FTA

A careful assessment of intra-regional and extra-regional ASEAN trade volumes from 1970 to 2010 reveals that there has been no significant change during the pre- and post-AFTA era. However, researchers working on the effectiveness of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement have consistently reported positive trade creationary effects of AFTA. By reassessing the impact of AFTA through the Balassa method of estimating trade creation and diversion, and applying it to traditional gravity estimates, we find that (a) while ASEAN countries have spent more money per dollar earned on foreign goods in the post-AFTA period, this is generally true for all countries in the world, and (b) being a small region with significant historic trade ties, ASEAN, as a whole has always traded more amongst themselves, when compared to the world average, and this fact has been misrepresented as the trade creationary effects of AFTA. By comparing the coefficients of the regionalism dummies of ASEAN, within the scope of the gravity model, we find that there has been no significant change in these coefficients, when the sample is divided into the pre-and post-AFTA years. We thus conclude that the free trade agreement in question has had no significant impact on intra-ASEAN trade.

City of Izmir as the third largest city of Turkey, is the opening gate of Anatolia to the world through Aegean Sea. The city with its great volume of cargo capacity plays crucial role both in international and domestic sea trade. The Port of Alsancak located at the inner part of the bay is the largest seaport of Aegean Region in terms of annual loading capacity. The main objective of this research is to find the root-causes of accidents that have resulted in the groundings in Bay of Izmir. To do this, the Root Cause Analysis methodology was carried out on the accidental data provided by Turkish Main Search and Rescue Coordination Center (TMSRCC). Between 2001 and 2016, a total of 24 ships grounded at the entrance of Yenikale due to shallow water conditions, which is regarded as the riskiest point in terms of groundings. In this study, the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method which is the one of the most preferred root cause analysis methods was used. As a result, it was found that equipment failures and geographical factors are the main reasons of grounding accidents in Bay of Izmir. In order to eliminate these causes, necessary precautions have been offered and suggestions for further studies have been made.

Dall’aprile del 2001, a seguito della sostituzione dello IASC a favore  dell’”International Accounting Standards Board” (di seguito “IASB”), i principi contabili internazionali di nuova adozione e le relative interpretazioni vengono denominati rispettivamente “International Financial Reporting Standards” (di seguito “IFRS”) e “International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee” (di seguito “IFRIC”), ferma restando la possibilità del menzionato organismo di rivisitare i principi contabili internazionali già emanati. Nel coordinare le nuove regole di redazione dei bilanci IAS/IFRS compliant con le disposizioni recate dal TUIR, il legislatore ha inteso perseguire una duplice finalità: da un lato preservare il generale principio di “derivazione” dell’imponibile fiscale dal risultato economico di bilancio espressamente sancito dall’articolo 83 del TUIR; dall’altro assicurare un sistema di neutralità nella determinazione del reddito complessivo “sganciato” dai criteri contabili seguiti nella predisposizione dei bilanci.  Infatti, il decreto legislativo n. 38 ha inteso “governare” il richiamato
principio di neutralità sia nella fase di passaggio dell’impresa dai principi
contabili nazionali a quelli internazionali (c.d. First Time Adoption – di seguito
FTA) sia a regime, salvaguardando l’esigenza di attenuare, da un punto di vista fiscale, le differenze di trattamento tra i contribuenti che (per obbligo o facoltà) redigono i conti annuali secondo standard contabili differenti.
Ne deriva evidentemente che, al di fuori delle specifiche ipotesi
espressamente disciplinate dalle disposizioni del Decreto Legislativo n. 38/2005 (nelle quali la parità di trattamento è stata direttamente assicurata dallo stesso legislatore delegato con disposizioni di carattere speciale), la determinazione dei riflessi fiscali conseguenti all’adozione degli IAS/IFRS non potrà che avvenire nel contesto (e nel rispetto) delle regole generali che presiedono alla determinazione del reddito d’impresa.

Este estudio investiga la producción a través del role-play de tres actos de habla en español por parte de tres grupos diferentes de hablantes: nativos de español, nativos de inglés con un nivel avanzado de español, y nativos de inglés con un nivel intermedio de español. Se han tenido en cuenta variables como el nivel de los estudiantes, su experiencia en el extranjero, cuántos años llevaban estudiando la lengua o su propia autopercepción del nivel que tienen. Las transcripciones de los 108 vídeos grabados se han clasificado de acuerdo con los tres actos de habla, los tres grupos, y las estrategias de acción y reacción de cada acto de habla que habían establecido investigaciones anteriores.
Los resultados muestran que los grupos difieren entre sí tanto en la interpretación de cada uno de estos actos de habla como en las estrategias utilizadas para producirlos y reaccionar a ellos, tanto verbal como gestualmente, demostrando así que la competencia pragmática no se ha adquirido al mismo nivel que la competencia gramatical en los estudiantes del grupo avanzado. Se ha podido observar, pues, transferencia negativa tanto en las estrategias utilizadas, como en la extensión y el número de los turnos producidos en los grupos de hablantes no nativos.
Como producto final, además de esta tesis, se ha creado un corpus multimodal al cual tanto investigadores como profesores y alumnos podrán acceder fácilmente a través de internet para poder trabajar con los vídeos y sus transcripciones, las cuales pueden ser descargadas fácilmente.

Palabras clave: corpus, corpus multimodal, pragmática, actos de habla, competencia pragmática, lenguaje no verbal, ELE, adquisición de segundas lenguas, adquisición de lenguas extranjeras, SLA, FLA, FTA, actos amenazantes para la imagen, pragmática intercultural, pragmática sociocognitiva, sociolingüística, rechazo, cumplido, disculpa.

The present study aims to assess Colombia’s interests in the FTA with the United States. The approach is based on a partial equilibrium approach to measuring the effects of trade liberalization between Colombia and the United States on both the trade balance and industrial production and employment.

Much is spoken and written about the liberal nature of global trade and its relation to democracy and freedoms. Trade representatives of the transatlantic free trade agreement (TAFTA | TTIP) have talked about the importance of the negotiations being transparent, accountable, and participative. However, a number of leaked draft texts of other free trade agreements being negotiated by the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) indicate that these promises are mostly empty. A leaked European Commission (EC) communiqué further evidences an attempt to establish a “mainstream media narrative” about the TAFTA | TTIP in order to reduce the “anxiety” of EU citizens and consumers. This article carefully analyzes the manners in which the negotiations of the TAFTA | TTIP are proving to be untransparent, lacking in participation, and unaccountable. The purpose of these analyses is not merely to present evidence that this is actually the case at hand, but also to clarify why transparency, accountability, and participation are crucial to the negotiations on transatlantic trade. Lastly, the article suggests that the TAFTA | TTIP negotiations learn from the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) Marrakesh Treaty, characterized as an "exemplary exercise of transparency, civil society participation, and multilateral cooperation".

The article is a comparative analysi of the political dimensions that have driven both India and China to conclude their FTAs and thereby the subsequent implication these political motivations can have in Sri Lanka and further elaborate on how Sri Lanka can utilize its own geopolitics to gain a better advantage through tis FTAs with India and China.

This study presents an analysis of trade and investment relations between the EU and India and the possible impact of the free trade agreement (FTA), currently under negotiation. The methodology applied to assess the impact of the FTA is based upon the Sussex Framework and the concepts of deep and shallow integration. The EU-Indian relations are outlined in the context of multilateral, bilateral and regional frameworks.
The study is divided into four sections. The first chapter sets the EU – India relations in a political context, elaborating on the legal basis of advancing stages of collaboration that led to the strategic partnership. The second chapter examines the Common Commercial Policy emphasising on the instruments and criteria applied by the EU in its external trade policy. Indian trade policy is briefly presented to assess the extent to which two partners’ policy positions overlap in regards to the FTA. The third chapter provides an overview of trade and investment patterns and flows between the EU and India over the last decade with the focus on trade in goods and services and on foreign direct investments (FDI). This chapter also elaborates on the specificity of Indian business environment leading to conflicts of interests with the EU. Chapter four provides an impact assessment of the FTA on the basis of the theory of deep and shallow integration. The potential impact is evaluated on the basis of selected issues which have caused a stalemate in the ongoing negotiations, namely tariff dismantling, pro- mobility clauses within the liberalisation of services, labour standards and intellectual property rights.
The findings of this study indicate that while the EU-India FTA remains a viable opportunity for both partners, the potential benefits are not always apparent for the stakeholders. For the EU, the FTA will prove beneficial only if it is followed by deep integration, implying a higher level of convergence of standards and elimination of non-technical barriers to trade in India. This causes resistance on the Indian side as in their view it infringes upon domestic methods of governance and implies costly reforms which India could not handle currently due to its high fiscal deficit and currency volatility. The EU is consistent in exercising its external trade policy in a sense that it has maintained its demands on the sustainable development chapter and liberalisation on FDI. However, the EU external trade policy is not fully effective since the EU has not been able to obtain substantial concessions from India on the most “comprehensive” elements disputed. The EU has low visibility in India and the FTA is perceived negatively by many stakeholders who feel excluded from the negotiation process — these factors further undermine the EU’s legitimacy and effectiveness.

The main objective of this paper is to ascertain - whether the new type of deep and comprehensive free trade agreement between the EU and Ukraine would provide the advantages for natural or legal persons to rely on thereon before the Courts. Or in other terms, how the natural and legal persons can ensure that the DCFTA agreement may be used by them as a source of new rights or as a protection against conflicting norms within the EU legal order.

As the biggest Chinese free trade agreement (FTA) to the date of its signature, the China-Korea FTA provides an amazing case study for the development of China’s recent FTAs. This paper analyzes major challenges in its rule development, implementation, and interpretation. The author argues, first, that rule development encounters market liberalization, regulatory cooperation and coherence, as well as sectoral challenges. Second, the fundamental issue for rule implementation and interpretation is the lack of a ‘systemic’ response to the relationship among FTA chapters, and to the relationship among the China-Korea FTA, domestic law, and international law. Finally, the relationship between the China-Korea FTA and World Trade Organization (WTO) law deserves special attention, which consists of five categories of circumstances. A number of questions are analyzed: which WTO rules apply to the China-Korea FTA? Do WTO rules apply to WTO-plus obligations? Can WTO jurisprudence be applied to the China-Korea FTA? The issue of the applicability of WTO rules and jurisprudence to FTA obligations including WTO-plus obligations remains open. These challenges are not unique to the China-Korea FTA and are likely to exist in other Chinese FTAs.

Everyday people's opinions and actions matter to governments and corporations because we are both citizens and consumers. Despite the EU's muted response to the USA's and UK's surveillance scandal, we can deliver a strong response (as citizens and consumers) by carefully selecting which services, goods, and companies we employ. When citizens and consumers voice their opinions clearly and act upon them, governments and corporations respond accordingly - the EU's experience with ACTA last year proves that, without a doubt.

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) will have profound implications for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within and beyond the free trade area. SME issues get more attention in the TPP than previous FTAs. Since there is limited research on the impact of the FTAs on SMEs, it is of great significance to probe into the practical implications of the TPP for SMEs. The key question will be analyzed: what are the challenges and opportunities that the TPP hold for SMEs? It is argued that, first, the support to SMEs, tariff elimination or reduction, and the reduction of non-tariff barriers are major opportunities presented by the TPP. The key benefits to SMEs are enhanced market opening and increased predictability. However, such opportunities may have limited effects in improving market position for certain SMEs. Second, the TPP will pose major challenges such as insufficiency of the opportunities to SMEs, the complexity of rules, difficulties in rule interpretation and implementation, remained regulatory differences, disadvantaged positions of SMEs from developing TPP countries, and the impact on SMEs negatively affected by trade liberalization. There will be more challenges for SMEs from non-TPP parties. Third, if the TPP is properly managed, it should bring more opportunities than challenges to SMEs. The opportunities and challenges deriving from the TPP are intimately connected.

This paper examines the impacts of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on commodity trade, with a particular focus on trade creation and diversion effects. Based on the estimation of the gravity equation for commodity trade, dealing with zero-trade flow and endogeneity problems, we analyze the impacts of various types of RTAs involving 67 countries for 20 commodities during 1980-2006. We identify that partial scope (PS) RTAs and RTAs among developing countries tend to cause trade diversion. Taking tariff rates into consideration explicitly, our results suggest that trade diversion is likely to be caused by the remaining tariffs on imports from non-members, while trade creation would be caused by various factors besides the reduction in tariff rates. As for specific RTAs, the EU is shown to have a trade creation effect in trade of agricultural commodities, while the AFTA and the NAFTA have trade creation effects in all types of machinery trade. These results seem to indicate that region...

The decades-long history of friendly relationship in both countries bore the fruits in the form of Pakistan–China free-trade agreement (PCFTA) in 2006. This paper aims to estimate Pakistan's bilateral trade potential with China by employing gravity model of trade in a panel data set covering the period 1992–2015. In an attempt to obtain unbiased results we have utilized various estimation methods as suggested by the recent empirical literature on gravity equation to acquire the maximum variation in results. The results from EGLS, REM, two-stage EGLS, GMM, Tobit and PPML have shown that Pakistan' bilateral trade with all FTA partner countries is positively affected by GDPs, religion, WTO, trade openness in both countries and the common border; whereas negatively affected by geographical distance and inflation. It is also stated that common language and (Trade Agreements) PTA found to be pessimistically exaggerated bilateral trade of Pakistan with FTA partners. The overall PTA effect is negative and highly significant albeit we have found immense trade potential of Pakistan in case of China by most of the estimation techniques. The industry of Pakistan and exporters should adopt new measures to boost and diversify the exports to China and to bring about a reasonable equality in mutual trading relations.

This policy paper argues that Singapore should (continue to) pursue FTAs for the following reasons: 1) Given the current international trading system, abrogating FTAs is unrealistic and detrimental to Singapore’s trade objectives 2) Singapore can achieve her economic and political objectives quicker and more comprehensively through FTAs than current WTO frameworks.
However, it is imperative that Singapore is steadfast in only pursuing FTAs that are compliant to WTO regulations. Particularly, these FTAs must behave as “WTO-Pluses” and not “WTO-Substitutes”.

Corrective action on the engine damage is a temporary emergency measure, so further action is required by conducting maintenance activities, prevention of damage (Preventive maintenance), and able to detect abnormal symptoms before the machine breakdown occurs. The sudden impact of machine damage resulted in disruption of planned production performance so that it is necessary to identify and analyze the factors that cause the machine damage. Establish maintenance method using Autonomous Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance and Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) concept to prevent machine failure from the beginning, through fault tree analysis (FTA) method, failure mode effect, and analysis (FMEA), mean time between failure (MTBF ) is an analytical activity for implementing RCM systems on machines and critical components, able to identify and detect symptoms of malfunction before the machine is damaged. The results of the research get better application of maintenance system so that identification of important components can be anticipated from the symptoms of damage. Overall, there is an increase in performance seen from the increase of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) value, still expected to continue to increase according to JIPM 85% standard value. In conclusion FMEA, FTA, MTBF analysis method can be used to build autonomous maintenance, preventive maintenance and reliability centered maintenance so as to facilitate the production and maintenance in determining the proper maintenance of the machine.

The signature of the free trade agreement between China and Korea (China-Korea
FTA) on 1 June 2015 marked the first of this type in North-eastern Asia. Noteworthy
is that Chapter 15 thereof, which has 31 articles, is dedicated to intellectual property
rights (IPR). The IPR chapter covers general principles, copyright and related rights,
trademarks, patents and utility model, genetic resources, traditional knowledge and
folklore, plant variety protection, undisclosed information, and industrial design. This
paper examines the IPR provisions in the China-Korea FTA against the background of
the evolving international regime for IPR protection and particularly the IPR provisions
in the existing FTAs which China has concluded and those Korea has concluded
respectively, and then provides a critical evaluation of the IPR provisions in the China-
Korea FTA. It argues that China-Korea FTA is a result of the convergence of various IPR
regimes that both countries are shaping separately or jointly, and may serve as a model
for upcoming FTAs.

Everyday people's opinions and actions matter to governments and corporations because we are both citizens and consumers. Despite the EU's muted response to the USA's and UK's surveillance scandal, we can deliver a strong response (as citizens and consumers) by carefully selecting which services, goods, and companies we employ. When citizens and consumers voice their opinions clearly and act upon them, governments and corporations respond accordingly - the EU's experience with ACTA last year proves that, without a doubt.

El Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC) es el punto de referencia internacional para los miembros de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) frente aspectos relacionados con la propiedad intelectual. La génesis de este proceso armonización es la relación que se creo entre comercio internacional y propiedad intelectual, la cual llevó a que países en vía de desarrollo, incluyendo los miembros de la Comunidad Andina (CAN) y Colombia, a implementar mínimos dentro de sus legislaciones en propiedad intelectual de acuerdo a lo señalado por ADPIC.

South Korea has had a continuous engagement with significant trade, investment and security matters simultaneously in its relations with other nations.
South Korea’s bilateralism with China is a part of a larger milieu which China has been constructing, that includes the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Asian Infra- structure Investment Bank (AIIB).
South Korea has become a member of the AIIB in December 2015 and it has not joined the BRI. The discussion here also concerns South Korea-China FTA agreement’s aftermath.  China is a nation with a very broad range of regional, intraregional and global ambitions and strategies. Undoubtedly, the East Asian security framework has an overbearing impact on the trade and investment environment. 
Moreover, the relations between Seoul and Pyongyang are relevant to the economic and political developments in East Asia 
There are earlier discussions of the structure of the US-South Korea and China- North Korea alliances and there is also prior coverage of the effects of China on North Korean economy and the consequences for South Korea, neither of which will not be recapped here due to lack of space.
South Korea, together with the US, Japan, North Korea, China and Russia, has been engaged in a long process of negotiations in several ‘six party talks’ since 2003, to bring a lasting peace to the Korean Peninsula, which have not, as yet, led to a final outcome, as has been the case with the series of the US and North Korean disarmament talks that originated in 1994.
While these issues are relevant to the larger context of the topic, in this discussion, the focus is on the South Korean economic model and business systems and its interaction with the Chinese economy and the 2015 FTA and the Chinese business systems.

This chapter covers audio-visual services in the Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA). It shows that the Australian film market has potential—demand size, cultural diversity, supply size—to attract the EU film industry, and hence to envisage negotiations favourably. An overview is presented of audio-visual provisions in the FTAs concluded to-date by Australia and the EU. The level of protection granted by existing Australian and EU regulatory barriers is assessed. The chapter argues that the Australia-EU FTA negotiators should seek to increase market access by improving the provisions on co-production that exist in the Australia-Korea and Korea-EU FTAs. These provisions have the merit not only of reducing the remaining regulatory barriers, but also of offering some opportunities to address the problems raised by large and increasing subsidies: subsidies are fast becoming the most important global problem facing the film industries.

(avec Sylvia KASPARIAN)
Abstract: Using theories about politeness, this paper aims to describe the verbal strategies used by five political leaders during the national leaders’ debate televised in Canada in 2008. The leaders were asked to make positive comments about one of their opponents. The analysis shows shared and divergent mechanisms, including both Face Flattering Acts and Face Threatening Acts. This original contribution provides a better understanding of politeness strategies in political debates and, in particular, in the very explicit situation of “double bind.”

Volume No 38 (2014): Actes du 38e colloque annuel de l'Association de linguistique des provinces atlantiques (ACAAPLA), Université du Nouveau-Brunswick (UNB), Fredericton, Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada, 31 octobre – 1 novembre 2014.
http://www.unb.ca/fredericton/arts/departments/french/apla-alpa/pdfs/vol38_2014.pdf
http://www.unb.ca/fredericton/arts/departments/french/apla-alpa/fr/actes/vol38_2014.html

This paper analyzes the systemic implications of mega PTAs, from potential
gains to unintended political repercussions that may arise. This paper is of the view that mega
PTAs will help advance the multilateral trading system regu lations but with risks invo lved. Further  on,
this paper concludes that comprehensive liberalization with openness to new members for harmonizing
rules combined with strengthening the WTO will help minimize the trade -diverting effects of
mega PTAs and increase the chances of multilateralization.

Free trade agreements (FTAs) aim to achieve further economic development for the participants. In this respect, the opportunities offered to the European Union (EU) by an Australia-EU FTA are crucial for Europe’s economic future. This is further highlighted by two situations and their consequent effects on the EU economy: (1) the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU (Brexit) and (2) the United States’ hesitations regarding the EU’s global strategy. This chapter argues that the Australia-EU FTA will result in positive effects in the EU for two main reasons. First, Australia is attractive because of its high-quality economic governance—the authors argue that governance is the most important issue in the long run for a mutually beneficial FTA that covers regulation-intensive topics such as technical barriers to trade and services. Second, as Australia has deep political and economic relations with East and South-East Asian countries, the Australia-EU FTA should be used as a key instrument in the EU strategy towards Asian countries with great potential and rapidly growing economies.

Colombia and the United States initiated discussions on bilateral negotiations during the summer of 2003, with actual negotiations expected to begin in Spring 2004 and the planned implementation of the agreement targeted to begin by 2006. The agreement for the free trade area (FTA) is likely to be comprehensive, though increased market access would be the primary benefit for both countries. The present study aims to assess Colombia’s interests in the FTA with the United States. The approach is based on a partial equilibrium approach to measuring the effects of trade liberalization between Colombia and the United States on both the trade balance and industrial production and employment.

The report characterizes trade and market access conditions between Colombia and the United States (Chapter 2), explains the types of quantitative methods generally used in quantifying trade liberalization schemes (Chapter 3), provides empirical estimates of the trade relationship in the model at the detailed product and industry level (Chapter 4), presents the results of the model simulations under different trade liberalization strategies (Chapter 5), and examines production shifts likely to take place in export-oriented and import-substituting industries, and measures their likely changes in output and employment levels (Chapter 6).

Recent literature tried to explain the Indian growth miracle in different ways, ranging from trade liberalization to industrial reforms. Using data on Indian manufacturing firms, this paper analyzes the relationship between firm's productivity and export market participation during 1991–2004. While it provides evidence of the self-selection hypothesis by showing that more productive firms become exporters, the results do not show that entry into export markets enhances productivity. The paper examines the explanation of self selection hypothesis for total factor productivity differences across 33,510 exporting and non-exporting firms. It uses propensity score matching to test the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. In line with the prediction of recent heterogeneous firm models of international trade, the main finding of the paper is: more productive firms become exporters but it is not the case that learning by exporting is a channel fuelling growth in Indian manufacturing.

This paper seeks to explore and explain the process through which
Taiwan utilizes free trade – both at multilateral and bilateral levels – in
enhancing its shrinking de facto sovereignty against the backdrop of ubiquitous ‘China factor’ in the twenty-first century. It argues that China’s sinicization project creates a scenario wherein increasing cross-strait stability ironically leads to decreasing de facto sovereignty for Taiwan. Due to this existing cross-strait security dilemma, Taiwanese leaders are being forced to preserve the island’s quasi-independent statehood over fears of
losing its remaining de facto autonomy over domestic and foreign affairs. In essence, Taiwan chooses to be de facto free by remaining de jure unfree. Taiwan’s sovereign space, therefore, becomes a pivotal referent. object of its national security policy and strategy. Balancing between the two paradoxical interests of enhancing sovereignty while maintaining the Chinese-dominated cross-strait status-quo underlines the relentless games, changes, and fears that Taiwan confront today.

In this essay we analyze the challenges of asymmetric trade agreements at a time when Mercosur and Ecuador are opening negotiations with the European Union. How can developing countries manage the terms of integration into the global economy? How do different sets of external pressures place
constraints on national development strategies? What offsetting mechanisms have emerged? We discuss the dynamics of trade negotiation processes in multilateral and bilateral fora to show to what extent they reflect and reproduce entrenched power asymmetries. Moreover, we explore the opportunities and
constraints available for developing country governments to offset the unequal power structure that characterise international trade negotiation processes. It is argued that while changes in the contemporary international political economy do not override historically entrenched asymmetries, they nonetheless open up
opportunities to develop new approaches of engagement in trade negotiations that can mitigate and at times even overcome power asymmetries.