Edible Mushroom

RESUMEN Esta investigación discute la taxonomía mixteca de los hongos y describe sus usos en el municipio de San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca, México. Entre 2015 a 2018 se efectuaron entrevistas repetidas con 51 pobladores y se realizaron recorridos en las inmediaciones de las comunidades para colectar cuerpos fructíferos. Los informantes reconocen a los macromicetos con la palabra jí'i y los ubican como un grupo paralelo a las plantas y a los animales. La mayoría de los nombres son binomiales, compuestos de un iniciador único (jí'i) y de un especifico; un adjetivo que hace referencia al aspecto, color o forma, denotado generalmente en un animal o una planta. Todas las especies (27) presentan importancia cultural, y fueron registradas en cuatro categorías de uso: alimenticio, medicinal, lúdico y como insecticida. PALABRAS CLAVE: Etnomicología, Micofagia, Uso lúdico, Mixteca Alta. MIXTEC TAXONOMY AND USES OF MUSHROOM IN SAN MIGUEL EL GRANDE, OAXACA, MEXICO ABSTRACT Mixtec taxonomy and uses of mushrooms in San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca, Mexico. This research discusses the Mixtec taxonomy of fungi and describes their uses in the municipality of San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca, Mexico. Between 2015 and 2018, repeated interviews were conducted with 51 people and trips were made in the vicinity of the communities to collect fruiting bodies. Informants recognize the macromycetes with the word jí'i and place them as a group parallel to plants and animals. Most names are binomial, composed of a single initiator (ji'i) and a specific; an adjective that refers to appearance, color or shape, usually denoted in an animal or a plant. All species (27) have cultural importance, registered in four categories of use: food, medicine, playful use and as an insecticide.

Different species of edible mushrooms have been cultivated worldwide on several lignocellulosic wastes of which sawdust from a vast number of tree species is the most popular substrate in Nigeria. This is as a result of its availability and affordability. Performance of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida) cultivated on different indigenous wood wastes was investigated in this study. Four indigenous wood wastes; Funtumia elastica, Anthocleista djalonensis, Triplochiton scleroxylon and Ceiba petandra were evaluated for their effects on growth and yield of Pleurotus florida. The sporophore emergence was first noticed in Funtumia elastica with 32days followed by Anthociesta djalonensis (35 days), Triplochiton scleroxylon (39 days) and Ceiba petandra had the longest days of 43 days. Length of stipe (cm) obtained across the substrates showed good sizable mushrooms. Funtumia elastica length of stipe ranged 8.10-9.80cm, Anthociesta djalonensis 7.20-9.20cm, Triplochiton scleroxylon 6.10-7.10cm and Ceiba petandra 6.50-9.30cm. The highest yield (g) was recorded for Funtumia elastica followed by Anthociesta djalonensis, Ceiba petandra and Triplochiton scleroxylon with mean values of 105.50±2.55, 83.40 ± 2.07, 79.00 ± 1.90 and 56.70±2.01(g) respectively. The biological efficiency (%) showed that the highest BE were found in Funtumia elastica followed by Anthociesta djalonensis, Ceiba petandra and Triplochiton scleroxylon with BE values of 86.50±2.55, 72.62±2.07, 69.50±1.90 and 60.35±2.01(%) respectively. Suitability of indigenous wood waste as substrates for mushroom cultivation has a special relevance to Nigeria, because sawdust are abundantly available to farmers at little or no cost thus needs to be exploited in order to reduce pollution in the country.

Тhe study is first report on the biochemical composition of Agaricus bohusii Bon. The results obtained contribute to  the  knowledge  of  the  chemical  composition  of  mushrooms belonging  to  the Agaricus genus.  There  has  been isolation,  identification  and  analysis  of  the  polar  fraction,  lipid  and  mineral  content,  as  well  as  of  pigments. Proteins  contained  18  amino  acids. Amino  acid  profile  showed A.  bohusii proteins  are  rich  in  valin,  glutamic acid,  aspartic  acid,  glycine, isoleucine  and lysine. A  detailed  macro– and  microscopic  description  is  given. The species are described and illustrated on the basis of Bulgarian specimens.

ABSTRACT Hydrophobin proteins were extracted from Agrocybe cylindracea mycelia, the culture media (potato dextrose broth, PDB), and fruiting bodies. The putative hydrophobins obtained showed approximate sizes ranging from 8.0 to 25.0 kDa, dependent on their source. Multiple hydrophobin protein bands were detected in fruiting bodies. The hydrophobin yielded from aerial mycelia, or fruiting bodies, was approximately 6 mg/g dried weight. The crude extracts were examined for their properties in regards to surface modification, emulsification, and surface activity. Coating of hydrophobic Teflon sheet with crude extract made the surface significantly hydrophilic, whereas exposure of glass surfaces to extracts resulted in enhanced hydrophobicity. Crude extracts from culture media of A. cylindracea displayed emulsifying activity when mixed with hexane and could significantly reduce the surface tension of 60% ethanol and deionised water. The putative hydrophobin protein band from culture media (9.6 kDa), as analysed using LC-MS/MS, contained an amino acid fragment structurally similar to class I hydrophobin proteins from Basidiomycetes.

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is the medicinal macro-fungus popular in Japan and China. It is the second most well- known edible fungus in the global market after Agaricus  bisporus Because of presence of dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals and carbohydrates, shiitake mushroom have significant nutritional worth. It is commonly cultivated in winter season and known as “elixir of life”. Bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, amino acid derivatives, sterols, glycoproteins, chitin and sulfurous compounds are all extracted from shiitake mushrooms. Some of these are lentinans, eritadenine and KS-2-α- mannan peptide etc. Shiitake mushroom is used therapeutically to cure cancers, cardiovascular disorders, viral and fungal infections, hepatitis, hypertension and hepatic disorders. Shiitake mushroom have also grown in popularity as a result of their unusual and well-liked flavor.

Russula delica, a wild edible mushroom, is commonly available at lateritic zone of West Bengal. The ma crofungus was subjected to ethanolic extract and its antioxid ant properties using multimechanistic assays were s tudied. The extract exhibited excellent activities in superoxid e radical scavenging (EC 50= 0.465 mg/ml), reducing power (EC 50= 0.56 mg/ml) and chelating ability of ferrous ion a ss ys (EC50= 0.59 mg/ml) than inhibition of β-carotene bleaching (EC50= 0.965 mg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging methods (EC50= 1.2 mg/ml). Total polyphenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant component found in the extract, whereas ascorbic acid was present in v estigial amount. Antioxidant activity in all the assays were stablished to be highly correlated with total phe nols (R= 0.987) and flavonoids (R= 0.953) implying that the polyphenols was partly r esponsible for the antioxidant activities. Thus the study scientifically demonstrated use of R. del ica as a potential source o...

The present study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional and medicinal properties of wild grown mushrooms collected from foothills of Eastern Ghats hills near Ponnai Village at Vellore District, Tamilnadu, India. A vast screening study conducted to identify the edible and non-edible mushroom in these regions showed three mushroom species such as Lycoperdon pyriforme, Arimillaria tabescens, Agaricus bisporus were prominent distributed when compared to the other mushrooms. Hence, the nutritional and nutraceuticals value of these all three wild mushroom species were analysed and reported herein. The carbohydrate contents in these mushroom ranged from 20.34±1.8-31.46±2.6(g/100g). The protein content was ranged from 15.28±1.3 - 25.32±1.8 (g/100g), fat were ranged from 2.7±0.21- 3.4±0.21 (g/100g) and fibres were ranged from 14.39±1.1- 21.37±1.9 (g/100g). The moisture was ranged between 85.4±7.4%-90.68±8.3percent and ash content was ranged from 4.8±1.4 - 6.4±0.8 (g/100g). The essentia...