Gepolitics

Within the context of a new Cold War between the Western powers and Russia, one of the most dangerous hot spots is Ukraine. Since 2014, in fact, the Ukrainian army has been engaged in a civil war against Russian-backed troops of selfproclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk Republics. This crisis appears as a new geopolitical tool both for Russia and for the United States: for the former, in order to contain NATO expansion, for the latter, in order to counteract Russian influence and to open the way for U.S. liquefied natural gas exports in Europe, reducing European energy dependence on Russia (Chornii, 2015; Marples, 2016).
The Ukrainian position is strategic: it is one of the main transit routes of Russian natural gas to European countries, with three main pipeline corridors. Knowledge of Ukraine’s geographic situation is needed in order to better understand the evolving crisis in the region.

"In recent times a complete lack of attention to migration phenomena, in national and global policies, led to a huge concentration of foreigners in major cities of Europe and USA. This trend has been faced without effective policies and programs. Consequently, a great opportunity has been transformed in a great threat and the word immigration is generally associated with the term social security. In less than one century, Italy has been transformed from a country originating great migration flows to a country which is the destination of migration flows. The aim of this paper is to examine foreign immigration in Italy distinguishing according to nationality of foreigners. In order to analyze this phenomenon Shannon and Simpson Diversity Indices to measure the level of entropy in a distribution and the variation in categorical data have been used. The spatial dimension of migration flows has been analyzed in this paper using Spatial Autocorrelation techniques and more particularly Local Indicators of Spatial Association in order to analyze the highest values of a foreigner group considering the relationship with the surrounding municipalities.

Keywords Migration Phenomena – Foreign Immigration analysis – Shannon Index – Simpson Index – Spatial Autocorrelation – Local Indicators of Spatial Association"

El presente escrito se propone elaborar una periodización de la transición histórico-espacial en Suramérica desde fines del siglo pasado hasta la actualidad. En términos metodológicos, esta propuesta de periodización se basa en un análisis de coyunturas críticas a nivel regional durante las cuales se produce una medición de fuerzas entre proyectos políticos estratégicos. A partir de la identificación de estas coyunturas, se definen cinco grandes momentos: 1) el quiebre de la hegemonía del proyecto financiero neoliberal y unipolar entre octubre de 1998 y abril de 2002; 2) la construcción de Alternativas: el desarrollo del eje Atlántico y el “No al ALCA” entre abril de 2002 y noviembre de 2005; 3) el avance estratégico del nacionalismo popular latinoamericano en una clave postneoliberal y de la continentalidad suramericana entre noviembre de 2005 y 2011; 4) la aparición de la Alianza Pacífico, el reinicio de la ofensiva unipolar, el estancamiento del regionalismo autónomo y el debilitamiento del nacionalismo popular entre abril de 2011 y octubre de 2015; 5) la embestida del proyecto financiero, neoliberal y unipolar y el reflujo de las fuerzas nacionalespopulares en América Latina entre octubre de 2015 y junio de 2018.

Mountains were always a convenient region, which could be profited from as both a safe refuge protecting from the enemy as well as an opportune starting point of an attack against the enemy's territory. An analysis of works left by Byzantine historians and orators, describing military struggles between the Byzantines and the Bulgarians, which took place at the end of the 12 th and the beginning of the 13 th centuries, prove the above-mentioned role was played by the Haemus range (meaning here the Pre-Balkan and Stara Planina) in the process of recreating the Bulgarian state on the eve of the late Medieval Period. The texts suggest that over the period the mountains were associated by the Byzantines with a lair of rebels, i. e. a place, where their enemies were seeking refuge form the imperial army, and an area from which they would launch their attacks against the Byzantine territory. The Bulgarians, in turn, utilized the naturally protective characteristic of the Haemus itself as well as strongholds constructed therein to turn the region into a stronghold of their independence movement, which was especially important in the initial period of existence of their late medieval Bulgarian state, i.e. still when it was not a well-established political structure.

Foreign policy is the set of actions whereby States outline their practices of expansion and approximation in the international scenario, their study is traditional in the field as international relations and other humanities and social sciences. In geography emerges as a relevant theoretical-methodological option since the materialization of its actions promotes new power architectures in a geopolitical order and acquires a spatial aspect. In this sense, we point to the example of Brazilian foreign policy in the Lula government (2003-2010) taking as an example the materialization of the projects and actions developed in the African continent that served to territorialize a geopolitics of South-South cooperation And expansion of the Brazilian hegemonic.

Key-Words: South-South cooperation, geopolitical, Brazil-Africa.

Статья посвящена изучению общетеоретических и методологических вопросов феномена экспансии с использованием в качестве конкретно-исторической основы материалов экспансии США XIX в. В статье рассматриваются концепции, описывающие взаимодействие государства с окружающим пространством – физико-географической и международно-политической средой – с целью установления над ним своего господства. Анализ существующих теоретико-методологическом концепций выступает в качестве основы для создания собственной инструментарной базы для изучения экспансии.

This article is reflection process fruit of a Brazilian position in the constitution of a protagonism
international in the system-world. The Brazilian aspirations start in the Nations Leagues, formation that
will be the embryo for the Organization appearance of the United Nations that still reflects the form of
world organization of the Cold War, with the end of this period and the new powers emergency of
different degrees. The proposed goals will be done of the analyses and deepening to the Brazilian
actions in the world scenery and the faced problems, and the methodology is based on Realism.

In recent decades, critical geopolitics has worked  to achieve a proper understanding of the conditions prevailing
in the world by common discourse analysis along wit h power relations. One of the areas taken into consideration
seriously by the critical geopolitical is the media . Media, due to its function in issues related to s oft power and
common discourse in geopolitics and soft power has  the ability to influence the prevailing trends in public
opinion through influencing on audiences and conveying information.
Various media are widely used to enhance the influence and expansion of soft power and also strengthening the
function of hard power by the states and especially the world major powers like the United States of
America. One of the Media that has been utilized seriously to present an acceptable and also influential picture
of states is cinema. In critical geopolitical perspective, capabilities that cinema provides to represent different
real and imaginative narratives and also its entertaining and attractive nature for people lead to rep resent
different functions than news media represent of themselves.
One of the functions is to use cinema to represent the hard power in order to convince citizens  and to convey
the message of threats to enemies. As in 2012, in  movie "Zero Dark Thirty" the hard power of the United States
in the fight against terrorism was represented. This study intends to use the discourse analysis of the film "Zero
Dark Thirty" in responding to this question what the mediating functions of cinema are in representation of hard
power.
Keywords: Media, cinema, representation, hard power, soft power

O presente artigo questiona quais razões levaram as Forças Armadas à aceitação de comporem o grupo de exercício do poder no governo de Jair Bolsonaro e quais os possíveis efeitos decorrentes deste processo de militarização do Estado. Ao buscarmos auxílio na literatura especializada, percebemos uma lacuna de pesquisa e a necessidade de aproximarmos os autores da Geografia e os Estudos de Defesa. Por esta razão, o objetivo deste artigo é averiguar a relação entre os discursos e práticas geopolíticas das Forças Armadas e a militarização do Governo de Jair Bolsonaro. Dessa forma, através da revisão bibliográfica e coleta de dados sobre a presença de militares no governo de Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2021), realizamos uma análise de discursos para compreender as influências da geopolítica militar brasileira na formação de  um Partido Militar. Em vista disso, as Forças Armadas, justificadas pelo mito da tutela militar e  enxergando o território como segurança, buscaram assumir a administração do Estado para  garantir o controle político das dinâmicas espaciais, manter o território unido e “salvar a pátria”.  Assim, se o objetivo é o controle do território se faz necessária a análise dessas ações pela  Geografia Política.

The paper deals to analyze the transformation of liberal democracy from universalism to sovereignty in terms of changes in political communication that are caused by the emergence of a new form of social interaction defined as a networked society. The author examines the formation and relationship of such basic categories of humanism as sovereignty, liberalism, and democracy. He reveals the role of the media in ensuring the stability of liberal democratic regimes and shows how the dominance of the media controlled by transnational corporations or by the government leads to the universalization of the mass society and the loss of an individual's sovereignty. The author concludes that the formation of a networked society entails a deepening of sovereignty at the individual, group, and state levels and highlights its main directions: the personalization of politics, the formation of autonomous communication clusters based on the principle of common moral values, and the glocalization of the cultural space. The article highlights the problems associated with the deployment of sovereignization processes at all of these levels.