EMG

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to increase force generation due to prior muscular activity which can acutely improve strength and power performance. Typically, heavy-loaded bench press has been used as a conditioning contraction for a PAP stimulus. However, a heavy loaded weight exercise is frequently not available prior to performance, due to varying factors such as regulations or practicality for athletes. The aim of this study was to examine whether lower load exercises can cause an induction of PAP.
Fourteen male, competitive university level athletes (mean ± SD: age, 21.9 ± 2.2 years; height 1.8 ± 0.05 m; body mass 76.3 ± 8.2 kg) performed an explosive bench press (with 50% 1RM load) immediately prior to one of four conditioning contractions; 2 x 45 seconds of suspended chest press, 3 x 8 repetitions of resistance band lying bench press, 3 x 10 repetitions of push-ups, or no conditioning contractions. Rest between all sets was 30 seconds and the conditioning contraction order was randomised. The explosive bench press was performed again at 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes after the conditioning contraction. Peak power (Ppeak), peak force (Fpeak), peak velocity (Vpeak), rate of force development (RFD) and a percentage of EMG from the Pectoralis Major, Anterior Deltoid and Triceps Brachii were recorded for all trials and a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Normality of data was checked using the Shapiro-Wilks test and confirmed for Ppeak, Fpeak, Vpeak, and EMG triceps but not for RFD, EMG chest and EMG shoulder. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used to check for differences between normally distributed data, while a Friedman’s test was used to check for differences in RFD, EMG chest and EMG shoulder. A Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to analyse the difference found in the data for EMG shoulder. 
The results showed no significant difference between the variables for any of the conditioning contractions between baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes. Similarly, there was no significant difference in any variables was shown between conditioning contractions at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes. Whereas, EMG shoulder showed a difference in the RB intervention between trials 1 and 2 (Z = -2.480, p = 0.013), 1 and 4 (Z = -2.480, p = 0.013), 1 and 5 (Z = -2.103, p=  0.035) and trials 2 and 3 (Z = -2.103, p = 0.035), with a difference also found in the PU intervention, between trials 2 and 3 (Z = -2.229, p = 0.026) and trials 2 and 4 (Z = -2.103, p = 0.035).
The findings suggest that PAP was not induced by any of the conditioning contractions used in this study. As the design employed in the current study has been used previously showing higher weighted exercises inducing PAP, we conclude that a) the loading used in the current study was insufficient to induce PAP, b) there is a ‘load threshold’ below which PAP cannot be induced, c) the stimulus from the EMG was not high enough to induce PAP, and d) muscle excitation is not a contributing mechanism to an induction of PAP.

The effects of “Mentat”, an Ayurvedic herbal formulation, were examined on memory span, fluctuation of attention, galvanic skin resistance (GSR) and muscle action potential (Electromyograph-EMG). Male and female university students served as subjects. A double blind procedure was adopted for drug administration. “Mentat ” led to a statistically significant increase in memory span and GSR and a statistically significant decrease in fluctuation of attention and myographic potential (EMG), indicating multipoint effects of the herbal formulation.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between stress measured by the perceived stress scale (PSS-10) questionnaire and masticatory muscle activity. Experimental design assumed the study of healthy young women without temporomandibular disorders, dividing them into three groups depending on the result of the stress level and then comparing these groups in terms of bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles. After the exclusion criteria were applied, 63 female students (mean age: 22.3 ± 2.4 years) from Medical University of Lublin were included in the study. The subjects were then divided into 3 groups: with low (n = 18), medium (n = 18) and high stress level (n = 27), according to PSS-10 results. Resting and functional activity of temporalis anterior (TA) and masseter (MM) muscles were measured by electromyograph BioEMG III. There were statistically significant effects of group on the absolute value of asymmetry index (AsI) of TA and MM during maximum voluntary ...

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in the movement structure and the coordination aspects expressed by bioelectrical tension indicators between a group of experts/sprinters and a group of novices/students. A group consisted of 20 sprinters and a control group consisted of 35 master's physical education students. A 16-channel surface electromyography (14 muscles) and two cameras with recording speed of 250 frames/per second were used. Significant differences were found between reaction time (p < 0.005) and time at 30 m of the covered sprinting distance (p < 0.001) between the students and advance athletes. Furthermore, the sprinters activated the back foot (taking off the starting blocks) and the front foot (first ground contact) earlier, which correlated with the attained times at 5 (r = 0.66) and 10 m (r = 0.62) of the covered sprinting distance. The most important component of the sprint start, apart from the muscle strength of the legs, is the appropriate motor coordination, which greatly affects the generation of power in the legs at the right time and optimal duration.

Schnelligkeit ist ein komplexer physischer und psychischer Leistungsfaktor, der für alle Sportarten einen sehr hohen Stellenwert einnimmt. Die Einflüsse der verschiedenen Arten von Ermüdung auf die Schnelligkeit sind am meistens mit niedrigeren Leistungen bewiesen, die durch trainingswissenschaftliche, physiologische, psychologische und biomechanische Wege erklärt wurden. In dieser Studie soll untersucht werden, welche Auswirkung eine Fahrradergometer- und Schnellkraftausbelastung auf die Parameter der elementar reaktiv- und Frequenzschnelligkeit hat, dargestellt am Beispiel von EMG Parameter. Dazu wurden insgesamt 16 Probanden auf zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt, die anhand des Schnnelligkeitsquotients nach Lehmann (1992) zu Schnellen und zu Langsamen aufgeteilt wurden. Die Probanden der beiden Gruppen „Schnell“ und „Langsam“ werden alle mit der Fahrradergometer- und Schnellkraftausbelastung konfrontiert. Zwischen den beiden Interventionsprogrammen liegt ein Erholungszeitraum von ca. einer Woche. Vor und nach jeder Ermüdungsintervention wurden die Parameter der Schnelligkeitstests (Drop Jump und Foot Tapping Test) und der EMG (Am, At, IEMG, MDF) erfasst und analysiert.

The study aimed to compare the effects of elastic and weight resistance exercise on muscular activation patterns. Twenty‐one moderately active males (age = 25 ± 8) performed ten bicep curls and leg extensions with weights (W), an equivalent elastic resistance (T), and a combined condition (TW) of half elastic tension and half weight resistance. Muscular activations of the biceps, triceps, rectus femoris, vastus me- dialis, and lateralis were recorded with Trigno wireless electrodes, and joint angles were recorded with Qualisys Track Manager. Biceps total activation was highest (P < .001) with weights during the bicep curl due to an increased (P ≤ .007) activa- tion in the eccentric phase. The biceps was also active over a larger portion of the ROM under TW (110°‐70° elbow angle), while W and T exhibited peak activations at mid (90°)‐ and late (50°) stages of ROM, respectively. The triceps (bicep curl) was least active (P < .05) with W throughout the concentric phase, as were the vastus medialis and lateralis (leg extension). Although peak and total activation were simi- lar for most muscles in all conditions, muscular activation patterns differed between conditions indicating that TW may enhance strength gains by increasing time under tension, engaging agonist muscles at less advantageous lengths, and increasing the recruitment of auxiliary muscles.

Sensor devices are an integral part of human movement analysis.  The use of sensors in sports performance and injury prevention is extremely useful.  Over the years wireless systems have become increasingly popular and the analysis of human movement has been therefore simplified.  Inertial measurement units are very popular in physical activity monitoring and have become readily available for consumers.  The use of more advanced sensors to measure electrical and mechanical muscle activity tend to be tethered devices, thus data collection on more complex movements is limited.  This paper looks at the need for wireless solutions to these sensors and the proposal for a multi-channel sensor which incorporates all the necessary sensors for complete human movement analysis.  Wireless systems have the advantage of allowing the participant or athlete to perform the movement in their ecologically valid environment while giving both reliable and accurate results to the practitioner.  In terms of human movement, to achieve accurate information about the position, kinematic and external forces of the segments of the body being studied, a single multi-channel sensor device is necessary.  The combination of sensors in one device can give accurate information on muscle activity, forces, directionality and acceleration.

Laser checking is an earthly laser-imaging framework that makes profoundly exact three-dimensional pictures of articles for use in standard PC helped plan programming bundles. This report portrays consequences of a pilot study to research the utilization of laser checking for transportation applications in Iowa. After an underlying preparing period on the utilization of the scanner and Cyclone programming, pilot tests were performed on the accompanying undertakings: crossing point and railroad connect for preparing purposes; segment of roadway to decide height precision and pair of scaffolds to decide level of detail that can be caught; new solid asphalt to decide perfection; connect shafts to decide camber for deck-stacking computations; reserve to decide volume; and acquire pit to decide volume. Results show that it is conceivable to get 2-6 mm exactness with the laser scanner as guaranteed by the producer contrasted with around one-inch accuracy with elevated photogrammetry utilizing a helicopter. A cost examination between helicopter photogrammetry and laser checking demonstrated that laser filtering was roughly 30 percent higher in cost contingent upon presumptions. Laser examining can turn out to be more serious to helicopter photogrammetry by lifting the scanner on a blast truck and catching the two sides of an isolated street simultaneously. Two-and three-dimensional drawings were made in MicroStation for one of the examined parkway spans. It was exhibited that it is conceivable to make such drawings inside the exactness of this innovation. It was found that a lot of time is important to change over point cloud pictures into drawings. As this innovation develops, this errand should turn out to be less tedious.

Poster presented at the International Association for the Study of Dreams, 34th Annual International Conference, June 16-20, 2017. The poster outlines a study on avatar animation of dreamer motor behavior from electromyography collected at the University of Texas, Austin, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab in 2016.

Çeviri Editörleri
Doç. Dr. Burcu Örmeci, Prof. Dr. A. Emre Öge


Bölüm I-Sinir İletim Çalışmaları ve Elektromiyografiye Genel Bakış
Şevki Şahin
1. Sinir İletim Çalışmaları ve Elektromiyografiye Yaklaşım
2. Anatomi ve Nörofizyoloji


BÖLÜM VIII- Elektronik ve Enstrümantasyon
Şevki Şahin
39. Elektrodiagnostik Araştırmalar için Temel Elektrik Elektronik Bilgisi

Effective electromyographic (EMG) signal characterization is critical in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Machine-learning based pattern classification algorithms are commonly used to produce such characterizations. Several classifiers have been investigated to develop accurate and computationally efficient strategies for EMG signal characterization. This paper provides a critical review of some of the classification methodologies used in EMG characterization, and presents the state-of-the-art accomplishments in this field, emphasizing neuromuscular pathology. The techniques studied are grouped by their methodology, and a summary of the salient findings associated with each method is presented.

This book is intended for both mechanical and electronics engineers (researchers and graduate students) who wish to get some training in smart electronics devices embedded in mechanical systems. The book is partly a textbook and partly a monograph. It is a textbook as it provides a focused interdisciplinary experience for undergraduates that encompass important elements from traditional courses as well as contemporary developments in Mechatronics. It is simultaneously a monograph because it presents several new results and ideas and further developments and explanation of existing algorithms which are brought together and published in the book for the first time.

The authors have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within
the book. However, appropriate information sources should be consulted, especially for new or
unfamiliar procedures. It is the responsibility of each individual to evaluate the appropriateness of
a particular finding in the context of actual clinical situations and with due considerations to new
developments. The authors, editors and publisher cannot be held responsible for any
typographical or other errors found in this book. Further, the authors and publisher are not
responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise) for any injury resulting from
any material contained herein.

The aim of this study is to describe the anatomical alterations in complementary tests (MRI and EMG) in patients with cervicobrachialgia according to sex and age. Retrospective study of 184 patients with cervicobrachialgia who underwent cervi-cal MRI and EMG. The variables analyzed were gender, age, elements of spondylosis (osteophytes, arthropathy, spondylolisthesis and canal stenosis), the type of disc disease (protrusion and herniated disc) and curvature in the sagittal plane. The EMG was used to evaluate the neurogenic findings in the muscles dependent on the spinal roots of C4 to C8-T1. Average age was 53.65±11.96 years. The patients were evaluated for the presence of osteo-phytes (n = 111), arthropathy (n = 76), spondylolis-thesis (n = 15) and stenosis of the spinal canal (n = 35). The highest incidences were osteophytes in C5-C6 (n=108), protrusions in C5-C6 (n=58), her-niated disc in C5-C6 (n=18) and neurogenic findings in C7 (n=130). The rectification of cervical lordosis appeared in 124 patients. Spondylosis increases with age. Disc herni-ations, disc protrusions and motor radiculopathy are more frequent in the 5th to 6th years of life. In patients with cervicobrachialgia, the sagittal rectifi-cation is more common than the normal lordosis.

The potential value of a looping biometric feedback system as a key component of adaptive computer video games is
significant. Psychophysiological measures are essential to the development of an automated emotion recognition
program, capable of interpreting physiological data into models of affect and systematically altering the game
environment in response. This article presents empirical data the analysis of which advocates electrodermal activity and
electromyography as suitable physiological measures to work effectively within a computer video game-based biometric
feedback loop, within which sound is the primary affective stimuli.

Building of emotion recognition system is designed by using the specification and implementation of a physiological signal. And such types of systems are very useful in the application in medicine, computing, education, and in security purpose. In proposed system should operate as a user-independent system, based on physiological signal databases attained from several peoples. Various physiological signals were obtained and measured such as electrocardiogram (ECG), Electromyography (EMG), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), saturation of oxygen in the blood (SPO2), Systolic blood pressure(SBP), and diastolic blood pressure(DBP). photoplethysmography (PPG).In the proposed system, to recognize the Emotional Affect Recognition through Hybrid Approach along with the physiological signal. The combination of some of the methods such as HOG, LBP and Gabor filters provides feature descriptor all are is hybrid in nature but at the same time quite high in dimension. Using the statically data the proposed system is more accurate to recognize emotion.

This paper presents a novel electromyography (EMG)-driven hand exoskeleton for bilateral rehabilitation of grasping in stroke. The developed hand exoskeleton was designed with two distinctive features: (a) kinematics with intrinsic adaptability to patient’s hand size, (b) free-palm and free-fingertip design, preserving the residual sensory perceptual capability of touch during assistance in grasping of real objects. In the envisaged bilateral training strategy, the patient’s non paretic hand acted as guidance for the paretic hand in grasping tasks. Grasping force exerted by the non paretic hand was estimated in real-time from EMG signals, and then replicated as robotic assistance for the paretic hand by means of the hand-exoskeleton. Estimation of the grasping force through EMG allowed to perform rehabilitation exercises with any, non sensorized, graspable objects. This paper presents the system design, development, and experimental evaluation. Experiments were performed within a group of 6 healthy subjects and 2 chronic stroke patients, executing robotic-assisted grasping tasks. Results related to performance in estimation and modulation of the robotic assistance, and to the outcomes of the pilot rehabilitation sessions with stroke patients, positively support validity of the proposed approach for application in stroke rehabilitation.

The present study addresses a novel issue by investigating whether beholders' sensorimotor engagement with the emotional content of works of art contributes to the formation of their objective aesthetic judgment of beauty. To this purpose, partici-pants' sensorimotor engagement was modulated by asking them to overtly contract the Corrugator Supercilii facial muscles or to refrain from any voluntary facial movement while judging the aesthetic value of painful and neutral facial expressions in select examples of Renaissance and Baroque paintings. Results demonstrated a specific increase in the aesthetic rating of paintings showing painful facial expressions during the congruent activation of the Corrugator Supercilii muscles. Furthermore, participants' empathetic traits and expertise in art were found to correlate directly with the amplitude of the motor enactment effect on aesthetic judgments. For the first time, we show the role of bottom–up bodily driven sensorimotor processes in the objective aesthetic evaluation of works of art.

This work is done in order to develop a real-time simulation tool for the training of adjacent muscles at a wrist disarticulation level, where users can train muscle activation through the continuous practice of contractions and relaxations in the forearm, so that in the future the coupling of an artificial extension of the upper limb allows them to establish New relationships with the environment and meet your basic needs. The tool seeks to give a support to the rehabilitation processes from the places of residence of the users thus avoiding the transfer of people to healthcare centers.