z vidika začetkov modernega razumevanja občinske avtonomije, saj je iz tega obdobja znano načelo prvega člena začasnega občinskega zakona, ki pravi, da je osnova svobodne države svobodna občina. Razvojno je tako mogoče govoriti o obdobju pred jožefinsko zakonodajo (do leta 1780), kamor je šteti trške in mestne statute in privilegije, kjer sta za Slovenijo Ptujski statut iz leta 1376, predvsem pa iz leta 1513 in privilegij za Ljubljano iz leta 1504 o volitvah župana, reprezentančna mejnika občinske avtonomije; sledi predmarčno obdobje in obdobje po letu 1848. Moderna občinska avtonomija ima svoje korenine v avtonomiji nosilcev posameznih funkcij oblasti in se po letu 1848 deli na lastne in prenesene pristojnosti župana in občinskih svetov. Terminološko gledano razvojno je že pred letom 1848 občina kot pravna oseba (idealna) tisti organ, ki skrbi za zadeve iz lastne pristojnosti (za pašno pravico, pobiranje posameznih prispevkov ipd.). Glede na predstavljeno je občina kot institucija vedno služila interesom lokalne skupnosti in jo je lokalna skupnost tudi v veliki meri avtonomno izvrševala.

Obdobje med obema vojnama (1918−1941) je bil čas, ko so se moči slovenskih alpinistk in alpinistov usmerjale v ohranjanje primata v slovenskih stenah. Od leta 1921 dalje so se združevali v Turistovskem klubu Skala, v katerega so pečat vtisnile ženske. Mira Marko Debelak je bila v navezi s Stankom Tominškom leta 1926 v Direktni smeri severne stene Špika, ko je bila prvikrat dosežena zgornja V. stopnja. Med prepoznavnimi plezalkami izstopa tudi Pavla Jesih, ki je sodelovala tudi v epilogu tega obdobja – pri plezanju dotlej še neosvojene VI. težavnostne stopnje v Čopovem stebru leta 1945.


ABSTRACT
The period between the First and Second World Wars (1918 - 1941) was
a time when the efforts of Slovene alpine climbers, both men and women, were directed at retaining the lead in Slovene walls. From 1921 they joined forces within the framework of the alpine climbing club known as the Tourist Club Skala, with women leaving an important mark on their successes. Mira Marko Debelak was in a rope team with Stanko Tominšek in 1926 when they ascended the Direct Route in the north face of Špik, the first time an upper grade V. route was climbed. Also noteworthy among women climbers is Pavla Jesih who, among other achievements, also participated in the epilogue of this period, climbing the previously unsurpassed grade VI route in Čop’s Pillar in the north face of Triglav in 1945.

Key words: women's alpine climbing, Alpine climbing club Skala, new
routes, Mira Marko Debelak, Pavla Jesih

Pogovor si lahko ogledate tukaj: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcnwM_xr5c8&feature=emb_title

12. novembra 2020 je minilo sto let od podpisa mirovne pogodbe v Rapallu med Kraljevino SHS in Kraljevino Italija. Posledica te pogodbe je bila ti. rapalska meja – nova državna meja, ki je tretjino slovenskega etničnega ozemlja odrezala od matice. Meja je bila posledica prve svetovne vojne in barantanja velesil in zmagovalcev v vojni.

O postavljanju rapalske meje, življenju z mejo in njeni dediščini so člani Oddelka za zgodovino na Filozofski fakulteti v Ljubljani pripravili pripravili daljši pogovor v katerem so predstavili tudi okoliščine in posledice Rapalske pogodbe. Ob tem so ustvarjalci video prispevka izkoristili priložnost še za širšo razpravo o dogajanju, ki je tekom 20. stoletja osebno zadevalo številne Slovence in vplivalo na današnji potek italijansko-slovenske meje.

V video prispevku sodelujejo: dr. Peter Mikša, dr. Dušan Nečak, dr. Božo Repe in dr. Matija Zorn. Pogovor je moderiral dr. Bojan Balkovec.

Pogovor so obogatili z bogatim fotografskim gradivom in zemljevidi.

Pogovor si lahko ogledate tukaj:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcnwM_xr5c8&feature=emb_title

After the Second World War, the city of Ptuj was rebuilt and lived through the changes of the social system, implementation of five-year plans, agrarian reforms and industrialisation. During the first decade after the war, the Yugoslav state was marked by the implementation of self-governance and social prosperity, agrarian reform through the nationalisation of the land, and industrialisation. Due to some solid business entities, such as perutnina Ptuj, Talum, textile industry, Ptuj managed to continue its growth. Despite the economic crisis occurred in the 80s of the 20th century, the economic sector and its most prominent branch – industry – grew, although the city had a rather agrarian character. The economic sector was closely followed by cultural and educational sectors which benefitted from important investments. After the war, many associations saw light, such as reading, singing, drama, in order to “move” the citizens away from macabre thoughts about the war atrocities. Numerous artists engaged in cultural activities largely contributed to the generalised preservation and dissemination processes of culture and cultural heritage. Among the most active were Janez Mežan, Drago Hasl, Štefka Cobelj, Jože Gregorc, France Mihelič and Ivan Potrč. More and more it became obvious that such a rich past and legacy had to be taken care of. Thus, some important institutions were created which are still in operation nowadays. Some of them are the museum, archives, schools, and the library. Through economic but mostly cultural growth the city of Ptuj still bears the nickname of “city-museum” of which its citizens are very proud, and the tourists admire its exceptional national and cultural heritage.

Članek predstavlja glavne značilnosti gorniške obutve,
ki se je v 19. in 20. stoletju uporabljala na Slovenskem.
Razvoj se v grobem deli na dve obdobji – obdobje pred specializirano
obutvijo in obdobje specializirane gorniške obutve.
Prvo obdobje v glavnem sovpada s časom, ko so v gore zahajali
posamezniki in gorništvo še ni bilo organizirano. Za drugo obdobje
pa je značilno, da se pojavi posebna gorniška obutev, ki
zaradi množičnosti obiska gora »postavi na noge« posebno vejo
obutvene industrije. S tehničnim napredkom pri izdelavi obutve
so povezani tudi uspehi pri doseganju vrhov in premagovanju
alpinističnih smeri.
The article presents the main characteristics of
mountain footwear used in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
in what is now Slovenia. Its development can be divided
into two parts: the periods before and after the introduction of
specialized mountain footwear. The first period coincides with
the time when the mountains were visited by individuals and
mountaineering was not yet an organised activity. The second
period is characterised by the emergence of special mountain
footwear, when increased numbers of people visiting the mountains
helped launch a special branch of the footwear industry.
Technical advancements in hiking and climbing shoes also resulted
in many successful mountain ascents.