MSW

"Loving every page as I devour every word. I'm sure you've heard this many times. Your insight is profound, challenging and stirring. By the time I had reached page 40, I had two huge realizations of my own regarding family of origin issues. I welcomed the tears of healing."
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Post contact processes for social reform and re-organizing social relationship
Based on Primordial Identities
Large Scale sectoral mobilization having direct Influence on Macro-political processes
Demand for democratic inclusion, social justice and political space -shaping and transforming the social relations continuously
19th Century Reform movements against Sati, Brahminic dominance, ritualism, enlightenment/westernism
Early 20th Century Nationalist Movement, Khilaphat, Muslim League, Dalit Movement, Linguistic Minorities, Regional Nationalities, Ethnic Minorities
Late 20th century Movements by/for various Castes, Cultural identities, Regional & Religious groups, nationalities, women etc for social justice, equity and political rights
21st Century movements contention for direct political power in Bourgeois politics, resistance to neo-liberal dispossession, environmentalism, as well as movements from classes loosing privileges

Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)collectionanddisposalisamajorurbanenvironmentissueintheworldtoday.
MSWmanagementsolutionshavetobetechnologicallyfeasible,legallyandsociallyacceptableand
environmentallyand financiallysustainable.Europeanpolicyispushingforarationalmanagementof
naturalresources;apromisingtechnologicalperspectivetodayiswastevalorisation,aprocessthatinvolves
sorting atthesource,combinedwithmaterialrecyclingandwaste-to-energyconversion.Inthispaper,we
analyzetheevolutionofthePortugueseMSWmanagementsystem,criticizetheenvironmentalpolicyissues
for MSWmanagementinPortugalandidentifyweak pointsinthecriteriausedforthetechnologies
selection. PortugalisfacingmultipleproblemswithMSWmanagementandisattemptingtotacklethemby
passinglegislationinordertoimprovetheperformance ofwastemanagementsystems.Atthetechnological
level,gasification increasinglypresentsasanefficientandviablealternativetoincineration.Gasification isa
waste-to-energyconversionschemethatoffersanattractivesolutiontobothwastedisposalandenergyproblems.Wastegasificationbyplasmahasbeenvalidatedbuttheeconomicviabilityofthistechnology
must be proven before to be accepted by the industry.

Typical five MSW components (paperboard, PVC, sawdust, cotton fabric, and vegetables) were examined by using Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. Py-GC/MS experimental results showed different products at 500°C with varying percentage including benzene derivatives, phenolic compounds, acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, alkanes, and other compounds and revealed that the pyrolyzed organic content in different components varied by the temperature gradient. During rapid pyrolysis of PVC at 600-800°C, the yield of major plasticized pyrolysis products including benzene and toluene was significantly increased from 21.76 wt% to 39.45 wt% and 15.03 wt % to 22.33 wt%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis also revealed the degradation and significant conversion of components at higher temperatures. Furthermore, to have a better understanding, mixed waste pyrolysis results were also compared with the calculated mixed waste results. The results disclosed the strong interactions between the PVC pipe and vegetables. In addition, the binary mixture of PVC with other components also promoted low-temperature pyrolysis. Besides, paperboard also showed strong interaction with sawdust and cotton clothes. TG-FTIR results disclosed that when the chemical composition and constituents of waste components are similar, the composition becomes the main influencing factor for mixed pyrolysis. In addition, a kinetic approach was also employed to determine the activation energy of MSW components during pyrolysis and the activation energy of the pyrolysis of vegetables was found to be in lower range with 82.85 E/(kJ·mol −1) in comparison with other components.

Waste management is one of the significant activities for preserving the environment from pollution that has impact on society mirrored on people's health. This study approaches the topic of waste management using interpretive qualitative case study method to understand problems in the Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) system in Alexandria city, the second largest city in Egypt. Alexandria has been facing a problematic situation with regard to MSWM, which is worth paying attention to. Furthermore, we explore opportunities for benefiting from Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve the MSWM system in Alexandria.

Electronic waste (E-waste) has recently been perceived to be a problem confined to Jordan. The changing
of economic scenarios and global technological development has contributed the amount of E-waste
becomming part of the waste stream in Jordan. The necessary regulations regarding E-waste are not yet in
place. Therefore, a reliable estimation of E-waste generation is crucial to policymakers. Considering the
limited available data, this paper describes the current and future estimation of E-waste generation in
Jordan, namely cell phones, personal computers, TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. Jordan is
estimated to generate about 16,874 tons of E-waste in the year 2015, as compared to the present generation
of 15,211 tones, accounting for about 0.7% of all municipal solid wastes dumped in the country. The
average amount of E-waste produced per capita indicates it is estimated to grow from 2.38 kg/capita in 2012
to 2.48 kg/capita in 2015. Over a span of 5 years, from 2007 to 2012, a total of 84,533 tones became obsolete.
In the 3 years prior to 2015, it is projected that an additional 49,153 tones will become obsolete.

Diversion of waste streams such as plastics, woods, papers and other solid trash from municipal landfills
and extraction of useful materials from landfills is an area of increasing interest especially in densely
populated areas. One promising technology for recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) is to burn the
high-energy-content components in standard coal power plant. This research aims to reform wastes into
briquettes that are compatible with typical coal combustion processes. In order to comply with the standards
of coal-fired power plants, the feedstock must be mechanically robust, free of hazardous contaminants,
and moisture resistant, while retaining high fuel value. This study aims to investigate the effects of
processing conditions and added recyclable plastics on the properties of MSW solid fuels. A well-sorted
waste stream high in paper and fiber content was combined with controlled levels of recyclable plastics
PE, PP, PET and PS and formed into briquettes using a compression molding technique. The effect of added
plastics and moisture content on binding attraction and energy efficiency were investigated. The stability
of the briquettes to moisture exposure, the fuel composition by proximate analysis, briquette mechanical
strength, and burning efficiency were evaluated. It was found that high processing temperature ensures
better properties of the product addition of milled mixed plastic waste leads to better encapsulation as
well as to greater calorific value. Also some moisture removal (but not complete) improves the compacting
process and results in higher heating value. Analysis of the post-processing water uptake and compressive
strength showed a correlation between density and stability to both mechanical stress and
humid environment. Proximate analysis indicated heating values comparable to coal. The results showed
that mechanical and moisture uptake stability were improved when the moisture and air contents were
optimized. Moreover, the briquette sample composition was similar to biomass fuels but had significant
advantages due to addition of waste plastics that have high energy content compared to other waste
types. Addition of PP and HDPE presented better benefits than addition of PET due to lower softening
temperature and lower oxygen content. It should be noted that while harmful emissions such as dioxins,
furans and mercury can result from burning plastics, WTE facilities have been able to control these emissions
to meet US EPA standards. This research provides a drop-in coal replacement that reduces demand
on landfill space and replaces a significant fraction of fossil-derived fuel with a renewable alternative.

pH and moisture content are important parameters to evaluate maturity of compost prepared by using different type of organic waste. This study was designed to check the effect of pH and moisture content at start and end of composting process. It was concluded from this study that the pH of the compost remained alkaline throughout composting process. The moisture percentage was decreased from 50% with the increase in interval of time. The results showed that the compost is mature enough to be used as bio fertilizer.

Degradation of Organic in MSW and WW sludge by Co-composting technology is one of the alternatives, are available to handle the disposal of solid wastes. Co-composting is the highest form of recycling of biodegradable solid waste and it reduces the volume of waste effective. Addition of an oily waste to a co-composting process of dairy cow manure with food waste, and the influence in the final product was evaluated. Rubber waste constitutes valuable source of organic matter but its high C/N ratio and low moisture content. The co compost from the aerobic reactor provides good humus to build up a poor physical soil and some basic plant nutrients. A chestnut burr and leaf litter with solid poultry manure co-composting mixed was assessed. The use of hair waste as agricultural fertilizer is one of its most promising applications. Agricultural value of hair can be increased by composting.
Results show that: 1) co-composting method will be an attractive solid waste management option in poor context. 2) Dairy cow manure with food waste co-composting process was feasible even at the highest fat content. It can be a feasible way of adding value to fatty wastes. 3) The final co compost can be promoted for fertilizer. The best results were obtained by mixing rubber waste with sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plan, and water hyacinth. 4) The final pH of chestnut burr and leaf litter with solid poultry manure co-compost was 8.89 and the C/N ratio was 13. The germination index (GI) was obtained using the co-compost varied with the seeds used. 5) Good results were obtained when hair and de-inking co composted with raw sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In contrast, Respiratory Quotient (RQ) values were not adequate to follow the development of the process. In all cases, more stable compost was achieved at the end of the process.

The main aim of this research is to find out the status of municipal solid waste generation and its composition along with the relationship of economic condition of different inhabitants with per capita of waste composition in Varanasi, the most crowded city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Municipal Solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous in composition and varied from place to place. Increasing population levels as well as rapid economic growth and rise in living standard of people speeded the generation rate of municipal solid waste in metropolitan cities of India. The objective of this paper is to providing an insight of the stages of waste management i.e. Prevention, Minimization, Recycle, Reuse, Energy recovery, Disposal and its composition and amount in order to improve the current solid waste management practice of Varanasi municipality and also to provides a further insight of feasibility and aids of adopting segregation at source and decentralization of solid waste manag...

The CEC is the most important chemical parameter to check the stability and maturity of the compost. The higher value of CEC at the end of composting process give the more mature compost without any phytotoxicity and increased germination index. The composting process can be speed up by the addition of some inoculum in it. The present study was designed to find out the CEC of mature compost produced by municipal solid waste, as CEC must be increased with the time interval in composting process. The value of CEC depends on the nature of waste used for composting. It was concluded that the mature compost was formed by using MSW after 3 months of composting process with the addition of commercially available inoculum BST alone and with addition of molasses. The higher value of CEC was given by the windrows treated with BST inoculum without the addition of molasses.

This paper will focus on the subject of Waste Diversion, a critical component to reducing waste, ridding our environment of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and lowering the carbon footprint of each and every individual who contributes to the waste stream.  This paper will cover some history of what has driven a vision of “Zero Waste”, projects that are underway, challenges and successes, and the real and achievable future that lies ahead. 

Furthermore, to achieve these highly visible goals, especially in municipalities, universities and military bases, this paper offers direction on best practices for measuring waste diversion and the resulting GHG reductions.

Anyone who is responsible for sustainability programs in their institution, municipality, business, university or military base should benefit from this paper to further their understanding of waste diversion and how it will affect their CO2/GHG reduction programs, goals and operating costs.

Solid waste management is the one thing just about every city government provides for its residents. While service levels, environmental impacts and costs vary dramatically, solid waste management is arguably the most important municipal service and serves as a prerequisite for other municipal action. As the world hurtles toward its urban future, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), one of the most important by-products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. Ten years ago there were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of MSW per person per day (0.68 billion tonnes per year). This report estimates that today these amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person per day (1.3 billion tonnes per year). By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tonnes per year).

Metaheuristics is one of the most important applications for combinatorial optimization problems. In our proposed research work we have implemented Ant Colony algorithm for optimizing the municipal solid waste (MSW) transportation root in three Municipal area of West Bengal. We have applied this algorithm on a geo-referenced spatial database supported by a Geographic Information System (GIS). In our database, we have stored voluminous information regarding MSW such as longitude and latitude of positions of waste bins, road network and the related traffic etc and our proposed algorithm takes these parameters for calculating optimized path for transportation of garbage. Finally, the optimal solution is compared with another proposed pathway for MSW which was discussed in our previous work. The derived result is quite satisfactory as the derived path length is relatively smaller than the existing pathway which ultimately may be treated as cost effective pathway of garbage collection.

The study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructed soil filter (CSF) and presents performance of two CSF units located in Mumbai, India. In this system, natural weathered rock is formulated which combines sedimen-tation, infiltration and biochemical processes to remove suspended solids and oxidisable organics and inorganics of the wastewater. Results show elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, removal of COD (136–205 to 38–40 mg l À1) and BOD (80–125 to less than 12 mg l À1) suspended solids from 135–203 to 13–18 mg l À1 and turbidity from 84–124 to 8–11 NTU, bacterial removal of 2.4–3.1 log order for Total coliform and Fecal coliform from site I which is almost 8 years old facility, and site II which is 3 years old. Estimated hydraulic retention time of 0.5–1.0 h, hydraulic loading of 0.036–0.047 m 3 m À2 h À1 , no pretreatment, high DO levels in the effluent, no bio-sludge production, no mechanical aeration, low energy requirement (0.04 kW h m À3) and green aesthetic ambience are its unique features.

Analysis of the chemical components of Municipal solid waste (MSW) indicated that the presence of high concentrations of toxic heavy metals. The aim of this study was to select the best leaching condition, in order to generate a compost product, which adheres to the environmental standards for safe use. To determine the role of organic acids produced in the bioleaching process, chemical leaching experiments were compared using inorganic (H 2 SO 4) or organic acids (oxalic, and gluconic acids). These results revealed that addition of H 2 SO 4 correlated with a lower retained yield when comparing with addition of the other acids. Bioleaching was then studied by culturing fungi on the MSW. Addition of Aspergillus niger correlated with an efficient removal of heavy metal elements. The effect of pH was also determined and assays at pH 5.5 using a clay medium (32.4%) or at pH 2.5 using a sorghum medium (28%) were characterised by a lower retained yield. In the above conditions, we looked at elemental ions which have been deemed beneficial to the environment (P and K) and those which are toxic (Cd, Cu,Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn), these elements were measured in the solid fractions.

Garbage enzyme is obtained by fermenting fruit and vegetable wastes. This alternative method of biological recovery of organic waste may provide a solution to waste minimization and reduction since a large proportion of municipal solid waste consists of food waste. A study was conducted to assess the implementation of garbage enzyme making and usage as an initiative to reduce the amount of municipal solid waste generated by a hawker community. It was found that practical values, communal spirit and awareness of environmental consequences were among the factors that encourage the practice of garbage enzyme making, while ignorance, time and convenience factors hinder garbage enzyme making and usage. Taking these factors into consideration, municipalities could promote garbage enzyme as a viable method in reducing the amount of MSW generated.

India is the second most populated country in the world. With the increase in the population density the economic development is also becoming compulsorily for our country. It has been proven in many studies that the economic development is linked with generation of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and management of solid waste in India is going like aiming without focus. At present, all the methods that are being used in India for the management of solid waste have been a big failure and instead of managing and providing better civic conditions it cause threats to environment. In this article, an overview has been given on the new advance technology of solid waste management known as Bioreactor Landfills, the concept of which has been introduced in US in the year 2004. In this study the process, advantage and limitation of this technology has been studied in terms of India, where the waste generation is huge in amount and segregation process is more complicated.

Experiments were conducted with simulated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to understand the impact of pressure, moisture, and temperature on MSW decomposition under simulated landfill conditions. Three experimental phases were completed, where the first two phases provided baseline results and assisted in fine tuning parameters such as pressure, temperature, gas composition, and moisture content for phase three. The manuscript focuses on the results from third phase. In the third phase, the composition of the gases evolved from representative MSW samples was tested over time in two pressure conditions, 101 kilopascals (kPa) (atmospheric pressure) and 483 kPa, with varying moisture contents (38 to 55 wt%) and controlled temperatures (50 to 200 °C) in the presence of biological inhibitors. The headspace in the reactor in phase three was pressurized with gas mixture of 50/50 (vol%) of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) setting the initial CH4/CO2 gas composition ratio to 1.0 at time t = 0 days. The results established moisture ranges that affect hydrogen (H2) production and the CH4/CO2 ratio at different temperature and pressure conditions. Results show that at 85 °C, there was a change in the CH4/CO2 ratio from 1.0 to 0.3. Additionally, moisture contents from 47 to 43.5 wt% caused the CH4/CO2 ratio to increase from 1.0 to 1.2, yet from 43.5 to 38 wt%, the ratio reversed and declined to 0.3, returning to 1.0 for moisture levels below 38 wt%. Thus, moisture levels above 47 wt% and below 38 wt%, for the system tested, allow thermal reactions to proceed without a measured change in CH4/CO2 ratio. H2 generation rates follow a similar trend with moisture, yet definitively increase with increased pressure from 101 kPa to 483 kPa. The observed change in solid MSW and gas composition under controlled pressure, moisture, and temperature suggests the presence of thermal reactions in the absence of oxygen.

<p>Statistically significant decrements from pre exposure values were found except for values indicated as non significant (NS). No statistical significant change compared to the pre exposure value observed during the 50 msw exposure.</p

Recovering energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important issues of energy management in developed countries. This raises even more interest as world fossil fuel reserves diminish and fuel prices rise. Being one of main processes of waste disposal, anaerobic digestion can be used as a means to reduce fossil fuel and electricity consumption as well as reducing emissions. With growing demand for cooling in Turkey, especially during warm seasons and considering the energy costs, utilizing heat-driven absorption cooling systems coupled with an anaerobic digester for local cooling purposes is a potentially interesting alternative for electricity driven compression cooling. The aim of this article is to study the viability of utilizing biogas obtained from MSW anaerobic digestion as the main fuel for heating facilities of Gazi University, Turkey and also the energy source for an absorption cooling system designed for the central library of the aforementioned campus. ...

This article examines how RFID (radio frequency identification) is poised to help transform the way wehandle our trash - our MSW (Municipal Solid Waste). We provide an overview showing that trash trendsin the United States are not good, as modern life has meant increasing volumes of trash that can bedisposed of in fewer and fewer landfills. We examine how RFID can be employed in the MSW area toboth facilitate the growth of PAYT (Pay as You Throw) use-based billing for waste management servicesand to promote incentive-based recycling programs, both of which aim to reduce the amount of trashentering our landfills. We discuss the prospects for the future as RFID is introduced into what is now a$52 billion market for waste handling.

The gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the presence of a Ni−CaO catalyst is a promising approach for in situ CO2 capture along with enhanced H2 syngas production. However, the instability of the catalyst−sorbent matrix is a challenging obstacle for the gasification process. The direct current (dc) arc plasma melting method was employed to prepare a series of bifunctional catalysts (Ni−CaO) with varied Ni loadings, while TiO2 as polymorphic transition material was added to promote the stability of the catalyst. The catalyst samples were evaluated for cyclic CO2 capture and catalytic gasification of MSW using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a fixed-bed reactor, respectively. The obtained results showed that the addition of TiO2 into Ni−CaO catalyst−sorbent led to improvements in the stability of catalyst for CO2 capture. The gasification performance of a bifunctional Ni−CaO−TiO2 catalyst was evaluated on the basis of Ni loading, the catalyst to MSW (C/M) ratio, temperature, and steam rate. The results indicated that, after the addition of a Ni−CaO−TiO2 catalyst (20% Ni loading), the dry gas yield (DGY) increased from 0.75 to 1.74 Nm3/kg and H2 concentration increased from 35.1 to 57.7%. Meanwhile, the tar content decreased from 9.38 to 2.55% with the addition of the catalyst. The significant influences of Ni loading, C/M ratio, gasification temperature, and steam on product composition and characteristics were also evaluated. Tar analysis indicated that steam and catalyst addition resulted in tar reduction, which led to a higher DGY. Moreover, an unconventional method (i.e., thermal plasma technique) was employed for the catalyst preparation, which demonstrated promising results for MSW gasification with an industrial application prospect.

Abstract A primary goal of social justice educators is to engage students in a process of self-discovery, with the goal of helping them recognize their own biases, develop empathy, and become better prepared for culturally responsive practice. While social work educators are mandated with the important task of training future social workers in culturally responsive practice with diverse populations, practical strategies on how to do so are scant.

The optimization of municipal solid waste management requires the re-organization of niche sectors too. The sector of the university is not fully explored from the scientific point of view. The creation of networks among universities in order to face this issue allows an exchange of expertise also at an international level as demonstrated in this article, by three case studies: two Italian (University of Trento and University of Insubria) and one Russian (Ural Federal University) universities. This study highlights the pros and cons of each university in terms of waste management. Specifically, setting up communication campaigns, standard procedures, monitoring actions, pricing strategies that incentivize selective collection, and improving the collaboration within the university community are identified as crucial initiatives. The margins of improvement of the three universities analyzed are favored by the composition of the generated waste. The implementation of good practices can...