International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

The paper is devoted to Ludwik Christians, a Polish lawyer, president of the Polish Red Cross, a deputy of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (from 1934), and a member of the National Party. Ludwik Christians was committed to preserving the memory of the Katyn massacre. In October 1943, as the president of the Polish Red Cross of Lublin District, he applied to the occupying German authorities for releasing a group of nearly 1500 people: pregnant women, the elderly, sick persons, juveniles, and doctors from Konzentrationslager Lublin (Majdanek concentration camp). In 1944, he became a member of the Polish-Soviet Extraordinary Commission to investigate German crimes committed in KL Majdanek. After the war, the Polish communist security apparatus considered him an enemy, kept him under surveillance, and prepared materials for an espionage trial.
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Opracowanie jest poświęcone Ludwikowi Christiansowi, polskiemu adwokatowi, prezesowi Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża i posłowi na Sejm RP (od 1934 roku), członkowi Stronnictwa Narodowego. Ludwik Christians był zaangażowany w ochronę pamięci o zbrodni katyńskiej. W październiku 1943 roku, jako prezes Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża Okręgu Lublin wystąpił do okupacyjnych władz niemieckich o zwolnienie z obozu Konzentrationslager Lublin (Majdanek) grupy około półtora tysiąca osób: kobiet ciężarnych, starców, chorych, młodocianych, a także lekarzy. W 1944 roku został członkiem Polsko-Radzieckiej Komisji Nadzwyczajnej do zbadania zbrodni niemieckich popełnionych w KL Majdanek. Po wojnie polski komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa zaliczał go do wrogów, inwigilował go i przygotowywał materiały do procesu o szpiegostwo.

Coinciding with the centennial of the U.S. entry into World War I, this exhibition catalog examines the lives of four individuals from Montana or closely tied to the western state who served their country proudly and whose lives were significantly shaped by the Great War. They are: Glasgow-born William Belzer, celebrated aviator and among America’s first flying aces; Great Falls widow Josephine Hale who served as a Red Cross nurse and became a notable painter in France; doughboy Sidney F. Smith, survivor and hero of the infamous “Lost Battalion;” and James Watson Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin until the U.S. declaration of war and husband to Mary Daly of the famous mining family. The catalog essay  by UM Professor of Art History and Criticism H. Rafael Chacón addresses the abstract concept of the enemy, both abroad and within.

Editado en el año 2000, por la Cruz Roja Mexicana con una segunda impresión en 2003, a la que se incorpora la presentación del doctor José Antonio Fernández Arena, Director General de la Cruz Roja Mexicana (2003-2005). El texto es del comandante Ismael Arturo Montero García, quien además compila y selecciona en algunos apartados argumentos y propuestas de otros especialistas. La publicación es una obra de consulta para el personal de emergencia, que también es útil para organizaciones e individuos que, ya por actividades deportivas, de servicios turísticos, labores de auxilio, o en casos de desastre, se ven involucrados en terrenos de difícil acceso. Hoy en día, la travesía y el rescate por terrenos agrestes es una cuestión práctica en donde se ha adquirido un alto nivel tecnológico, y se ha creado una clase especial de técnicos vinculados al medio que, no por especializados, son ajenos a una propuesta sencilla y práctica para el caso mexicano, como lo intenta esta publicación.

Ο δημιουργός αυτού του εγχειριδίου, ως Εθελοντής Σαμαρείτης του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού (από το 1982 έως το 2014 και από το 2018 έως σήμερα), είχε την χαρά και την τιμή το έτος 2005 να δημιουργήσει εξ ιδίας πρωτοβουλίας τον πρώτο και μοναδικό έως σήμερα ΚΩΔΙΚΑ ΔΕΟΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού.
Ο Κώδικας Δεοντολογίας υποβλήθηκε προς έγκριση στην Κεντρική Διοίκηση του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού μέσω της Διεύθυνσης του Σώματος Σαμαρειτών και Διασωστών και το έτος 2006 έτυχε της καθολικής αποδοχής, έγκρισης, υιοθέτησης και καθιέρωσης σε όλη την Ελλάδα για τους Δόκιμους κι Εθελοντές Σαμαρείτες, Διασώστες και Ναυαγοσώστες.
Η πρωτοβουλία αυτή, της δημιουργίας του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού, αποτέλεσε σταθμό στην ιστορία του εθνικού οργανισμού και την πρώτη επίσημη καταγεγραμμένη προσπάθεια θεμελίωσης αρχών και κανόνων ενιαίας ηθικής συμπεριφοράς κατά την διάρκεια της εθελοντικής εργασίας από Εθελοντές ανθρωπιστικού χαρακτήρα στην Ελλάδα.
Σήμερα, 12 χρόνια μετά, εξ ιδίας πρωτοβουλίας και πάλι, ο δημιουργός αυτού του εγχειριδίου, ως Εθελοντής Σαμαρείτης του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού, επιχειρεί την συγγραφή και έκδοση μιας προσεκτικής και αναλυτικής προσέγγισης των αρχών και των κανόνων της ενιαίας ηθικής συμπεριφοράς των Εθελοντών, εμπλουτίζοντας το εγχειρίδιο αυτό με ιδιαίτερη και χρήσιμη γνώση για το περιβάλλον εφαρμογής (τότε και σήμερα) του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας, απαντήσεις στα ερωτήματα «πως» και «γιατί» καθιερώθηκε, αναφορές στην ιστορική του διαδρομή έως σήμερα μέσω της καθιέρωσής του ως επίσημο εκπαιδευτικό εγχειρίδιο και προσθέτοντας επίκαιρα άρθρα για το σπουδαίο και διαχρονικό ιδανικό της ίδρυσης, αποδοχής κι επικράτησης του Ερυθρού Σταυρού από την ανθρωπότητα.
Η παρούσα έκδοση, έχει μοναδικό σκοπό να βοηθήσει τον κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο στην εμπεριστατωμένη κατανόηση, μέσω αναλυτικής προσέγγισης, της φιλοσοφίας εκπόνησης και συγγραφής των άρθρων του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού και στην συνειδησιακή υιοθέτησή του από τον κάθε Εθελοντή.

This article reports a study conducted on a pilot e-learning course organized by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to offer the affiliates the opportunity of further learning from their previous field experiences on emergency operations. The main objective was to identify and understand reflective thinking and knowledge production through a peer review activity developed in the online learning environment “Scholar.” The investigation was guided by the following research questions: How effective was peer feedback for the development of the participants’ written case studies; What are participants’ perceptions regarding their learning experience with the peer-review activity? How was the experience of providing feedback? How was the experience of receiving feedback? How did these experiences influence the elaboration of the final version of their writing; and, What are the implications of peer-to-peer learning in online environments for participants’ professional development? Directed by Cope and Kalantzis’ (2012) “New Learning” conceptual framework, 267 people with different IFRC affiliations and from 83 countries enrolled in the course, and 162 of them participated in this research. Participants of the course engaged in a writing and rewriting process activity where they had to write a case study according to the established rubrics, peer review case studies from three other peers based on the rubrics and on the review criteria, and self review their own case study based on the same criteria as well as rewrite it. Data was gathered from: updates in “Community” (space for social interaction); feedback the reviewers provided on the case studies; the first and second versions of the case study, and the pre and post-course surveys. “Scholar Analytics” provided the results for the closed questions while the open-ended questions were classified into data-driven categories, as well as the updates from “Community.” First and second drafts of case studies from six participants were analyzed to identify the changes from one version to the other and compared with the feedback they received to detect the impact of the feedback on the second version. Results show that participants: enjoyed the experience of writing the case study; appreciated the experience of providing feedback through peer reviews to their peers; recognized that the feedback they received from the reviewers were helpful; acknowledged that providing feedback to peers through peer reviews helped them to think about their own case study. In addition, participants took into consideration the feedback from their peers when rewriting their case studies.

Even in the earliest times, when tribes began to emerge, and at the time of classification, the principle of oppression of the weak by the strong was emerging in society. This manifested itself in the relations between both people and tribes. Thus, powerful tribes defeated the weaker ones and firstly, created the tribal union, and then developed them into the states. From one point of view, the war that we all try to put an end, was one of the important factors in the past that had allowed us to move from one era to another. But the requirement of today is the unity and cooperation of the states, which is directly related to the integration and development of the world economy and other important areas. At a time when information and economics are so advanced, the confrontation between states can end up in our world. But cooperation can help solve global problems that we perceive as a threat to the world. Global problems are the problems that are of concern to the whole society, which are of utmost importance, and which can be solved only by the cooperation of all countries, and the solution of these problems brings the states closer together. In most of the developing countries, these problems are not given much importance, they have the interests of their countries, and the task of the developed countries is to help them develop, to bring about these issues, and to save our world through unity. We can conclude that international law has reached its highest level of development through the adoption of conventions, declarations and other documents that have been adopted in our time.

This presentation aims to analyze the difficulties connected with the spread of epidemics in times of war, which may be considered "an emergency within an emergency", involving difficult problems with no easy solutions, from both a practical and legal point of view.

The protection of the right to health during armed conflicts is governed by an international regulatory framework which results in a complex reading and understanding picture for the fight against epidemics and pandemics, including COVID-19. The Geneva normative system, created and developed since 1949 to meet different objectives and varying needs, could hardly be expected to be ready or immediately proactive when faced with an unprecedented historical challenge such as the coronavirus. Nevertheless, this analysis shows that, if analyzed and interpreted in an evolutionary, systematic and coherent manner, international humanitarian law seems capable of providing a response to COVID-19 and, more broadly, to controlling epidemics in times of war.

What is certainly needed is to revise the relevant legal arrangements through an evolutionary re-interpretation and, above all, to guarantee a joint response and coordinated intervention capacity between all systems and at all levels. While examining the normative point of view of the issue and the practice of the International Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, this paper also aims to open a debate, that can be further developed, on other relevant aspects, such as the World Health Organizations's activities and the accountability perspective, including the international criminal justice system.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında birçok asker ve subay esir edilmiştir. Bu esirler arasında Osmanlı Devleti'ne esir düşen yabancı asker ve subaylar da bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti bu esirler için birçok kamp inşa etmiştir. Bu esir kampları Kayseri, Afyonkarahisar, Kırşehir, Konya, Belemedik (Bilemedik) vb. esir kamplarıdır. Osmanlı Devleti'ne esir düşen Fransız, İngiliz, Rus, Ermeni asker ve subaylar bu kamplarda muhafaza edilmektedir.
İtilaf Devletleri’nin asker ve subayları Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki esir kamplarına yerleştirilmiş ve hayatlarını belli bir süresini bu kamplarda geçirmişlerdir. Esirlerin bir kısmı çeşitli anlaşmalarla ülkelerine iade edilmiş, bir kısmı ise salgın hastalıklar sebebiyle yaşamlarını yitirmişlerdir.
İtilaf Devletleri’nin esir olarak aldıkları Osmanlı asker ve subaylarına uyguladıkları hassasiyetin aynısını Osmanlı Devleti de esir olarak aldığı yabancı asker ve subaylara karşı uygulamıştır. Belemedik Esir Kampı'ndaki uygulamalar da Anadolu'da bulunan diğer esir icraatlar da büyük benzerlik göstermektedir. Belemedik Esir Kampı'nda bulunan İtilaf Devletleri’ne mensup savaş esirlerinin aileleri ve devletleri ile haberleşme içerisinde olmaları bize esir kamplarındaki yaşayışları hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Söz konusu esir kampındaki savaş esirlerinin günlük yaşamları, iaşeleri, verilen yevmiyeler, görevlilerin davranışları, çalışma şartları, firar eden esirlerin durumları, nasıl esir oldukları gibi konular oldukça dikkat çekici bulunmaktadır. Belemedik Esir Kampı daha çok Fransız, Rus, İngiliz savaş esirlerinin muhafaza altında bulundurulduğu bir mahiyet arz etmektedir. Bu esirler özellikle Salib-i Ahmer ve Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyeti ile iletişim halinde olmuşlardır. Bu cemiyetler tüm esirlerin haklarına sahip çıkmak amacıyla dönemin şartları içinde ellerinden gelen gayreti göstermişlerdir. Devletlerarası Esir Değişimi antlaşmaları çerçevesinde esir değişimleri gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Söz konusu esir kampında yaşamlarını sürdüren esirlerle ilgili bilgiler, ailelerine göndermiş olduğu mektuplar, Kızılhaç ve Kızılay, arşivler, anılar, gazeteler ve diğer birinci elden kaynaklarda sınırlı da olsa mevcuttur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Esir Kampları, Rusya, Fransa, İngiltere, Belemedik, Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyeti,  Salib-i Ahmer Cemiyeti, Lahey Konferansı, Mübadele.
During and after the first World war, many soldiers and afficers were enslaved. Among these slaves, there were foreign soldiers and officers enslaved by the Ottoman State. Many camps were constructed for these slaves at some places some of which are Kayseri, Afyonkarahisar, Kırşehir, Konya, Belemedik (Bilemedik). French, English, Russian and Armenian soldiers and officers who were enslaved by the Ottoman State were held at these camps.
The soldiers and officers of the Allied Powers were put into these slave camps in the Ottoman State and spent a part of their lives in these camps. While some of these slaves were sent to their country of origin due to treaties between countries, some of them died because of epidemic diseases.
The Ottoman State showed the same positive attitude towards slaves as Allied Powers showed towards Ottoman slaves. The administrative practices in Belemedik Prisoner of War Camp were very similar to the administrative practices in the other camps in Anatolia. Allied Powers’ slaves in Belemedik Camp were able to communicate with their families and governments. Thus, we can have information about the slaves’ lives in Belemedik Camp. The subjects like Daily lives of the slaves, their food supplies, their daily wages, behaviors of officers in charge, working conditions, the status of escaping slaves, how they were enslaved are noteworthy. Most of the slaves in Belemedik Camp were French, English and Russian. These slaves were in contact especially with Salib-i Ahmer and Hilal-i Ahmer Associations. These associations struggled to give their best for the rights of the slaves. Based on the Slave Exchange Treaties Between states, slave excganges were tried to be done by the goverments.
The information about the slaves in Belemedik Camp and the letters they had sent to ther families obtained from Red Cross and Red Crescent, archives, memories, newspapers and other first-hand sources are limited but exist for research.
Keywords: Slave Camps, Russia, France, United Kingdom, Belemedik, Hilal-i Ahmer Association, Salib-i Ahmer Association, The Hague Conference, Exchange.

The debate over which actors contribute to customary international law generally centers on international organizations and other non-State actors, and easily accepts States as relevant actors. However, on rare occasions States can be governed by an international organization. When an international organization becomes entangled with a State government, the normal participation in the formation of customary international law becomes confused. A survey of practice citing to the acts of international territorial administrations shows that it is possible for these governance arrangements to contribute to customary international law, even though those acts are formally undertaking by an international organization.

The aim of this project was to understand the environmental issues affecting asylum seekers in Copenhagen, and how Red Cross officers may intervene to raise awareness in environmental behavioural change. Together with this, the same aim was extended to another target group, identified in the first-generation immigrants of Bispebjerg neighbourhood in Copenhagen. In this sense, the more general aim of the work was also to understand which conditions, material and immaterial, could support such a process and which educational perspectives may be the best supportive to the objective of developing environmental behavioural change for vulnerable people (including in this heterogeneous group both immigrants and asylum seekers).

Humanitarian action on a global scale
The International Red Cross and the 1956 Hungarian refugees

The story of the refugees who flooded out of Hungary following the Soviet suppression of the 1956 revolution and the coordinated international charity operation launched to receive them is an outstanding chapter in the history of migration. The operation was an outstanding success for international refugee care, with the “family” of United Nations bodies playing a decisive role. The efforts of another family of non-governmental organizations, the International Red Cross Movement, was equally significant. These organizations provided for a mass of about 200,000 refugees (a very large number even on the European scale), transported them to the admitting countries, and helped them to integrate there.
This little monograph – using  archival documents of the League of the Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross (both based in Geneva) and of the French Red Cross Society, foreign policy documents of the American, Belgian and Hungarian governments, papers from the Hungarian Red Cross, and the international literature – presents the movement’s humanitarian activity for Hungarian refugees, its decision-making processes, its involvement in international humanitarian action, the lessons learned for the institutional system and the significance of the case in the history of the organization. The international archival material is sufficiently abundant and wide-ranging to permit a nuanced analysis of Red Cross refugee aid and the humanitarian ideas behind it, and of the Cold War propaganda struggle between the Western and Soviet blocs. This should be a significant contribution to meeting the growing international scholarly interest in the international humanitarian movement and the history of migration.
The roles played by the League of Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross in addressing the 1956 Hungarian refugee crisis stemmed from their historically established competences. The League was active in providing direct assistance to refugees in the first asylum countries (in Austria and to some extent in Yugoslavia), then in moving the refugees from there, and, through its national Red Cross member societies, in the final resettlement. Dealing with Hungarian refugees was at the centre of the League’s activities throughout the period.
The ICRC performed its traditional functions of setting up a database of refugees, providing a tracing and messaging service, supporting repatriation, especially the return of minor refugees, and dealing with the sensitive issues of family reunification. These areas of refugee life, little known to the international public because of their confidential nature, were a crucial but nevertheless small part of the Committee’s activities concerning the Hungarian people. Most of the organisation's capacities were dedicated to providing assistance within Hungary on behalf of the UN.
In this way, all three elements of the International Red Cross system, namely the League, the National Red Cross Societies and the International Committee, were decisively involved in the assistance for the “Hungarian people” initiated by UN General Assembly resolutions passed in the fall of 1956. The effectiveness and successful achievements of both the League and the ICRC in these activities increased their prestige and thereby further reinforced their co-operation.
The success of the League and the ICRC in the Hungarian crisis was facilitated by sensitive adaptation to the international environment and power relations of the Cold War, flexibility in applying the Red Cross humanitarian principles, and a relationship of trust with state actors, especially the Austrian, Yugoslav and – above all – American governments, who were decisive in the settlement of the Hungarian refugee crisis. Co-operation with intergovernmental organizations, in particular the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM), was also essential to their success.
Participation in resolving the 1956 Hungarian humanitarian crisis, an episode of great international importance, has left a deep trace in the institutional memory of the League of Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Pendant la guerre d’Algérie, près de 300 000 Algériens quittent leur pays pour trouver refuge en Tunisie et au Maroc. Cet épisode mal connu de la décolonisation constitue un moment important dans l’histoire du système international de protection des réfugiés. En effet, le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés s’engage en faveur des réfugiés algériens et met à cette occasion pour la première fois le pied hors d’Europe, entamant alors une dynamique d’expansion vers les pays du Sud. Parallèlement, les réfugiés algériens deviennent un enjeu diplomatique, puisque le Front de libération nationale algérien les intègre dans sa stratégie d’internationalisation du conflit et s’en sert pour inscrire la décolonisation dans les préoccupations de la communauté internationale.

English
The Algerian War and the Expansion of the International Refugee Protection System (1957-1962)
During the Algerian war, nearly 300 000 Algerians left their country to seek refuge in Tunisia and Morocco. This poorly known episode of decolonization is an important moment in the history of the international refugee protection system. Indeed, by helping Algerian refugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had for the first time set foot outside Europe, beginning a dynamic of expansion to the southern countries. At the same time, Algerian refugees were becoming a diplomatic issue, since the Front de Libération Nationale algérien integrated them into its strategy of internationalization of the conflict and was then to bring decolonization into the concerns of the international community.

The ACMC has posted this document here with the permission of the Australian Red Cross. The ACMC claims no authorship of this publication.

Australian Red Cross is proud to produce this handbook which
we hope will contribute to a greater understanding of IHL among all
parliamentarians and public officials and encourage active promotion and respect for ‘the law of war’.

IHL and the establishment of the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement (the Movement) are intimately connected. In 1859,
young Swiss banker Henry Dunant witnessed a bloody battle in Solferino,
Italy. As many as 40,000 men were dead or lay dying on the battlefield
without medical attention. Dunant responded by organising local people
to treat the soldiers’ wounds, feed and comfort them. When he returned
to Geneva, Switzerland, he proposed two ideas. One was the creation of
national relief societies to assist armed forces’ medical services in time of war. The other was a treaty that would commit governments to protect
those giving help to the wounded on the battlefield.

To promote these ideas, in 1863 Dunant and others established what was later to become the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

The following year, legal rules inspired by the Red Cross and known as
the first Geneva Convention were created. Both these rules and the Red
Cross share the same goal: to prevent and mitigate human suffering. The
Convention provided care for the wounded; defined medical services
on the battlefield as neutral; and established the red cross on a white
background as a protective emblem.

Since then IHL has continued to develop: the 1949 Geneva Conventions
and their Additional Protocols give elements of the Movement specific
roles which they are legally entitled to perform during times of armed
conflict. The emblems used by the Movement (the red cross, red crescent and red crystal) are legally regulated under international and domestic law and are universally recognised as symbols which offer protection.

We have prepared this handbook to assist public officials to develop
greater awareness of this life-saving legal regime.

While the executive arm of Government has primary responsibility for
Australia’s IHL obligations, Parliament has a critical role to play in enacting the legislation that ensures IHL is legally binding throughout Australia – for government, public officials and civil society.

As a parliamentarian you can review executive ratifications or accessions to IHL treaties, support the development of new IHL instruments and allocate adequate resources for IHL training.
IHL is of direct importance to your constituents. This is especially true for personnel serving with Australian armed forces and their families, and for those Australians coming from conflict-affected countries, whose families may still be at risk of harm.

Parliamentarians play a crucial role as opinion leaders within the broader
community and have unique opportunities to raise matters of concern
and educate the public on important international legal principles. We
encourage you to use your influence to promote respect for IHL and for
the red cross emblem, a symbol of impartial humanitarian assistance, to
ask constituents to report emblem misuses and promote understanding
of its protective intent.

Australian Red Cross values the assistance received for our humanitarian work in Australia and internationally from representatives in state, territory and national parliaments. In turn, our doors are always open to answer questions and offer confidential briefings on IHL matters of interest. We also warmly acknowledge those Australian parliamentarians who are Parliamentary Friends of Red Cross. This handbook is intended to contribute to the goal expressed in its title: promoting respect for international humanitarian law, thereby strengthening the underlying message of the Geneva Conventions - that even wars have limits.

This study aims to put forth the findings of a field study carried out as part of a needs assessment for a Community Center built through the funds of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in Sanliurfa Eyyubiye in order to provide Syrian refugees who live outside the refugee camps with vocational training and psycho-social assistance. The field study, carried out during 12 January -12 February 2015 consists of in-depth interviews, focus groups, and a face-to-face baseline survey with 327 refugees. In the light of the findings  regarding the needs, problems, and out-group attitudes of the Syrian population, several policy suggestions have been presented following a SWOT analysis.

Öz
Günümüz silahlı çatışmalarında 'özgürlüğünden yoksun bırakma', hem devletler hem de devlet dışı silahlı gruplar tarafından oldukça yaygın kullanılan bir yöntem haline gelmiştir. Çatışma taraflarınca alıkonulan bu savunmasız kişilerin tutulduğu koşullar son derece ağır ve insani açıdan oldukça trajiktir. Bu kişiler çoğunlukla alıkonma sebeplerinden ve haklarından bihaber, dış dünya ile iletişimleri yasaklanmış, yeterli su, gıda ve tıbbi yardıma ulaşamadıkları koşullarda tutulmakta; sıklıkla yargısız infazlara, zorla kaybedilmeye, işkenceye ve kötü muameleye maruz kalmakta ve korunamamaktadır. Bunun sebebi çoğunlukla ilgili hukuk normlarına uyulmaması, hukukun bilinmemesi ya da kapasite eksikliği ve fiziki olanaksızlıklar olmakla birlikte; uluslararası silahlı çatışmalara oranla uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda bu hususlara ilişkin detaylandırılmış hukuki normların eksikliği bu kişilerin yaşamı, onuru ve sağlığının korunamamasında önemli bir etkendir. Bu çalışma günümüz çatışmalarının temel bir karakteristiği haline gelen Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar bağlamında İnsancıl Hukuku, çatışma taraflarının yoğun bir şekilde uyguladığı 'özgürlükten yoksun bırakma' hususu açısından ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Çatışmalar Hukukunda özgürlükten yoksun bırakma/ alıkoyma kavramına dair hükümlerin kişilere yeterli koruma sağlayıp sağlamadığı ve bu husustaki hukuki boşluklar irdelenecek; alıkoyma durumlarında kişilerin korunması açısından İnsancıl Hukukun geliştirilmesi gereken alanları ile bu alanların güçlendirilmesine dair çabalar ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalar, Özgürlükten yoksun bırakma, Tutukluluk, Enterne edilme, Devlet dışı silahlı gruplar

Abstract:
In the contemporary armed conflicts of today, deprivation of liberty has become a widely used method by both states and non-state armed groups. The conditions in which those vulnerable persons are detained by the parties of conflict are extremely severe and quite tragic. They are often held in conditions where they are unaware of the reasons for their detention and their rights, their communication with the outside world is banned and they have inadequate access to water, food and medical assistance. They are often subjected to extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, torture and ill-treatment, and cannot be protected. Although this is mostly due to the failure to comply with relevant legal norms, lack of knowledge of the law or lack of capacity and physical disabilities; the lack of detailed legal norms in non-international armed conflicts compared to international armed conflicts is an important factor in the inability to protect their life, dignity and health.

History of the Polish Red Cross in West Pomeranian region between 1945 and 2019 with description and analyse of international, national and regional legal, organizational and financial conditions of the Red Cross activities. The book is an effect of almost 3 years researches in National Archives in Szczecin and Koszalin (main centres of the West Pomerania) as well as regional Red Cross archive.

The development of humanitarian aid has become one of the hot topics of the global agenda due to the high number of internal and international
conflicts, extreme poverty, diseases, natural disasters, and other causes.
Humanitarian aid is in a fragile condition. It is essential that basic
humanitarian needs are dispatched as quickly as possible to regions in
need. This requirement of rapidity is not only relevant for the transport of
goods, but also for the deployment of humanitarian personnel to remote
or dangerous areas.

The transport of humanitarian aid by aircraft, in other words, “humanitarian flights”, must be performed in an immediate and
unobstructed way to be most effective. Noting the insufficient academic
literature in the field of international air law regarding humanitarian flights, this article will bring together all the international legal provisions
not only from the field of air law, but also from humanitarian law and
human rights law. Moreover, the legislations of the European Union,
Switzerland (which is the host of the Red Cross and Red Crescent and a
politically neutral State), and Turkey (one of the biggest humanitarian
donors in the world) will be examined. Consequently, this article will try
to provide an answer to the question of whether humanitarian flights can
be organised freely or, at the least, with greater facility in comparison to
other flights under the current legal provisions of international air law and other related legal documents.

Το Διεθνές Κίνημα του Ερυθρού Σταυρού και της Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου, πριν από 25 χρόνια, το 1992, εξέδωσε έναν πρωτότυπο και αποτελεσματικό Οδηγό για κάθε Ερυθροσταυρίτη, με τίτλο «ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΟΣ» προκειμένου να βοηθήσει στην διάδοση του ανθρωπιστικού μηνύματος, της προβολής της δημόσιας καλής εικόνας του και της κινητοποίησης νέων εθελοντών και υποστηρικτών.

Το ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΟΣ του ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΕΡΥΘΡΟΣΤΑΥΡΙΚΟΥ ΚΙΝΗΜΑΤΟΣ, σκοπό έχει να κάνει ευρύτερα γνωστή την ιδιότητα του Ερυθροσταυρίτη, το έργο του, την αποστολή του, την προσφορά του και πιο έντονη την παρουσία του, σε όλο το εύρος του πεδίου της δράσης του. Απευθύνεται δε, σε κάθε Ερυθροσταυρίτη οπουδήποτε στον πλανήτη, είτε έχει έμμισθη σχέση, είτε εθελοντική, είτε υποστηρικτική, ανεξάρτητα από την υπηρεσία στην οποία υπάγεται, την εξειδίκευση, την θέση ευθύνης, τον χρόνο και το ύψος της προσφοράς, τις διακρίσεις, ανεξάρτητα εάν επιχειρεί σε εμπόλεμες περιοχές ή σε καταστάσεις ειρήνης, ανεξάρτητα εάν ασκεί διοίκηση εθνικού συλλόγου ή είναι υπό την διοίκηση, ανεξάρτητα εάν προσφέρει χρήματα ή επισκέπτεται κρατούμενο στις φυλακές.

Το Διεθνές Κίνημα του Ερυθρού Σταυρού και της Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου,  αντλεί  τη  δύναμή  του  από  το  ιδανικό  που  υπηρετεί,  αλλά  η  ανθρωπιστική  παράδοση  που  καθοδηγεί  το  έργο  του,  ποτέ  δεν  περιόρισε τις δραστηριότητές του.  Αντίθετα,  πρέπει πάντα να καταβάλλονται προσπάθειες απ’ όλους, για την ανακάλυψη νέων αλλά και  περισσότερο  αποτελεσματικών  οδών που θα οδηγήσουν  σε μια πιο δίκαιη και ανθρώπινη κοινωνία.

Σήμερα, το 2017, 25 χρόνια μετά, στην Ελλάδα, που ο εθνικός σύλλογος του Ερυθρού Σταυρού έχει εκτεθεί ανεπανόρθωτα από τις αστοχίες και την κακοδιαχείριση των διοικήσεων των, έχει πληγεί βάναυσα η δημόσια και διεθνή εικόνα του, έχει απωλεσθεί η εμπιστοσύνη της κοινής γνώμης ως προς την αξιοπιστία του, έχει παρέμβει δραματικά η Διεθνής Ομοσπονδία για αναχαίτηση της υπάρχουσας κατάστασης και εναρμόνισης με τα διεθνή πρότυπα, έχει ζητηθεί η δυναμική παρέμβαση της ελληνικής κυβερνήσεως για διαιτησία, έχει απειληθεί από την Διεθνή Ομοσπονδία με οριστική αφαίρεση του σήματος και σύρεται στα δικαστήρια σε συχνότητα που υπερβαίνει κάθε λογική, χρειάζεται μια θαρραλέα και γενναία απόφαση για την ανασύνταξη των δυνάμεων, χρειάζεται αυτογνωσία για την αποφυγή παρόμοιων λαθών, χρειάζεται η δυναμική παρέμβαση του εθελοντικού κινήματος στην λήψη αποφάσεων, χρειάζεται ένας καθοδηγητής με πίστη και όραμα, με γνώσεις και ικανότητες, με αγάπη και αφοσίωση, με πυγμή και αποφασιστικότητα να οδηγήσει τους εναπομείναντες στην αληθινή αποστολή τους, όχι υπό την απειλή, όχι υπό τον φόβο, όχι υπό το σκότος, όχι υπό την διαφθορά, αλλά υπό την αξιοκρατία, την διαφάνεια, την δικαιοσύνη, την εντιμότητα, μα κυρίως υπό τις επτά Θεμελιώδεις Αρχές του Ερυθροσταυρικού Κινήματος. Και μόνο η πίστη και η πιστή εφαρμογή των επτά Θεμελιωδών Αρχών του Ερυθροσταυρικού Κινήματος, θα μπορούσε να επαναφέρει τον εθνικό σύλλογο του Ερυθρού Σταυρού, στην θέση που κατείχε επί έναν και πλέον αιώνα, σε πολύ σύντομο χρόνο. Το δικαιούται και το αξίζει ο εθνικός σύλλογος, μα πολύ περισσότερο όσοι με πίστη τον υπηρετούν ακόμη.


Ο δημιουργός του πονήματος αυτού, ζώντας και παρακολουθώντας από κοντά την δεινή κατάσταση στην οποία έχει περιέλθει ο εθνικός μας σύλλογος και το εθελοντικό του κίνημα, εξ ιδίας πρωτοβουλίας αποφάσισε, την αναδημοσίευση αυτού του πολύ χρήσιμου Οδηγού για κάθε Ερυθροσταυρίτη, με κύριο περιεχόμενο την Δήλωση Ταυτότητος για το Διεθνές Κίνημα του Ερυθρού Σταυρού και της Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου.

Δεν θα ήταν καθόλου υπερβολικό να πούμε ότι πολλά από τα λεχθέντα σε αυτόν τον πολύτιμο Οδηγό για κάθε Ερυθροσταυρίτη δεν τηρούνται ή παραβιάζονται, με αποτέλεσμα την έκθεση σε άμεσο κίνδυνο της αξιοπιστίας του Κινήματος γενικότερα και του εθνικού συλλόγου που δεν συμμορφώνεται, ειδικότερα.

Το περιεχόμενο αυτού του πονήματος είναι ωφέλιμο, διαχρονικό και επίκαιρο όσο ποτέ άλλοτε για όλους, από τον Πρόεδρο ενός εθνικού συλλόγου Ερυθρού Σταυρού ή Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου έως και τον πιο νέο Ερυθροσταυρίτη. Προσθέτει γνώσεις ανθρωπιάς, προσφοράς, σωτηρίας.

Ιδιαίτερα όσοι αρθρογραφούν, όσοι κάνουν ομιλίες, όσοι δίνουν συνεντεύξεις, όσοι παρουσιάζουν το έργο και την δράση του Κινήματος δημόσια, μπορούν να συμβουλεύονται το Διεθνές Πρόγραμμα Ταυτότητος του Διεθνούς Ερυθροσταυρικού Κινήματος, το οποίο παρέχει πληθώρα πληροφοριών και αναλύσεων.

The primary subject matter of the thesis comprises the analysis the conceptual and legal framework of a natural disaster as a humanitarian crisis. This includes a detailed critical review of the legislative provisions set out in the ILC Draft
Treaty on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters as well as the new
emerging international disaster response regulations such as the IDRL Guidelines.
The thesis aims to evaluate the interaction between these diverse legal frameworks
and their potential to serve as the pillars underpinning the practical facilitation of
humanitarian assistance to victims of natural disasters.

Establish a diplomatic act that states that "the wounded enemy is not considered an enemy but a person in need of a little humanity", this was of course considered a proper revolution in the second half of the 19th century and became the beginning of the spread of one idea and one of the strongest symbols of mankind with the name 'Red Cross'. Thanks to this idea, the Red Cross Movement has acquired a lasting and unaltered foundation and conquered mankind. Never before in mankind's history the prospects offered to man to preserve his good health, protect his life and increase it's expectancy have been as favorable as today, thanks to advances in science.

This article analyzes disaster relief efforts for the 1954 Danube and Elbe River floods. Carried out jointly by the U.S. government and the Geneva-based League of Red Cross Societies, this food aid program affected Western and Eastern Europe, and marked an important moment in Cold War political and humanitarian history.

“Doing more, doing better and reaching further” is the aim of the International​ ​Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies’ (IFRC) road map for​ ​this decade called Strategy 2020. Since 2009, IFRC has delivered self-guided​ ​online learning through its Learning platform, a learning management system​ ​(LMS), to a massive and rapidly-growing audience (IFRC Annual Report​ ​2012). One key challenge faced by IFRC is how to improve training and preparedness,​ ​especially for groups like Field Assessment Coordination Teams​ ​(FACT) and Emergency Response Units (ERU), which are specialized teams​ ​of trained technical specialists ready to be deployed at short notice in emergency​ ​operations. The World Disasters Report 2013, which focused on technology​ ​and the future of humanitarian action, states that “the responsible use​ ​of technology in humanitarian action offers concrete ways to make assistance​ ​more effective and accountable, and to reduce vulnerability and strengthen​ ​resilience. Distance learning and online education are good examples of technology​ ​supporting these goals” (World Disasters Report 2013, p. 10-11). Due​ ​to both the specificity of the work of emergency operations teams and their​ ​diversity of contexts, educational technology that supports the exchange of​ ​experiences among team members could increase effectiveness before, during​ ​and after such operations, to enhance the organization’s capacity for making​ ​use of both lessons learned and the mechanisms for their learning. Following​ ​this reasoning and considering that IFRC actions have increased in numbers​ ​(done more) and have connected members from all over the world (reached​ ​further), the objective now is to do it better.

The sector is in an urgent need of innovation and in-depth changes that go through funding, management of funding, reshape of structures and delivering of aid. Working under the basis of a new concept of empowerment, Diplomacy and delivering aid: basic pillars for a new humanitarian approach.*

Innovation must be seeing through the idea of a renovated empowerment of the aid sector from the vision of humanitarian –but political- leaders and a network of organisations and individuals that go beyond “aid delivering” but of a solid-steady work on Diplomacy and Advocacy.