Green House Gases (GHG)

Agriculture together with agro-forestry systems are perceived as a source of significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with concomitant potentials for mitigation. It is among the economic sectors having the largest GHG mitigation potential. Conversion to invigorating land uses and implementation of recommended management practices (RMP) can enhance soil organic carbon (SOC). The adoption of these alternatives is likely to have considerable benefits for some cropping systems under moderate climate change. The C sequestration potential in soils of terrestrial ecosystems is 3x10 9 tonnes C/year or 0.05% reduction of atmospheric CO 2 at the rate of 1 Mg/ha/year by improving C pool by the end of the year 2099. The role of forest and grasslands as a sink for atmospheric CO 2 is the subject of active debate. The carbon stock for the period 2006-2030 is projected to increase from 8.79x10 9 tonnes C to 9.75x10 9 tonnes C with forest cover becoming more or less stable, and new forest carbon accretions coming from the current initiatives of afforestation and reforestation programme. With the knowledge and information that is now emerging, the role of agro-forest and plantations in mitigation is becoming more and more important. Over the past decades, national policies of India aimed at conservation and sustainable management of forests have transformed India's forests into a net sink of CO 2. Not all improved management practices are suitable to all soils and ecological conditions. Dealing with many barriers to effective adaptation will require a comprehensive and dynamic policy approach covering a range of scales and issues. A crucial component of this approach is the implementation of adaptation assessment frame works that are relevant, robust and easily operated by all stakeholders, practitioners, policymakers and scientists.

Documento que analiza a los 20 principales países emisores de GEI a nivel internacional. En él se realiza una caracterización macroeconómica básica con el fin de determinar si existe alguna relación, y en caso afirmativo cuál, entre el PIB, el crecimiento del PIB, la composición sectorial del PIB, el nivel de competitividad o la población de dichos países en relación al volumen de emisiones de GEI. Para este fin, se realiza un análisis comparativo de datos procedentes de los años 1990 (año fijado como base para el cálculo de los objetivosde reducción de emisiones de GEI del Protocolo de Kyoto) y el 2006.

En las últimas cuatro décadas, países de todo el mundo han experimentado un crecimiento económico que ha mejorado la calidad de vida y ha conllevado en algunos casos a la reducción de la pobreza (UNDP, 2006), pero estos cambios se han logrado a expensas del deterioro de los ecosistemas del planeta y la capacidad para sostener la vida (Goudie, 1981; Francisco, 2015). Durante el último siglo el consumo de recursos por parte de la población mundial se ha cuadruplicado y con ello la generación de vertimientos y residuos y las emisiones de gases a la atmósfera han crecido hasta un punto en que la humanidad consume a un ritmo tan rápido que la tierra no se puede regenerar (Wackernagel et al., 2002; WWF, 2010). Cada día se hacen sentir las preocupaciones de los científicos y activistas socioambientales por hacer entender a los gobernantes del mundo, en especial de los países más industrializados, el grave riesgo en que estamos y del que no habrá vuelta atrás si no asumimos tareas inmediatas para disminuir los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) que aceleran el calentamiento global en la tropósfera (imagen 1), cuyos efectos sobre el clima de la Tierra afectan cada vez más diferentes zonas de nuestro planeta y, que como siempre, dejarán mayores secuelas en los países más pobres (Francisco, 2015). El calentamiento global y el cambio climático que genera, es uno de los más grandes problemas del siglo XXI, con consecuencias económicas, sociales y ambientales de gran magnitud (Pinelo et al., 2007; IPCC, 2007). Como respuesta a la amenaza del cambio climático, la comunidad internacional ha venido desarrollando e implementando numerosas iniciativas para estabilizar las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera. Tales iniciativas se basan en la evaluación, monitoreo, reporte y verificación de las emisiones de GEI que proporcionen información de apoyo para el establecimiento de políticas ambientales.

In the current study, a new type of composite 9 adsorbent was synthesized by amine modification of binder-containing 10 zeolite 4A bodies and its potential application in the post-combustion 11 CO 2 capture was evaluated. A wide range of aliphatic straight chain 12 amines such as propylamine (PA), butylamine (BA), pentylamine 13 (PEA), and their respective branched chain amines, iso-propylamine 14 (IPA), iso-butylamine (IBA), and iso-pentylamine (IPEA), were used 15 in a smaller fraction to modify binder-containing zeolite 4A bodies. 16 The synthesized materials were characterized by various spectro-17 analytical techniques to elucidate the effect of amine modification on 18 physicochemical properties of binder-containing zeolite 4A bodies and 19 its reactivity for CO 2 capture. Among all of the studied hybrid 20 adsorbents, the iso-butyl amine-modified binder-containing zeolite 4A 21 bodies (IBA-Z4A) exhibited excellent CO 2 adsorption performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2.56 mmol g −1 at 22 25 °C and 1 bar of pressure. Notably, IBA-Z4A also demonstrated excellent purity (98%) and remarkably high CO 2 /N 2 23 selectivity (335) as compared to the pristine binder-containing zeolite 4A bodies (24). Such enhanced CO 2 adsorption capacity 24 and high CO 2 /N 2 selectivity values for IBA-Z4A can be attributed to the symbiotic interactions between CO 2 and amines 25 governed by the basicity, electron density at the N atom of amines, and the steric effect of adsorbing molecules (CO 2 and N 2) at 26 the adsorbent surface. Notably, IBA-Z4A also displayed a marginal isosteric heat of adsorption for CO 2 (51 kJ mol −1) along 27 with the encouraging thermochemical cyclic stability over five consecutive CO 2 adsorption−desorption cycles at 25 °C and 1 28 bar, believed to be the best suited for post-combustion CO 2 capture.

En Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, se generan 27.300ton/día de basura de los cuales el 65% son residuos sólidos orgánicos, equivalentes a 17.745 ton/día, los cuales van a los rellenos sanitarios en la mayoría de los municipios Colombianos. Esto incrementa sustancialmente la emisión del metano como gas que provoca el efecto invernadero.
La codigestión de residuos orgánicos de diferente fuente ha resultado un proceso exitoso tanto en condiciones termofílicas como mesofílicas, y por esto, se han construido plantas de biogás centralizadas, alimentadas con diferentes residuos orgánicos para trabajar en codigestión, en diferentes países de Europa y Asia.
Se han aplicado tecnologías europeas y asiáticas en Colombia y otros países de Latinoamérica, pero no se ha investigado rigurosamente la relación de la temperatura que simule las condiciones de diferentes pisos térmicos del relieve colombiano en los que pueden aplicarse, para obtener una mayor producción de biogás en la codigestión de residuos ganaderos con residuos vegetales.
En este proyecto se pretendió resolver la pregunta de la incidencia de la temperatura en la degradación del vástago de plátano, hasta convertirla en metano y dióxido de carbono, por codigestión anaerobia con rumen como residuo bovino e inóculo anaerobio. Tales residuos se mezclaron para obtener 4 relaciones de sustrato. Se llevaron a bioreactores de 750mL, haciendo un arreglo factorial con 3 temperaturas (25, 35 y 45°C) por triplicado. Se analizaron condiciones iniciales y finales de parámetros fisicoquímicos, midiéndose el metano (gas efecto invernadero) contenido en cada uno de los bioreactores por cromatografía de gases (CG-FID) durante 40 días.
Mediante el programa Statgraphics Centurion XVI se ajustaron los valores de producción de metano a una ecuación polinomial de grado 3 en función de la temperatura y la relación de biomasa (porcentaje de vástago de plátano). La temperatura a la cual se dio la mayor producción de metano, fue a 45°C, seguida de 35°C y 25°C, con valores de 1250,1; 1018,2 y 885,7mL respectivamente. Lo cual indica que un clima templado cálido donde se tenga producción de plátano y ganado, los residuos generados de vástago de plátano pueden aprovecharse para generar energía en forma de metano mediante codigestión anaerobia con rumen bovino.
También se realizó un análisis multivariado concluyéndose estadísticamente que existe una interacción significativa entre la temperatura y la relación de biomasa con respecto a la producción de metano.  Es decir, que la producción de metano depende de la temperatura entre los rangos mesofílico y termofílico desde 25°C hasta 45°C, para cualquiera de las tres relaciones de biomasa de 0, 33 y 66% de vástago en las que se detectó presencia de metano.

First, this is a really long shot, because of the complexity of the topic.

If you belong to a group of readers who only want to read abstracts, then I only have one sad message for you:

the status of compliance with the commitments defined by the IPCC will not be possible to maintain globally or in countries with the greatest impact on global GHG numbers. There is no way to keep the 2050 safe zone, based on existing goals set up by the most important countries` actions. No doubt the 2030 or 2035 goals are just kind of politicians` promises for their electorate. It's even worse than you can imagine.

Nowhere have I found the existence of comprehensive IPCC commitment countries` plans. Just too many parallel activities that shoot off the target, but at least it's well published. It works for the masses that don't understand it but obediently follow the keywords. Followers = a product of this fast era.

This work is a summary of the papers I have published so far on Academia.org. In the end, you will find we do not have many options on how to solve it all. I present a few basic directions. However, it won’t be effortless, and everyone will experience discomfort. In every possible scenario.

This document is a collection of my comprehensive research, which I created without the contribution of other than my own economic resources. This is not a simple 30-minute-read document or essay. Unless you have at min. 1-2 hours, it's probably not doable. Your time investment is worth it because you will discover the complexity of seemingly unrelated topics that actually interact (I was surprised as well). .............................................................................................................................................................................................................

The most significant discovery of my research is that fundamental data such as Land systems, inputs of the Food system emissions, GHG emissions,... don't fit. However, this data is essential for the interpretation of the initial situation for cognitive solutions. Whether due to the low level of standardization or application in practice. In both cases, this signals significant shortcomings in those who create or maintain these standards or insist on complying with them.  .............................................................................................................................................................................................................


After reading this document, you will get answers to the guestions:

1. How will population growth affect food availability?
2. How does the population growth affect the production of anthropogenic emissions?
3. How does the current area of agricultural land affect our ability to feed the population?
4. How does food production affect the generation of anthropogenic emissions?
5. How can we rely on the data from which interpretations on these topics are derived?
6. How do all the previous points relate to each other, and how do they affect each other?
7. Why is it not simply possible to replace current food, energy, and soil sources with extreme solutions? And what it can lead to?
8. How to distinguish fake news from facts in these topics?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

In this document, I address the impact of FOOD systems on anthropogenic GHG emissions. I was prompted to analyze several polarizing articles that appeared to be scientific, but they had little in common as is customary with science. It creates such a fake, dare I say, manipulative area in which the masses are lost because they cannot understand the depth of the problem. 
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

The emission issue associated with Food systems cannot be declared with a single number that has zero significance. The knowledge that we are composed of approximately 7 x 10^27 atoms does not alone allow us to compose a functional human body.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Also, being aware that Food systems cause 1/3 GHG emissions can't help us understand the core of the problem. It's just a number without expressing complex relationships. This problem is complex, and each new interaction confuses the situation even more. 
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

As a person who does not wait for others to solve problems, I also tried to present how to solve the CC impact. But it will hurt. Some solutions can also be found in my documents on Academia.edu. 
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

This document is intended mainly for people who want to kick-start their minds. And it doesn't matter what form is used-we no longer live in the Middle Ages.

India is experiencing an incredible growth in the construction and real estate industry. Due to this rise in the construction sector raised many issues related to the environment and sustainability. As per economic policy forum, inits report mentioned that in India the energy consumption in buildings is for heating, ventilation and air Condition eraccounts for between 45% and 65% of total electricity consumption. Another study states that the construction sector of India emits about 22% of the total annual emission of CO2 which is very harmful for the Environment. So to handle the adverse situation a new and important concept is emerging in India that is Green Building. So this article gives you the understanding about the green buildings, How the green building get rating from the rating agencies, Importance of green buildings, and examples of some companies and organization that are taking the advantage of green wave and is flourishing. In this paper an analysis has given to compare between Normal buildings and Green buildings and its economical analysis.

Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane (TCD) is a fully green single step technology for producing hydrogen and nano-carbon. This review studying all development in laboratory-scale research on TCD, especially the recent advances like co-feeding effect and catalyst regeneration for augmenting the productivity of the whole process. Although a great success on the laboratory-scale has been fulfilled, TCD for greenhouse gas (GHG) free hydrogen production is still in its infancy. The need for commercialization of TCD is greater than ever in the present situation of huge GHG emission. TCD usually examined over various kind of catalysts, such as monometallic, bimetallic, trimetallic, combination of metal–metal oxide, carbonaceous and/or metal doped carbon catalysts. Deactivation of catalysts is the prime drawback found in TCD process. Catalyst regeneration and co-feeding of methane with other hydrocarbon are the two solutions put forwarded in accordance to overcome deactivation hurdle. Higher amount of co-feed hydrocarbon in situ produce more amount of highly active carbonaceous deposits which assist further methane decomposition to produce additional hydrogen to a great extent. The methane conversion rate increases with increase in the temperature and decreases with the flow rate in the co-feeding process in a similar manner as observed in normal TCD. The presence of co-components in the post-reaction stream is a key challenge tackled in the co-feeding and regeneration. Hence, this review hypothesizing the integration of hydrogen separation membrane in to methane decomposition reactor for online hydrogen separation.

The paper examines the biowaste management issues across rural areas of Romania in the context of
poor waste management infrastructure in the last decade (2003-2012). Biowaste is the main fraction of
municipal waste, thus a proper management is a key challenge in order to sustain a bioeconomy in the
near future. The amount of biowaste generated and uncollected by waste operators is generally uncontrolled
disposed if not recovered through home composting. The paper points out the role of home composting in diverting the biowaste from wild dumps and landfills for the regions covered or not by waste collection services. Home composting and the biowaste losses are further assessed based on several scenarios (worse-case, pessimistic, realistic, optimistic) where the net loads of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are calculated at national and regional levels. The transition of home composting techniques, from open piles to plastic bins with respect to standard guidelines will improve the home composting performance in terms of compost quality and net GHG's savings, supporting a bio-based economy which will lead towards a sustainable rural development. Regional disparities are revealed across Romanian
counties and the paper opens new research perspectives regarding which options should be adopted by
counties and rural municipalities in the biowaste management process.

This is not an academic paper. And also, this is not an essay or a presentation. This is a taste of my complex research. When you have trouble reading this type of document, save time. 

But don't forget the old truth: "Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get". 

I have tried to explain why the constant struggles between the two camps over Global Warming (GW) lead to only one goal-to waste time. Because so far, I have only read the intentions of how to solve GW. Nothing specific, which would include verification of such purposes. Based on objective data. I tried to formulate the complexity of the interactions that cause this duel. I left my thoughts to you - readers of this document. 

GW cannot be solved on five pages of paper. This problem is complex, and each new interaction confuses the situation even more. As a person who does not wait for others to solve problems, I also tried to present how it is possible to solve the GW impact. But it will hurt. Some solutions you can find in my documents on Academia.edu. 

This document is intended mainly for people who like kicking their minds. And it doesn't matter what form is used. We no longer live in the Middle Ages.

The discussion is available here:
https://www.academia.edu/s/f48f2942b3

Integration of moral values with ethics for sustainable development in the auto industry research analysis on 5 auto industry related incidents; GM faulty ignition left 100 dead and paid $2 billion in civil settlements and fines; and Toyota recall of the unintended acceleration caused 89 deaths United States and costed over $1.2 billion to address the economic loss. The 1978 recall of the 14.5 million Firestone and 2000 Ford Explorers highway rollovers equipped with firestone tires killed 271 people; Takata defective airbags by Japanese Auto makers agreed to pay $1 billion in penalties and fines in recall of 70 million airbags in 42 million vehicles with 11 deaths and 150 injuries and 100 million worldwide recalls; and Volkswagen emission deceptions in violation of Clean Air Act and with payment of $4.3 billion in criminal and civil penalties with overall settlement of $22 billion in fines and settlement in United States for 600, 000 vehicles.  What are the perspectives on ethics and sustainability in the auto industry by millennials who are projected dominate the workforce Auto Industry by 2020? The research findings detailed the agreement of participants that Volkswagen cheating software; Firestone treads peeling off; Takata airbag explosions; and Toyota sticky gas pedals were all unethical actions; the strategies shared by participants included selection of individuals with moral thus improving company culture.

JEL: L62, Q52, Q53, D23, D83, F63 M12, M14, K32, O13, Q54, Q56

This paper is based on the observation that there i
s a improved interest in small scale electricity
generation. The paper covers a survey of existing s
mall scale commonly called distributed generation
technologies and then move on a discussion of the m
ajor advantages and issues of distributed electrici
ty
generation. Different technologies are summarized o
n the basis of their advantages and disadvantages.
Small-scale generation is also commonly called
on-site generation, dispersed generation, embedded
generation or decentralised generation. And in conc
lusion, an attempt is made to define the distribute
d
generation concepts more precisely and its applicat
ion in Rural Electrification to electrify those are
a
where grid is not available.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a program under the Kyoto Protocol designed to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The program was originally adopted to reduce the cost of compliance for Annex I countries and, as a result, has failed to foster renewable, transportation-related, or small projects that have uncertain gains for Annex I countries. The fundamental question is whether or not the CDM can incentivize sustainable development, especially in terms of GHG reductions, in the ever-growing transportation sector of the developing world. Among the various transportation projects, fuel switch and mode switch projects are the most common options in the CDM, mainly because travel activity, vehicle efficiency and occupancy, and infrastructure investments are too broad for a project-based approach. A sectoral approach or Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) could provide a better fit for transportation policies; however, probably due to its more complex structure, no sectoral transportation option has been approved in the CDM. This paper reviews and critiques the CDM, and considers modifications to improve the program in these contexts.

İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı en başta bir şehir ve bölge planlama konusudur. Ancak planlama koordinasyonunda da disiplinler arası bir yaklaşım gerektirmektedir. İklim değişikliği sorunsalı üzerine sadece sera gazı emisyonu hesaplaması ve klişe haline gelmiş olan azaltım eylem listesi ile gitmek yetersizdir. İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı uluslararası normlara uygun olarak hazırlanmalıdır. ECOBUILD, İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı konusunda ülkemizde gerçek anlamda danışmanlık hizmeti veren tek firmadır.
​
Tüm şehir planlamarında ve yerel yönetim alanlarında eş zamanlı temel bir amaç olarak iklim değişikliği ile mücadele edilmelidir. ECOBUILD, İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planını, emisyon raporlaması ve azaltım politikasına ilave olarak, şehir genelindeki tüm planlarda yer alan konu başlıklarında yapılması gerekli uygulamaları, tarih hedefleri ile birlikte belirleyen bir plan olarak değerlendirmektedir.
​
Eylem planında iklim değişikliği senaryoları ve şehirde beklenen iklim değişikliği etkileri ortaya konulmaktadır. Şehrin karbon emisyon projeksiyonu, azaltım ve uyum politikaları tüm sektörler için oluşturulmaktadır.
İl genelinde ortaya çıkabilecek olan risk ve kırılganlıklar analiz edilmekte, iklimsel kırılganlık yanında, sektörel kırılganlıklar;

Halk Sağlığı
Arazi Kullanımı ve Yutak Potansiyeli
Ormancılık, Bio-Çeşitlilik, Tarım
Katı ve Sıvı Atıklar
Enerji Üretim ve Dağıtımı
Ulaştırma ve Lojistik
Su Kaynakları
Kamu Altyapı Hizmetleri
Binalar
Ticaret, Turizm ve Sosyal Yapı
Sanayi Bazında ele alınmaktadır.

This paper will address a typical example of publishing unprofessional documents in professional portals, such as Academia.edu. The danger of such documents is that they can be further disseminated to the scientific field, so the media can be distorted by the image of reality. Unfortunately, I meet this approach often. The purpose of my document is not to dishonor a person. The purpose is to show how not to handle data. Intro: Regardless of whether I live in the EU or not (I do not belong to the blinded patriots), I must comment on the view of the conversion of emissions according to the size of the country. On the contrary, I am a frequent pragmatic critic of emissions planning in the EU.

Tropical peatlands are an important global carbon (C) store but are threatened by drainage for palm oil and wood pulp production. The store's stability depends on the dynamics of the peatland water table, which in turn depend on peat permeability. We found that an example of the most abundant type of tropical peatland—ombrotrophic domes—has an unexpectedly high permeability similar to that of gravel. Using computer simulations of a natural peat dome (NPD) and a ditch-drained peat dome (DPD) we explored how such high permeability affects water tables and peat decay. High permeability has little effect on NPD water tables because of low hydraulic gradients from the center to the margin of the peatland. In contrast, DPD water tables are consistently deep, leaving the upper meter of peat exposed to rapid decay. Our results reveal why ditch drainage precipitates a rapid destabilization of the tropical peatland C store.

An Achilles’ heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

I have prepared for you another provocative reflection on where this civilization is heading without a clearly defined plan to eliminate the causes and consequences of Climate change.

This document critically addresses the overestimation of some pillars/energy sources that have a strategic nature in energy production up to 2050. The strategy of moving from one unhealthy extreme based on fossil fuels to another extreme based on chaotic deployment of Renewables (at all costs) is starting to catch up with us and will catch up very quickly. Everything has its rules - even traffic; it does not exist in deploying Renewables.

I am pleased to read your opinions in the discussion on this document:
https://www.academia.edu/s/e955d48c66

The share of non-conventional renewable energy in India is only 17.3%, where share of fossil fuel is 79.8% and causing cumulative GHG (Green House Gases) emission from electricity generation at a rate of 2,194.74 MtCo2. With the increase in population, the gross consumption of electricity in India was 16.3 kWh per capita in the FY 1947 to 1,181 kWh per capita as of FY 2018-19 and total generation (non-utilities and utilities) was 1,377 MW (megawatt)h to 1,54,6517 MW-h respectively. With the rapid increase in development and industrialization the electricity power has become a very necessary for mankind perhaps, in future it would trigger more in generation of electricity with the increasing development and advancement of technology. Hence, the source of energy must be increase with time being with its necessity. There is various ways to generate electricity but the source of generation and process differ. Few source of generation are eco friendly like; Solar, Hydro, Wind, etc and few causes adverse affect to our environment like; Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear, etc. In my present study it implies that due to increase in GHG and other polluting elements derived during electricity generation is invoking Global Warming. For mitigating the demand of excess electricity and keep the environment safe and clean by increasing the use of solar energy in various part of building structure as well as in other suitable infrastructure.

This paper aimed to study clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Iran. Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are generally considered costly with world leaders often engaging in debate concerning the costs of mitigation and the distribution of these costs between different countries. CDM projects are useful tools to reduce these costs. Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms, namely: emission trading, joint implementation and CDM. CDM is the only mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which developing countries can participate. Comprehensive interviews with experts from Iranian oil and energy ministries and Department of Environment (DOE) resulted in detecting the missed opportunities for CDM in Iran. Lack of long term planning for the Kyoto Protocol, limitation of technology and finance, lack of regulation and functionality of a financial system and international sanctions are the most significant obstacles for implementation of CDM projects in Iran. At the end, a comprehensive analysis for utilising CDM to greenhouse gas reduction and climate change mitigation is presented.

Emissions from vehicles are the major source of pollution in Uganda. Where 100% and 80% of petrol and diesel are used respectively, petroleum products are responsible for about 75% greenhouse emissions.  This has led to a compound temperature increase across the country. There has been an increase in occurrence of erratic rainfall, floods, storms and droughts, due to such events a negative effect on economic development has been felt in the country.

According to reports by the Uganda Energy Sector (2007) and United Nations World Water Development (2006) they estimated UGX 120 Billion annually to be lost due to water related climate change disasters, while transport related incidents were estimated at UGX 50 Billion annually. In 2007 the northern and eastern parts of Uganda were hit by floods, the hardest hit district was that of Amuria, where roads, bridges, crops, lives and buildings were destroyed.

Climate change has become a scorching issue in recent days due to not only its environmental
implications but political as well. However, the issue has to be addressed with different perspectives.
The importance of fund raising to address the issues related to climate change has been attempted
through establishment of Green Climate Fund (GCF). The GCF is a financial arm of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Earlier during 2010 at the Cancun
Conference in Mexico it was proposed to form GCF and in December 2011 it was accepted at the
Durban Conference in South Africa. The basic intention behind raising the fund in GCF is to help
developing countries to fight against climate change by assisting financially. The raised funds will
help the developing nations for protecting communities at risk from the effects of climate change,
such as rising sea levels, prolonged droughts and damage to food crops.Currently GCF operates
fromHeadquarter based at Incheon, South Korea since December 2013.

Resumen Los Inventarios de Gases de Efecto Invernadero se han convertido en una herramienta de política pública fundamental para diseñar las estrategias de reducción de emisiones, puesto que facilitan de manera inmediata el entendimiento de las principales fuentes de emisión en una región, y el papel que juegan los ecosistemas capturando parte de estas emisiones. Su elaboración es un compromiso internacional, que busca la mitigación de los efectos del Cambio Climático en el mundo, en este contexto el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el comportamiento de las emisiones Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), originadas por el sector agricultura-ganadería en Tlaxcala entre 2005-2014, para contribuir a su control, para ello se utilizaron los factores de emisión propuestos por el Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) con base en los cultivos y especies ganaderas de mayor importancia económico-productiva. Los resultados arrojaron que la agricultura genera cuatro tipos de GEI: CH 4, N 2 O, CO y NOx, mismos que emitieron un promedio anual de 284.41 Gg de CO 2 eq, por el subsector agricultura y 124.37 Gg por el subsector pecuario: en el primer caso, las principales fuentes de emisión fueron los fertilizantes nitrogenados; y en segundo, la deposición de excretas de ganado bovino.

During 1980s and 1990s there was severe problems about the dying loss of forest plants in Europe, and finally they detected – O 3 and some heavy metals responsibilities on it. They also confirmed that O 3 demaged to 20-30 crops in the fields, and such O 3 impacts are also detected from most countries of Europe. Recently, O 3 injury has also identified from many crops of Asia, Africa and USA. O 3 widely reduced the crop yields and the injury symptoms are well identical to each crop. In Bangladesh no work has been done on O 3 injury or other crops at different parts of the country. This review work will be treated as guideline or open the door for handling of O 3 research on crops, vegetables, fruits, graties, forests plants in Bangladesh. O 3 decreased the crop yields even showing no injury symptoms to crops. Usually, O 3 injury symptoms are visible with presence of high concentrations in air

Capture of air pollutant gases using novel and green solvents is obtaining widespread attention. Accurate estimation of this process is complex. We have estimated the absorption of CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 S, N 2 O, SO 2 and CO gases in ionic liquids (ILs). We have applied Multilayer Perceptron-Artificial Neural Networks (MLP-ANN), Hybrid-Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (Hybrid-ANFIS), Particle Swarm Optimization-Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (PSO-ANFIS) and Coupled Simulated Annealing-Least Squares Support Vector Machine (CSA-LSSVM). We have gathered 3060 data of 72 IL-Gas mixtures for 40 types of ILs. The inputs of these models are: Temperature (T), pressure (P), IL molecular weight (Mw IL), IL critical temperature (T c, IL), IL critical pressure (P c, IL), IL acentric factor (v IL), gas molecular weight (Mw gas), gas critical temperature (T c, gas), gas critical pressure (P c, gas), gas kinetic diameter (d) and the acentric factor (v gas). The CSA-LSSVM model produces best estimation with an Average Absolute Relative Deviation (AARD) of 8.7%. The results suggest the solubilities of the gases in ILs are correlated with structural factors of ILs. Estimation of the equilibrium behaviors in ionic liquids is of importance in simulation and design of solvent-based pollutant gas capture processes.

This paper examined the causes, effects and measures for mitigating climate change to ensure adequate supply of food through crop production to address the food insecurity which has occupied a central focus of the Nigerian economy. Unfortunately, crop production is fraught with many ecological challenges including climate change. This climate change which occurs as a result of the buildup of Green House Gases (GHGs) occasioned by industrialization, technological modeling and agriculture, exert significant effects on crop yield, water availability, ecosystem disequilibrium resulting in cases of drought, flood earthquake among others. For crop production to be scaled-up to meet the food requirement of the ever growing Nigerian population amidst these challenges, there is need to mitigate these adverse effects of climate change through the adoption of sustainable land management practices that can reduce the atmospheric stock of GHGs such as zero-tillage, appropriate use of fertilizers, avoidance of bush burning, graze land management, improved water management among others. Achieving great success in these areas requires that Nigerian government should be more proactive in their policies that hold promise for sustainable cultures in agricultural production as well as evolving global partnerships on ecological issues.

Over the past three decades, farmers in China have increasingly used fertilizers to increase paddy rice production. While this approach has eased the rising demand for food, it is unclear whether it pays off in the long-run when costs associated with environmental consequences are considered. Using two case studies in Zhejiang Province, China, this paper analyzed field-based rice yields, fertilizer inputs, nitrogen leaching and greenhouse emissions and their socioeconomic values of different farm practices. The objective was to assess the trade-offs among economic gains from increased yield and environmental consequences of different paddy rice management practices. The results indicated short-term economic gains to farmers outweigh the environmental cost concerns. However, considering the lasting environmental effects, there is a significant imbalance toward a conservative farming practice. The results further indicated that synergies can be achieved if precision management practices are adopted. It was also indicated that a large spatial variation exists in yields and environmental impacts, suggesting 'one-size fits all' policies will likely be ineffective in reducing environmental impacts. Although only two case studies were demonstrated in this study, the approach may be generalized to other geographic regions to help guide paddy farmers in similar climatic and land use environments such as those in the subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, to achieve synergic environment practices.

Green House Gas Effect atau Efek Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) serta perubahan iklim global menjadi perhatian dan isu global. Australia sebagai 10 besar negara penghasil emisi GRK merespon hal itu dengan sejumlah desain dan implementasi kebijakan publiknya.

Seiring dengan meningkatnya pembangunan perkotaan di Indonesia, lingkungan udara telah mengalami banyak perubahan akibat pencemaran, salah satunya adalah pemanasan global (global warming). Penataan ruang merupakan salah satu upaya dalam menyelaraskan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidup, dan merupakan kerangka acuan dalam melaksanakan pembangunan suatu daerah. Dalam penataan ruang belum memasukkan aspek sumber daya udara dalam analisis keruangan, karena itu diperlukan suatu pemodelan yang sesuai dan tepat guna. Salah satunya adalah pemodelan emisi gas rumah kaca. Gas rumah kaca yang digunakan adalah CO2, CH4, N2O. Nilai emisi dihitung berdasarkan sumber, rumusan dan nilai faktor emisi IPCC Panel. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan mengunakan media sistem informasi geografis. Masing-masing sumber emisi dimodelkan untuk membuat pola persebarannya (interpolasi) menggunakan analisis inverse distance weighting dengan input nilai emisi. Pemodelan emisi gas rumah kaca dilakukan dengan proses overlay ketiga model persebaran sumber emisi dengan menggunakan analisis weighted overlay. Kedua alat analisis ini tersedia pada software arcGIS. Nilai emisi dan pemodelan emisi CO2, CH4 dan N2O dapat menghasilkan pemodelan persebaran emisi gas rumah kaca di Kota Surabaya, dengan terbentuknya 4 kawasan tingkat sumber pencemar emisi. Pemodelan ini dapat dijadikan masukan dalam analisis aspek fisik dan lingkungan sebagai aspek sumber daya udara dalam penyusunan penataan ruang.

Kata kunci : penataan ruang, gas rumah kaca, inverse distance weighting, weighted overlay, sistem informasi geografis

The levels of acid rain and its impact on some communities in Akwa Ibom State were examined to determine the degree of acidity of rain water collected from the roofs, atmosphere, industrial and non-industrial areas. The results of the analysis revealed the mean pH range of rain water collected from the roofs and from the atmosphere varied from 5.97 ± 0.47 to 7.57 ± 0.85 and from 6.18 ± 0.43 to 7.57 ± 0.86 respectively. At 5% level of significance, there was no difference in the degree of acidity of rain water collected from the roofs and the atmosphere in the study area. However, the acidity of rain water collected from industrial area (Ibeno) and non-industrial areas of the State were significantly different. The ranges in the levels of nitrite ion (NO 2-), nitrate ion (NO 3-), and sulphate ion (SO 4 2-) determined in the rain water were 0.001-0.065mg/l, 0.100-0.0760mg/l and 0.620-19.02mg/l respectively. The results also revealed that rain water collected in the state was fit for drinking with respect to its pH, and levels of NO 2-, NO 3-, and SO 4 2-, which fell below minimum levels set by World Health Organization for drinking water. Exception was the rain water collected in Ibeno whose mean pH of 5.97 ± 0.47 made it too acidic and unfit for human consumption. Swam Brand roofs in the State corrode as a result of aging with exception to those seen in Ibeno Local Government Area and its environs which corroded before their expiring date of 30 years. These results imply that acid rainfall due to gas flaring is impacting negatively on our environs.

A study was conducted during the financial year 2013-14 to examine the tropospheric ozone injuries in rice crop at Tiossri area under Madan upazila of Netrakona district. Ozone concentrations were measured at four weeks interval using passive samplers. The first pair of passive samplers were exposed in March'2015 and continued three times till May'2015. O 3 concentration varied between 26.50 ppb (March) and 35.25 ppb (April). A positive correlation was found between the Ozone concentrations with temp. and also with total sunshine hour, while a negative correlation with the relative humidity was found. Another attractive and interesting phenomenon was to identify the ozone injuries in rice field, where interveinal yellowing and stippling symptoms was critically and smoothly observed on upper side of rice leaf blade. Actually this is the 1 st time observation of ozone injuries on rice plant in Bangladesh.

This study investigates the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and renewable energy production. In particular, the analysis considers whether there is a uniform relationship between CO 2 emissions and renewable energy production in the United States. The study uses CO 2 emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population, and renewable energy production data obtained from the U.S. census Bureau, U.S. energy information administration (EIA), and other reliable data sources. Multivariate analysis was combined with geographic information system (GIS) to visualize the variables in each state. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was also used in this study to probe into the relationship between CO 2 emissions, renewable energy production, GDP and population in a linear form. Results of this study through the data analysis revealed there was a significant positive correlation between population and CO 2 emissions, while GDP also showed positive correlation with CO 2 emissions. However, there was no specific pattern between renewable energy and CO 2 emissions; meaning that producing more renewable energy does not necessarily lead to less CO 2 emissions.