History of Dentistry

บทความ -- “ฉันอยากเป็นทันตแพทย์”: จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามกับการเรียนการสอนด้านทันตกรรม ทศวรรษ 2480-2490 (“I want to be a dentist”: Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram and Dental Education, 2480s-2490s B.E.)
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นำเสนอในการประชุมวิชาการระดับชาติ เวทีวิจัยมนุษยศาสตร์ไทย ครั้งที่ 14 “iHumanities: เทคโนโลยีสุขภาพและชีวิต” ระหว่างวันที่ 8-9 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2563 ณ คณะสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล ศาลายา นครปฐม
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บทคัดย่อ
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บทความนี้ศึกษาบทบาทของจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงคราม ในการพัฒนาการศึกษาวิชาทันตกรรมในระหว่างทศวรรษ 2480-2490 โดยมุ่งไปที่ความสนใจของจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามที่มีต่องานทันตกรรมและเครือข่ายความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามกับกลุ่มหลวงวาจวิทยาวัฑฒน์ผู้ซึ่งเป็นทันตแพทย์ บทความนี้เสนอว่า เหตุที่การศึกษาด้านทันตกรรมในระหว่างทศวรรษ 2480-2490 ได้รับการสนับสนุนให้ก่อตั้งแผนกทันตแพทยศาสตร์และสนับสนุนด้านการเรียนการสอนจากรัฐบาลของจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามทั้งสองสมัยนั้น มีสาเหตุสามประการ ประการแรกคือ งานทันตกรรมตอบสนองนโยบายของรัฐบาลที่พยายามจัดการกับทันตสุขภาพของประชาชน ประการที่สองคือ จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามมีความสนใจส่วนตัวต่องานทันตกรรมและมักจะเข้ารับการรักษาฟันเป็นประจำ และประการสุดท้ายคือ จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามมีความสัมพันธ์อันดีกับกลุ่มทันตแพทย์ที่ต้องการพัฒนาการเรียนการสอนวิชาทันตกรรม ด้วยเหตุผลด้านสุขภาพและเครือข่ายความสัมพันธ์นี้มีส่วนอย่างมากที่ทำให้จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามพยายามให้การสนับสนุนการศึกษาด้านทันตกรรมและคณะทันตแพทยศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย
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Abstract
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This article devotes to the role of Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram in development of dental education during 2480s-2490s B.E. with a focus on Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram’s interests in dental works and his connection with Professor Colonel Luang Vach Vidyavaddhana who was a dentist. This article suggests there were three primary reasons behind Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram’s decisions to endorse dental education and ultimately the establishment of Faculty of Dentistry. The first reason was that dental works would fulfill the governmental policy on dental health care. The second reason lied in Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram’s personal interests in dental health and his experiences as a regular dental patient, and the final reason stemmed from his close connection with a group of dentists who long desired to develop dental education. For such concerns in dental health care and the particular connection, the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, was thus established with all supports from Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram.
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คำสำคัญ: ทันตกรรม, ทันตแพทย์, คณะทันตแพทยศาสตร์, จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงคราม
Keywords: dentistry, dentist, Faculty of Dentistry, Field Marshal P. Pibulsongkram

At the end of the 18th Century, thanks to the edict, Generale Normativum, and the foundation of the Faculty of Medicine in Nagyszombat, forms of traditional medical education changed. Beside the main certificates – such as doctor of Medicine, master of Surgery or Pharmacy, midwife, veterinarian – the Faculty gave the students the opportunity, to also get special diplomas, especially from the beginning of the 19th Century, like master of Ophthalmology or Dentistry. The education of these two were strongly connected with Surgery, and Dentistry had no independent Department until the end of the 19th Century, 1890. Therefore the curriculum of it was written among different textbooks of Surgery that time. Thanks to this, dental issues were discussed in various contents and places of these coursebooks, although some of the authors of them and the Professors of the Faculty in Pest also wrote their own works about Dentistry (for Example Joseph Jacob Plenck in 1778).

From the Foundation of the Faculty until1867/8 only 45 people got their certificate as Masters of Dentistry. The first one was edited in 1800. Most of them were Masters of Surgery or so-called ’civil surgeons’, who were interested in Dentistry, too. Dentistry became more popular only from the 1840’s, probably thanks to its first privat-docent, Döme Nedelkó. Some of them were members of famous Dentist-families, like the Löffler-family. In the second half of the Century, Dentistry quickly became more popular for Doctors of Medicine, too. First Professors of Dentistry in Pest also got their diplomas here, such as József Árkövy or Ignác Barna.

Advancements  in  computer  systems  and  technologies  have
revolutionized the field of dentistry as well. These advancements
can be seen with the introduction and evolution of CAD/CAM
systems. The demand for such systems has grown dramatically
over the past decade and a large variety of different CAD/CAM
systems have been developed and marketed. The popularity of
these systems can be attributed to their efficiency of designing,
manufacturing and precision.

This paper addresses the questions of whether a dental profession existed in ancient Egypt and if it did then considers whether these practitioners were operative dental surgeons as we know them today or were they pharmacists. Evidence from hieroglyphic inscriptions, from the dentitions of the surviving mummified and skeletal remains, and from ancient documents and artefacts are examined. The conclusion would suggest that operative dental treatment if it did exist at all was extremely limited. The dental treatment that appears to have been provided was mainly restricted to pharmaceutical preparations that were either applied to the gingival and mucosal tissues or used as mouthwashes, and these at best may only have provided some short term relief. It seems apparent that many ancient Egyptians suffered from widespread and painful dental disease, which the available treatments can have done relatively little to alleviate.

Communication is an essential element of the relationship between patient and dentist. Dental schools are required to ensure that undergraduates are adequately trained in communication skills yet little evidence exists to suggest what constitutes appropriate training and how competency can be assessed. This review aimed to explore the scope and quality of evidence relating to communication skills training for dental students. Eleven papers fitted the inclusion criteria. The review found extensive use amongst studies of didactic learning and clinical role-play using simulated patients. Reported assessment methods focus mainly on observer evaluation of student interactions at consultation. Patient involvement in training appears to be minimal. This review recommends that several areas of methodology be addressed in future studies, the scope of research extended to include intra-operative communication, and that the role of real patients in the development of communication skills be active rather than passive.

Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black - Pada kesempatan ini saya akan memberikan pembagian / Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black.  Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black ini digunakan untuk menentukan perawatan pasien.
http://adifkgugm.blogspot.co.id/2013/08/klasifikasi-karies-gigi-menurut-gv-black.html

I santi invocati per il mal di denti sono Santa Apollonia e San Domenico dei Serpenti, il cui culto è molto diverso sia per origine sia per diffusione. Oltre alla ricostruzione della biografia dei santi e al loro rapporto con i denti, si segnalano opere d'arte che li rappresentano nelle Marche, affreschi (chiese di Offida e Cagli), dipinti (Galleria Nazionale di Urbino), vasi (Museo Diocesano di Loreto).

""Hesyre was a high court official in ancient Egypt and lived about 2650 BC during the reign of King Djoser. He managed to combine religious as well as secular posts, and has the distinction of being the first recorded physician as well as the first known dentist in history.

Healthcare developed at an early period in ancient Egyptian history as is supported by the evidence from the skeletal and mummified remains; from the artistic sources such as tomb paintings, reliefs and sculptures, as well as from inscriptional and written sources. The medical papyri, in particular, provide details of medical procedures undertaken, drugs employed and treatments provided, some of which have influenced modern medical practice.

What we know about Hesyre comes from his impressive tomb at Saqqara, the walls of which were brightly decorated with items of daily life such as tools, furniture and board games. Additionally, the tomb contained six wooden panels listing Hesyre’s titles at different times in his life, among them those relating to his practice of medicine and dentistry. These panels, which are located in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, are exquisitely carved and are considered to be among the finest wooden artefacts to survive from antiquity.
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Joseph Goebbels, Reich Propaganda Minister of National Socialist Germany and one of the most powerful Nazi politicians, committed suicide at the end of the Second World War together with his wife, Magda, thus escaping his political responsibilities. Prior to committing suicide, the Goebbels’ conspired to murder their six children, and to this end, enlisted the help of the dentist Helmut Kunz. Not until 1959, however, did Kunz stand trial on six counts of aiding and abetting in a homicide. Using extensive court records, this article examines the life of the dentist Helmut Kunz, his function in the Third Reich, and his role in the murder of the Goebbels children.

Para algunos es sólo una referencia científica, pero en el mundo entero muchos reconocemos la trascendencia e impacto científico que marcó la historia contemporánea de la odontología. Me refiero a los trabajos del maestro, investigador, científico y gran comunicador Harald Löe.

What can the study of ancient teeth tell us about the lifestyle and dietary habits of our ancestors? Dental palaeopathology is particularly important as it can provide direct evidence of the type of diet an individual consumed during life. An analysis of the angle of tooth wear evident on the crown of the tooth can help to distinguish between early hunter-gatherers and later agriculturists, whilst microwear features on the occlusal surface can help to discern subtle dietary shifts. The distributions of stable isotopes in food webs make it possible to use them to reconstruct ancient diets as well as tracing the geographic origins and migrations of peoples. Plant microfossils have been isolated from calculus which can be identified using light microscopy. Teeth are particularly useful in ancient DNA studies due to the excellent preservation of biomaterials within the enamel shell of the tooth.

L'odontoiatria nasce tardi come specialità autonoma: la prima cattedra di odontoiatria è istituita a Boston nel 1867. Il mal dei denti è invece antichissimo: la carie fa la sua comparsa quando l'uomo diventa agricoltore. Trattazioni sui denti sono contenute in libri di anatomo-fisiologia, patalogia, farmacologia, chirurgia. L'articolo presenta alcuni di questi libri conservati nella Biblioteca Comunale di Fermo, che ha un fondo antico di medicina di grande rilievo. Infatti tra il 1705 e il 1723, per duplice donazione, vi è giunta la collezione del fermano Romolo Spezioli (1642-1723), medico personale della regina Cristina di Svezia e del cardinale Azzolino.

In ancient Egypt the exceptionally dry climate together with the unique burial customs has resulted in the survival of large numbers of well-preserved skeletal and mummified remains. Examinations of these remains together with an analysis of the surviving documentary, archaeological and ethnographic evidence has enabled a detailed picture of the dental health of these ancient people to be revealed, perhaps more so than for any other civilisation in antiquity. In this the first of two articles the dental pathological conditions that afflicted the ancient Egyptians is considered. The commonest finding is that of tooth wear, which was often so excessive that it resulted in pulpal exposure. Multiple abscesses were frequently seen, but caries was not a significant problem. Overall the findings indicate that the various pathological conditions and non-pathological abnormalities of teeth evident in dentitions in the 21st century were also manifest in ancient Egypt, although the incidences of these conditions varies considerably between the civilisations.

In 1563, the Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachio published Libellus de Dentibus, the first book on dental anatomy. Subsequently, the surgeon Urbain Hemard authored Recherche de la Vraye Anathomie des Dents in 1582, the first book on dentistry in the French language. Hemard and Eustachio, two names integral in the biblio-historical development of dentistry, have been intertwined in a philological controversy ever since, with historians debating charges of plagiarism. Hemard’s commentary on dental anatomy bears striking resemblance to Eustachio’s, with the bulk of the text being an exact French translation. This essay will introduce a newly discovered copy of Eustachio’s Libellus that bears the signature of Hemard, thus, reinforcing the plagiarism charges. However, the historiographical debate has been buttressed simply on the contents of the two books, with little attention paid to the socio-political influences that could have directed Hemard towards textual annexation. In sixteenth- century Europe, cultural animosity was percolating within political and social spheres, and seeping into the publishing industry. French translations of foreign texts were viewed as a defense against Italian cultural intrusion. This essay will argue that given the prestige of Italian anatomical knowledge, Hemard may have felt justified in annexing the work of his foreign contemporary as a defense of French national identity, and ultimately, since Eustachio was mired in obscurity in his time, he could have seized the opportunity to elevate his status as a great anatomist.

The historical bases of occidental medicine precede the Hippocratic corpus. Between the third and first millennium B.C. Egyptian medicine developed a model of medical practice that was a reference horizon for other Mediterranean cultures. There are a great number of papyri of that time, which gathered the medical and surgical skills and that are matter of study. The Edwin Smith papyrus (PES) is one of them. We analyzed the PES in its historical context, its history, its structure and its
medical and dental significance. Finally, we analyzed the relevance of PES as a sign of a change in the medicine study method in the ancient Egypt. PES is an insight into
how medicine was practiced in ancient Egypt. Historically, it is also the first medicaldocument based on objective observations, excluding all magical and religious perceptions,as well as the underlying cultural framework. The similarity between thecurrent clinical method and that described in the Smith papyrus, strongly suggeststhe idea that part of the origin of medicine, can be found in ancient Egypt.

Why not document the history of dentistry in this region? This must consist of history of early dentistry, private practitioners who brought modern dentistry to Calicut, debutant qualifiers, even the history of Calicut Dental College and so on.

Oral mucosa is often a lone warrior subjected to face many diverse noxious opponents in the form of either hot or cold, acidic or alkaline substances, spiced or not so spicy foods. They may be also in constant contact with tobacco, alcohol, or other substances taken
through the mouth or placed in the mouth like amalgam restorations.
This paper reports a case of oral lichenoid reaction to amalgam and focuses on the local toxic effects of amalgam as dental restorations with particular reference to oral lichenoid reactions (lesions).

Prehistoric evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo has so far been limited to isolated cases from less than six millennia ago. Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500-9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture.

Intense debates on various treatment modalities like Root canal treatment, Silver amalgam
restorations, Orthodontic teeth repositioning and dental implants are not new. Such debates not only
solidify the loose sand upon which the theories are built, but also help to polish the rough edges of the
argument. However, the discourses will never arrive at a desirable culmination unless handled with
utmost honesty and least amount of dogmatism.

Complementary  and  Alternative  Medicine  (CAM)  is  a  rapidly
evolving area of medicine and dentistry with a prevalence of use of 9
to 65% worldwide. Phytomedicines have come to occupy a place in
dentistry and of these; propolis is a medicament that has been widely
tested.  Propolis  has  far  reaching  applications  in  dentistry,  ranging
from  its  use  as  a  pulp  capping  agent  to  its  role  as a  medium  for
avulsed tooth replantation. This review focuses on  the characteristics
and applications of propolis in dentistry.

The first modern dental institutes were established in Europe and in the USA during the 1840s. At that period there wasn’t a single qualified doctor in Palestine, not to mention a professional dentist. A couple of decades later, as the number of Christian pilgrims grew, a number of modern hospitals were established and a few non-Jewish dentists opened their clinics in Jerusalem, then and in the following decades, the region’s largest city.

In Europe, dentistry became a popular profession among Jews in general and among Jewish women in particular. The first Jewish dentist settled in Jerusalem in the mid-1880s. Other dentists were slow to arrive and their number began to grow only after the turn of the 20th century. Their professional education varied from those who were trained as apprentices by other dentists to those which studied a couple of years in an academic dental school.

The devastation caused by WWI prompted American-Zionist organizations to send a special medical unit to Palestine in 1918. Along medical supplies it also brought a small group of doctors and dentists. The two American dentists that decided to remain in Palestine took upon themselves to spread their medical and scientific knowledge. They also organized the dentists, whose number grew considerably during the 1920s, and called the authorities to regulate the dental profession.
In 1926 the British authorities issued a decree regulating all medical professions. It demanded that dental practitioners will be licensed after proving their previous studies and professional knowledge. In 1931, local dentists’ organizations decided to establish the Palestine Dental Association. Five years later it was accepted as a member by the International Dental Federation (FDI) and was recognized by the local authorities.
Since the 1930s, prominent Jewish dentist from abroad were invited to come to Palestine to lecture, and local dentists participated in international conferences. This prompted the first scientific publications. At the same time dentists published articles in the daily press in which they educated the public on dental hygiene and on modern dental techniques.
This momentum was halted in the early 1940s as result of WWII and the Holocaust but was quick to resume immediately thereafter. 1944 saw the publication of a professional dental Journal, which this issue is a continuation of. By the time the state of Israel was established in 1948, it had more than 900 active dentists, most of them organized in the Israel Dental Association.

The only element which was still required to bridge the gap between the dentists in Israel and those in the rest of the modern world was an academic dental school. After more than 20 years in making, the school was opened in 1953 in Jerusalem. From that time on, Israel’s dentistry enjoys a worldwide reputation and its dental school graduates teach and lecture in universities and in many dental forums around the globe.

Dental transposition is a form of ectopic eruption with change in position of normal adjacent teeth. Its prevalence is very low in general population and could be frequently missed on oral examination. We present a rare case of dental transposition between left mandibular canine and first premolar in a 22 year old Libyan male patient.

Beauty in itself is a combination of reality and personal
perception. As the mouth is the centre of communication in the
face, the smile plays an important role in facial expression and
appearance. Facial and smile attractiveness appear strongly
connected to  each other. Attractiveness is suggested to influence
personality development and social interaction. Our ultimate goal,
as clinicians is to achieve a pleasing composition in the smile-to
create an arrangement of the various esthetic elements to proper
proportion or relation according to known principles.

Malocclusion although a common finding in today’s world appears to have been less frequent in antiquity. There are references to overcrowding, delayed exfoliation of deciduous teeth and basic orthodontic treatment in the writings of classical authors such as Hippocrates, Celsus and Galen. However, early authentic archaeological finds of dental appliances are extremely rare. Considerable attention has focussed on gold banded devices excavated from ancient Etruscan sites in central Italy which have been dated to around the 7th-4th centuries BC, with a number of authors suggesting an orthodontic function for these appliances. This paper reviews the evidence for the possible treatment of malocclusions in antiquity and concludes that the use of orthodontic appliances to facilitate tooth movement is not supported by the available evidence.

Η παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζει, για πρώτη φορά στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, την Αρχαία Ελληνική Οδοντιατρική ως θεμέλιο της Δυτικής Οδοντιατρικής Παράδοσης. Παρουσιάζεται η προσφορά 26 ιατρικών προσωπικοτήτων από τον Ιπποκράτη (5ος αι. π.Χ.) έως τον Γαληνό της Περγάμου (2ος αι. μ.Χ.) και ταυτόχρονα εξετάζεται η προσφορά του Αριστοτέλη ο οποίος επηρέασε καταλυτικά την οδοντιατρική θεωρία, αλλά και του λεξικογράφου Ιούλιου Πολυδεύκη που καταγράφει στο έργο Ὀνομαστικόν ένα εκπληκτικά μεγάλο αριθμό λημμάτων σε οδοντοστοματολογικά ζητήματα, επιβεβαιώνοντας το γεγονός ότι η επιστήμη του στόματος και των δοντιών στα μέσα του 2ου αι. μ.Χ. είχε εξελιχθεί αρκετά, ώστε να διαθέτει ένα εξειδικευμένο λεξιλόγιο. Παράλληλα εξετάζονται ειδικά θέματα της αρχαίας οδοντιατρικής πράξης όπως η εξαγωγή δοντιών και οι περίτεχνες οδοντικές προσθετικές κατασκευές. Τέλος διερευνάται η δράση ειδικευμένων ιατρών οι οποίοι έφεραν τον τίτλο ὀδοντικοί ἰατροί, αλλά και η ύπαρξη πρώιμων οδοντιατρείων τουλάχιστον στη Ρώμη και την Αλεξάνδρεια της Αιγύπτου.

The source material for the article are the yearbooks of Medico-Pharmaceutical and Natural-Science and Medical societies operating in the former Bratislava, Trenčín, Nitra, Spiš, Gemer, Zemplín County and in Banská Štiavnica. The author follows not only the personalities with a specialization dentist listed in the member lists, but also the topics of dentistry on the pages of the yearbooks. The main aim of the article is to draw attention to the valuable material preserved in the publishing activities of individual societies. It makes possible to complete and specify the current knowledge of the history of dentistry in Slovakia in a defined period.