Digital Diplomacy

The paper deals with the use of multimedia DVDs as tool for training diplomats, civil servants, NGO activist and journalists on specialized topics of current international affairs.  It suggests how a multimedia DVD may be conceived, which elements it should contain, and how it may be used for self- learning. It offers, as an illustration of the pedagogical use of multimedia, a list of DVDs and other audiovisual documents produced and available on Internet in the form of Webstreaming.

Kosova, uluslararası sistemde tanınma problemi olan bir ülke statüsündedir. Bu belirsiz statüsü sebebiyle kendisini uluslararası topluma kabul ettirmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, en kolay ve en hızlı yollardan biri, dijital diplomasinin etkin kullanımıdır. Zira kendileri hakkında doğru bilgilerin dolaşımını sağlamak isteyen ülkelerin stratejik olarak dijital diplomasi kullanmaları bu ülkeler açısından avantaj sağlayacaktır. Ancak dijital diplomasi, siber ortamda gerçekleştirilen her faaliyet gibi yalnızca devletlerin uygulayabileceği bir alan olmaktan çıkmıştır. Aktör çeşitliliğini doğası gereği bünyesinde barındıran siber alan, dijital diplomasi faaliyeti esnasında da aktör çeşitliliğini gerektirmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu durum, geleneksel olarak devlet tekelinde bulunan "diplomasi" faaliyetinin devlet-dışı aktörler eliyle de gerçekleştirilebileceği sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kosova örneği üzerinden diplomasi faaliyetinin devlet ve devlet-dışı aktörler aracılığıyla nasıl kullanıldığı ele alınacak olup, bu durumun devlet aktörünün rolünde herhangi bir değişim veya dönüşüme sebebiyet verip vermediği sorunsalı üzerinde durulacaktır.

Abstract

At a time when traditional boundaries have been overcome by digitalization, Kosovo has the status of a country with recognition problems in the international system. Because of this ambiguous status, she tries to establish herself in the international community. In this context, one of the easiest and fastest ways is the effective use of digital diplomacy. Because countries that want to ensure that the right information is circulated about themselves, using digital diplomacy strategically will give an advantage to these countries. However, digital diplomacy, like any activity in cyberspace, has ceased to be an area that only states can implement. Cyber space, which incorporates the diversity of actors by nature, also requires a variety of actors during digital diplomacy. Therefore, * İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı Doktora Öğrencisi.

This exploratory cohort study investigated the phenomenon of Digital Diplomacy by sub-state actors within the field of para-diplomacy, specifically the use of social media platforms by Catalonian Secretaries and Delegates of the Generalitat, and in particular how they use Twitter for the international promotion of its independence and/or its nation branding. A stratified significant sample of each year between 2013 and 2017 was collected using R software, and then analyzed using Nvivo. The methodology was based on Abela (2001), Krippendorff (2004), and Neuendorf (2002). The data shows that both Catalan public servants as well as its Delegates Abroad, use Twitter mostly for personal use. However, when analyzing only the contents about international or intermestic topics, it is observed that there is a tendency to publish topics related to independence rather than national brand.

It´s no secret that in the 21st-century politics is not only part of our physical reality, but also that of cyberspace. Lately, fake news, rigged elections or cyberattacks are new and threats states and non-state actors have to deal with. As diplomacy has been doing for the physical world, cyberdiplomacy is to make an action in the international scenario and serve as a political tool for conflict mitigation in the digital reality.

The main objective of this paper is to understand why cyberdiplomacy is an appropriate tool for cyber conflicts mitigation between the different actors in European Union, be it states, individuals, institutions NGOs or any actor that takes part in cyberspace. To do so the European cybersecurity realm will be studied and the concept cyberdiplomacy analysed. It will then be compared with other more aggressive and technical, as well as other political paths for mitigating conflicts in or throughout cyberspace. Cybersecurity must combine technical and political tools for cyber conflicts to be effectively mitigated.

В работе рассматриваются дискуссионные вопросы цифровизации дипломатии и оказания консульской помощи гражданам на современном этапе развития средств коммуникации. Глобализация и особенно бурное развитие средств массовой коммуникации, сделавшее их доступными практически для любого гражданина, позволили министерствам иностранных дел вплотную подойти к решению вопроса о персональной коммуникации с гражданами собственного государства, находящимися за рубежом. В первой части статьи анализируются возможности использования министерствами иностранных дел технологий современных социальных медиа для создания и поддержания эффективной кризисной коммуникации. Во второй части проанализированы конкретные способы организации консульской помощи для граждан представляемого государства с помощью новых цифровых технологий на примере специализированного приложения, созданного Госдепартаментом США.

Özet Sosyal medya ortamları günümüzde artık sadece bireysel kullanım amacı taşımamaktadır. Devletlerde bu mecrada varlığını göstermekte ve ulusal söylemlerini dünya ile sosyal medya aracılığıyla paylaşmakta; kararları, yaptırımları yine sosyal medya ortamları aracılığıyla duyurmaktadır. Uluslararası olarak kullanılabilen Facebook, Twitter, Instagram gibi popüler sosyal medya ortamları diplomasi iletişiminde bir araç haline gelmiştir. Çalışmada sosyal medya platformlarının yasak olduğu Çin'de yine Çin'e ait olan ve sadece Çin kimlik numarası ya da Çin'e kayıtlı telefon numarasıyla kullanılan bölgesel bir sosyal medya ortamı olan Weibo' nun diplomasi iletişiminde nasıl bir yeri olduğu üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. İçerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan araştırmada sırasıyla Weibo sosyal medya platformunda yer alan ülkeler tespit edilip, coğrafi bölgelere göre kategorilere ayrılmıştır. Sonrasında en çok takipçi sayısına sahip 5 ülke sıralanıp, bu ülkelerin Weibo'da yaptıkları paylaşımlar içerik türlerine göre (video, fotoğraf, metin) belirlenmiştir. Son paylaşımlarının etkileşimine yer verilerek ülkelerin durumları değerlendirilmiştir. En çok takipçiye sahip ülke olan İsrail'in etkileşim açısından da ilk sırada yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract

Nowadays, social media environments are no longer just for personal use. States are also showing their presence on this medium and they are sharing, through social media, their national discourse with the world; they are even announcing their decisions and sanctions via social media. Popular social media environments that are used on an international scale like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have became a tool in diplomacy communication. This study focused on the place of Weibo, a regional social media environment that belongs to China where social media is prohibited, and that is only used through the Chinese identity or phones that are registered in China, in diplomacy communication. Using the content analysis method, the countries that are present on Weibo will be identified respectively and they will be classified according to geographical regions. Then the 5 countries that have the highest number of followers will be listed and they will be determined based on the type of content they shared on video, photo, text). Giving a place to the interactions on their last posts, the situations of these  Doç. Dr., Erciyes Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi

Across regions where the luxury of sport is eclipsed by the struggle of everyday life, including revolutions, wars, poverty, unemployment, injustice and occupation, sport can still play an influential role for positive change. The ability to transcend cultural, religious and political borders, fostering a culture of friendship and mutual respect whilst combating stereotypes, are some of the key features we often associate with sport. In the last three decades, discrimination against Muslims in Europe has become more explicit, detrimental and damaging. The mass media obsession with Islam is prevalent in all sections of our society, albeit dominated by a type of thinking we still call today Orientalist. The frequent exclusion of Muslims from economic, social and public life in Europe and their victimisation by discrimination and harassment have never been greater (Amnesty International, 2012). As issues pertaining to cross-cultural and interfaith dialogue are of paramount importance in today's world, Muslim elite sportspeople practicing 'soft power' as a tool of attraction with respect to their Islamic faith is an unexplored occurrence. This chapter will explore and analyse these practices by Muslim football players acting as ambassadors of faith. The first segment of the chapter will look at the globalisation of sport as an influential contributor to global popular culture in our time. Subsequently, there will be a focus on the practice of diplomacy in light of technological advancement and public perception. The third and final part will look at empirical case studies of Muslim football players practicing soft power in the Premier League and introduce a new theory of Islamic diplomacy respectively.

ÖZ Makalede dijital diplomasi kavramı ve Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ile Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının dijital diplomasi etkinlikleri ele alınmıştır. Dijital diplomasi kamu diplomasisinin bir alt başlığı olarak görülmektedir. Dijital diplomasi bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medya aracılığıyla gerçekleşen kamu diplomasi etkinlikleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Adı geçen ülkelerin kamu diplomasisi amaçları için internet siteleri ve sosyal medya uygulamaları bulunmaktadır. İnternet uygulamaları bütün olarak devletin yabancı kamuları bilgilendirme ve bağlantı kurma amacı ile kullandığı dış politika etkinliklerinin bir parçası olarak yer almaktadır. Makalede, Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının internet siteleri ve sosyal medya araçları içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiş paylaşım yapılan dil seçenekleri, kullanılan sosyal medya araçları ve etkileşim düzeyi ortaya koyulmuştur. Veriler Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının içeriklerini en fazla İngilizce dilinde paylaştıkları ve Twitter'ın en sık kullanılan sosyal medya aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Etkileşim düzeyi değerlendirilen ABSTRACT In this article digital diplomacy concept is discussed and to understand digital diplomacy; European Union Member States' and Turkish Ministries of Foreign Affairs' internet usage are reviewed. Digital diplomacy is considered as a form of public diplomacy. Digital diplomacy can be defined as the sum of information and communication technologies and public media usage for achieving public diplomacy aims. All the countries mentioned above have their web sites and social media applications for public diplomacy purposes. Internet activities as a whole is used to assist in state's foreign policy positions to inform and engage with foreign audiences. In this article, Ministry of Foreign Affairs internet sites and social media applications were reviewed by content analysis method for language options and list of social media applications together with interaction capacity. The collected data pointed out that the most frequent used language is English for EU member states' and Turkish Ministry of foreign affair web site content while the most utilised social media application is Twitter. Twitter content reviewed in view of interaction

This is the introductory chapter to the volume "The Digital Diplomacy of International Organizations" (Routledge 2020).
The book examines how international organisations (IOs) have struggled to adapt to the digital age, and with social media in particular.

The global spread of new digital communication technologies has profoundly transformed the way organisations operate and interact with the outside world. This edited volume explores the impact of digital technologies, with a focus on social media, for one of the major actors in international affairs, namely IOs. To examine the peculiar dynamics characterising the IO–digital nexus, the volume relies on theoretical insights drawn from the disciplines of International Relations, Diplomatic Studies, Media, and Communication Studies, as well as from Organisation Studies. The volume maps the evolution of IOs’ "digital universe" and examines the impact of digital technologies on issues of organisational autonomy, legitimacy, and contestation. The volume’s contributions combine engaging theoretical insights with newly compiled empirical material and an eclectic set of methodological approaches (multivariate regression, network analysis, content analysis, sentiment analysis), offering a highly nuanced and textured understanding of the multifaceted, complex, and ever-evolving nature of the use of digital technologies by international organisations in their multilateral engagements.

XÜLASƏ
Diplomatiya danışıqlar elmi və danışıqlar aparmaq məharətidir. Özünün tarixi inkişaf dövrü ərzində, diplomatiya klassik diplomatiyadan internet diplomatiyasına qədər uzun bir yol qət etmişdir. Diplomatiya-hakim olan beynəlxalq əlaqələr sistemindən, bərqərar olan dünya siyasi – iqtisadi nizamından, mövcud olan beynəlxalq əlaqələr və xarici siyasətin inkişaf xəttindən, dünya siyasi xəritəsində olan və formalaşmaqda olan güc aktorlarından asılı olaraq şəkildən şəkilə düşmüşdür. Mahiyyət etibarilə diplomatiya bir sənət və fəaliyyət sahəsi kimi öz özəyini qoruyub saxlasa da, məqsədə nail olmaq üçün istifadə olunan üsul və vasitələrdə, tətbiq olunan metodlarda yenilik və əlavələrdən istifadə olunmuşdur. Texnoloji inqilabın yekunu olaraq internetin meydana çıxması, bol və çeşidli informasiya əldə etməyin mümkünlüyü-informasiya müharibəsində təxribat hallarının çoxalmasına və diplomatların işinin daha da çətinləşməsinə gətirib çıxarmışdır. Dünyanın bir sıra dövlətləri xarici siyasət məsələlərini artıq sadəcə ənənəvi diplomatik yolla deyil, internet vasitəsiylə də həll etməyə çalışırlar. Bu da öz növbəsində " e-diplomatiya " nın formalaşmasına gətirib çıxarır.

Indonesia is known as a country whose people massively use social media. It is currently one of the largest internet users in the world, especially social media. President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, (famously called 'Jokowi') also tries to 'fit in' to the trend of social media across Indonesia. Jokowi has several social media accounts, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. He even publishes a lot of his works, including his meeting agenda with other states' leaders. Jokowi sometimes uploads some video blogs or 'vlogs' which some of them are collaborations with leaders of powerful countries, such as King Salman Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia, Emmanuel Macron of France, and many others. Therefore, the authors consider this as a great opportunity for Indonesia to start digital diplomacy. Through literature study, the authors will provide a broader analysis of prospect and challenge of Indonesia's digital diplomacy. The findings showed that digital diplomacy implemented by Jokowi has a good prospect albeit many challenges. Moreover, it was also discovered that this type of diplomacy could bring some threats to Indonesia.

Оршил 1841 онд Их Британийн ерөнхий сайд Лорд Пальмерстон хилийн чанадаас анхны цахилгаанаа хүлээн аваад "Дипломат ажиллагаа ийнхүү устлаа" хэмээж байжээ. Тэр явдлаас хойш 140-өөд жилийн дараа интернет үүсч, анхны цахим шуудан хэрэглээнд нэвтрэхэд дипломат ажиллагааны ирээдүй бүрхэг боллоо гэж үзэх хүмүүс ч мөн олон байв. Гэвч дипломат ажиллагаа устах нь бүү хэл харин ч шинэ шинэ агуулга хэлбэрээр баяжиж, улам бүр боловсронгуй болсоор байгаагийн нэг нь сүүлийн үед олон нийтийн болон судлаачид, мэргэжилтнүүдийн анхаарлыг ихээхэн татах болсон цахим дипломат ажиллагаа юм. XXI зуун гарсаар интернет, тэр дундаа нийгмийн сүлжээ ард иргэдийн өдөр тутмын хэрэглээ болж, хамрах цар хүрээ нь нэмэгдэж байгаа нь улс орнуудад гадаад бодлогоо хөтлөн явуулах, гадаад харилцаагаа өргөжүүлэх цоо шинэ боломжийг нээж өгч байна. Сүүлийн жилүүдэд интернет хэрэглэгчдийн тоо гэрлийн хурдаар өсч байгаа бөгөөд Монгол улсын хувьд 2009 онд интернет хэрэглэгчдийн тоо ердөө 106 000 байсан бол 2018 онд 2 910 000 2 болж, 27 дахин өсчээ. Хэдий тийм боловч Монгол Улсын хувьд мэдээлэл, харилцаа холбооны технологийн хөгжлийг төдийлөн сайн ашиглаж чадахгүй байна. Манай улс 2018 оны байдлаар дэлхийд сүлжээний бэлэн байдлын индексээрээ 57, ICT-ийн хөгжлийн индексээрээ 91, өрсөлдөх чадварын индексээрээ 101, цахим засгийн хөгжлийн индексээрээ 92-р байр эзлэж байгаа нь хангалттай үзүүлэлт биш юм. Харилцаа холбооны технологийг гадаад харилцааны салбарт ашиглаж буйн нэгэн томоохон жишээ нь цахим дипломат ажиллагаа бөгөөд харьцангуй бага зардлаар улс орныхоо дипломат ажиллагааг хөтлөн явуулж, зөөлөн хүчний бодлогыг хэрэгжүүлж, олон улсын тавцанд нэр нөлөөгөө өсгөх, байр сууриа бэхжүүлэх үр дүнтэй арга хэрэгслийн нэг юм. Харамсалтай нь Монгол улсын засгийн газар, ГХЯ, гадаад оронд эх орноо төлөөлөн ажиллаж буй дипломат төлөөлөгчийн газрууд цахим дипломат ажиллагааг төдийлэн үр дүнтэй хэрэгжүүлж чадахгүй байгааг эдгээр байгууллагын вэб хуудас, Facebook, Twitter аккаунтаас харж болно. Тийм ч учраас энэхүү илтгэлд цахим дипломат ажиллагааг үр дүнтэй хөтлөн явуулж буй зарим улсын туршлага, Монгол улсад хэрэгжүүлэх боломжийг судлан үзэхийг зорьсон болно.

Usus est magister vitae; Gyakorlat teszi a mestert (latin közmondás)

Ajánlás és recenzió
Hossó Nikoletta címzetes egyetemi docens "Protokolltolmácsolás" című munkája (kiadó: Európai Protokoll és Rendezvényszervező Központ Kft. Bp. 2020) kellemes meglepetést okozott.
Az ifjú nemzedék egyik nagy felkészültségű és alapos szakmai tudással rendelkező, továbbá komoly, kipróbált gyakorlat birtokában publikálta hatodik könyvét (221 oldal).
Mind a protokoll, mind a tolmácsolás a társadalmon belül alkalmazott multidiszciplináris terület. Ismerete és helyes alkalmazása sokrétű, alapos tudást igényel, amelynek gyakorlati jelentősége felbecsülhetetlen a sikeres nemzetközi kapcsolatok és a diplomácia világában.

A protokoll és a tolmács szakterület relációja interdependens, azaz egymással kölcsönös viszonyban állnak. Így a protokollszakember transzkulturális, a tolmács szakember interkulturális közvetítő. A tolmács protokoll jelenti mindazon szabályok és ismeretek összességét, amelyeket a protokolláris tolmácsolási (legyen azok hagyományos, vagy online, azaz távtolmácsolás útján megvalósult) alkalmak során figyelembe kell venni, de magában foglalja egyúttal a szakmaspecifikus aspektusokat is, amelyeket a megbízóknak is illik ismerni. A minőségi tolmácsmunka feltétele az írott és íratlan protokollszabályok, elvárások ismerete mind a tolmács, mind a megbízó, a tolmácsolt személy részéről.
Ez a tolmácsprotokoll. Pablo Picasso szerint: "tanulja meg a szabályokat mint egy profi, így megszegheti őket, mint egy művész".
A protokoll elsősorban, de nem kizárólagosan non verbális eszközökkel az eltérő kultúrákat köti össze. A tolmács elsősorban, de nem kizárólagosan verbális úton-az eltérő kultúrák között kommunikál.

Jelen korban megfelelni a magas szintű megbízói elvárásoknak sem a protokoll, sem a tolmács szakemberek számára nem könnyű, ám korántsem lehetetlen feladat. Mindkét hivatás képviselői élő polihisztorok, tudásukat folyamatosan frissen kell tartaniuk, hogy meg tudjanak felelni a kor egyre szélesedő kihívásainak.

A hiánypótló szakmai anyag megírásának célja egy olyan útmutató összeállítás volt, amely összefoglalja az állami diplomáciai és multilaterális rendezvények, események világában jelenleg nálunk alkalmazott protokollt offline és online térben egyaránt, így felkészíti a leendő és/vagy gyakorló szakembereket.

PROTOKOLLTOLMÁCSOLÁS A DIPLOMÁCIA ÉS A NEMZETKÖZI KAPCSOLATOK VILÁGÁBAN
Útmutató-nem csak tolmácsoknak

Kinek ajánljuk?
A könyv eredetileg a leendő és már gyakorló szakemberek számára készült, mint hiánypótló útmutató, azonban ajánljuk mindazok szíves figyelmébe, akik a 21. századi változások adaptív követésésének igényével a diplomácia, a protokoll, a rendezvényszervezés és a nemzetközi kapcsolatok területén tevékenykednek.

Napjaink viselkedéskultúrája, rendezvényszervezés, állami-diplomáciai protokoll, tárgyalások, vendéglátás, biztonság, tolmácsolási fajták, a tolmács-megbízó relációja, online konferenciák, digitális diplomácia, maszk-diplomácia, egészségügyi protokoll, hashtag-diplomácia, zooplomacy, a szakmai hitelesség offline/online térben-kvintesszenciális ismeretek, amelyeket a jelen kor tolmács-és protokollszakembereinek tudni illik.
COPYRIGHT

On the 30th of March, 2016, the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Partner Institute at Tel Aviv University co-hosted Israel’s first Digital Diplomacy conference. Attended by 50 diplomats from 20 countries, alongside scholars from 25 universities, the conference aimed to investigate the impact digitalization has had on diplomacy in general, and on diplomats in particular. This report summarizes the main issues discussed at the conference, and the many insights that arose from its various panels and roundtables

The increase number of foreign mission as well as diplomat around the globe signifies the global recognition to the vital role of diplomatic corps in this era of information age. The rapid development of technology has led to drastic change in the nature and conduct of diplomacy and diplomatic services in the contemporary time. This paper addressed questions like: The issues created by ever growing influence of technology have huge effects on the conduct of diplomacy whether positively or negatively. This study therefore attempts to examine the impact of technology on diplomacy in an attempt to eradicate the deficiencies experienced by underdeveloped countries. In answering these questions, the paper employed a qualitative research methodology based on data collected from mostly secondary sources such as textbooks, journals and articles; and views of different scholars on the use of technology in the practice of diplomacy. The paper highlighted the development and progressive effect in key areas of diplomatic services, aided by the discoveries and revolution in the information and communication technology. Conclusively, the paper suggested that in this digital world, technology has brought series of positive impacts on diplomacy, information moves faster and decisions are made without much delay especially in the State of emergency. The paper suggested that potential trend in ICT which would go a long way in aiding the training of future diplomat who would have the task of performing the acts of diplomacy in the future.

Eng: The purpose of this thesis is to find a valid answer to the question: “How did the US presidents contribute to the transformation of digital diplomacy in the USA?”. The study focused on the concept of digital diplomacy and aimed to build a novel conceptual framework around it in first chapter. This framework includes all aspects of digital diplomacy, actors, tools and effects. The main goal in this section is to contribute to theoretical studies in the scholarly literature, where practice precedes theory by presenting a new conceptual framework.
The second chapter focuses on the transformation of digital diplomacy in the United States. It particularly concentrates on the United States; because; it is usually viewed as "pioneer and leader" in the relevant literature. The effects of presidents on this transformation were examined in a historical context with a special focus on the Obama and Trump administrations during which the US digital diplomacy rose to its zenith.

TR: Bu tez, “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde başkanlar, ülkede gerçekleşen dijital diplomasi dönüşümüne nasıl katkı sağlamışlardır?” sorusuna bir yanıt bulmak amacıyla yazılmıştır. Bu soruya yanıt aranırken ilk olarak dijital diplomasi kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu amaçla yeni bir bakış açısıyla bir kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulmaya çalışmıştır. Bu kavramsal çerçevenin içinde dijital diplomasiye dair tüm yönler, aktörler, araçlar, yarattığı dönüşüm, incelenmiştir. Bu bölümdeki asıl hedef, yeni bir kavramsal çerçeve sunarak, pratiğin teoriden önde gittiği bu alanda teorik çalışmalara bir katkı sunabilmektir.
İkinci bölümde ana odağı oluşturan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde dijital diplomasinin dönüşümünün nasıl gerçekleştiği anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Literatürde, “öncü ve lider” ülke olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Asli aktör olarak ABD başkanlarına yer verilmiş ve başkanların bu dönüşüme etkileri incelenmiştir. Bölümün başında köken tartışmalarından başlayarak bir zaman çizelgesi yaratılmıştır. Başkanlık dönemlerine göre tarihsel süreç içinde başkanların dijital diplomasinin dönüşümüne katkıları incelenmiştir. Özellikle, dijital diplomasinin zirveye ulaştığı Obama ve Trump dönemleri detaylı incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur.

The increasing importance of media, especially digital media, in society has been studied widely, from identity formation to activist movements. In international relations studies digital media’s impact has focused considerably on public diplomacy 2.0. This focus has caused a more holistic view of digital diplomacy to be neglected. This study explores how digital media’s impacts as a part of mediatization are seen within the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Semi-structured interviews with 11 officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were conducted. These led to the creation of three thematic fields. The first one looks into how the agency of the Ministry is seen to be impacted by digitalization. The second section looks into how community building is seen as essential. And the third part investigated how the ministry evaluates the impacts of digitalization on other ministries of foreign affairs in the light of its own experience. The finding is that the ministry is expanding into a new digital sphere and that in the process of so doing the Ministry is not a tabula rasa, but it mirrors the cultural and political context of the country within the online sphere.

Diplomacy can be defined in many ways and many notable figures in the field of international relations have stipulated their viewpoint in defining this term. In a simplified fashion, diplomacy is basically a term that is widely important for various nations in maintaining international relations, it is an art in communicating negotiations between representatives of different countries. Diplomacy serves the foundation of stable international relations for the purpose of sustaining economic relations, prevention and manoeuvring trade wars between opposing countries, ensuring the process of peacemaking being conducted amicably.

Few studies to date have investigated the impact of digitalization on Putnam’s two-level game theory. Such an investigation is warranted given that state and non-state actors can employ digital tools to influence decision-making processes at both national
and international levels. This study advances a new theoretical concept, Domestic Digital Diplomacy, which refers to the use of social media by a government to build domestic support for its foreign policy. This model is introduced through the case study of the @TheIranDeal twitter channel, a social media account launched by the Obama White House
to rally domestic support for the ratification of the Iran Nuclear Agreement. The study demonstrates that digitalization has complicated the two-level game by democratizing access to foreign policy decisions and increasing interactions between the national and international levels of diplomacy.

ÖZET: Kamuoyların ilgisi ve tepkisine göre uluslararası ilişkilerin gündemi belirlenmektedir. Günümüz
yaklaşımları açısından baktığımızda, uluslararası ilişkilerde sert güç tamamlayıcı unsur olarak muhafaza edilirken genel
yaklaşım yumuşak diplomasi kanallarının uygulandığı değerler üzerinden olmaktadır. Kamu diplomasisi dış politikada
yabancı halkların iknasına ve rızasına yönelik uygulanan bir dış politika stratejisidir. Küresel ekonomik rekabette uzun
vadeli çıktılar elde etmek ve meşruluk sağlanması adına uluslararası kamuoyların aklına ve kalbine hitap etmek
gerekmektedir. 21. yüzyıl iletişim teknolojilerinde büyük gelişmelerin olduğu ve bunun etkisinin diplomasi alanında
da görüldüğü bir dönemdir. Bu gelişmeler ışığında kamu diplomasisinin dijital diplomasi boyutu sayesinde yabancı
halklar ile doğrudan iletişime geçilebilmekte, karşılıklı bir etkileşim alanı oluşmaktadır. Dijital diplomasi kanalında
görsel iletişim başarılı bir etki bırakma yöntemidir. Görsel iletişim ile verilen mesajın yazılı içeriğini okumaktan ziyade
görsellerle bir ön sunum sağlanması alıcıların ilgisini çekmek adına önemlidir. Görsel iletişim etkiyi üst düzeye
çıkarmaktadır. Bir diğer özelliği ise, sosyal medyadaki aşırı bilgi yığınında görsel öğelerin rahatlatıcı bir etkiye sahip
olmasıdır. Zira, beynimiz görsel öğeler ile daha başarılı bir bilgi tutma kapasitesine sahiptir. Ayrıca daha fazla duygusal
etki yaratabilmektedir. Bu bakımdan dijital diplomaside kullanılan görseller bahsi geçen uluslararası aktörlerin görsel
yansımasıdır.
Bu araştırmada, görsel iletişimin diplomasideki etkisini incelemek adına dijital diplomasi üzerinden görsel
diplomasi kullanımı ile bir değerlendirme yapılmaktır. Yöntem olarak, öne çıkan sosyal medya araçlarının içerik
analizleri kullanılarak görsel iletişimin dijital diplomasisindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Görsel iletişim olarak ise sosyal
medyada paylaşılan fotoğraflar ve görseller ele alınmakta özellikle kamu diplomasisi amaçlı sosyal medya hesapları
değerlendirilmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Dijital Diplomasi, Görsel İletişim, Görsel Diplomasi, Kamu Diplomasisi.
ABSTRACT: The agenda of international relations is determined according to public interest and reaction. In
terms of present-day approaches, while hard power is maintained as a complementary element in international relations,
the general approach is based on the values through which soft diplomacy channels are applied. Public diplomacy is a
foreign policy strategy for the persuasion and consent of foreign peoples in foreign policy. It is necessary to address
the minds and hearts of international public opinion in order to achieve long-term outputs and legitimacy in global
economic competition. The 21st century is a period in which major advances in communication technologies have
taken place and its impact is also seen in the field of diplomacy. In the light of these developments, thanks to the digital
diplomacy dimension of public diplomacy, direct communication with foreign peoples can be established and an area
of mutual interaction is formed. Visual communication in the digital diplomacy channel is a successful method of
impact. Providing a visual presentation through visual communication rather than reading the content of the written
message is important to attract the attention of the receivers. Visual communication maximizes the impact. Another
feature is that visual elements have a relaxing effect on the excessive mass of information on social media. Because,
our brain has a successful capacity to hold more information thanks to visual elements. It can also have more emotional
impact. In this respect, visuals used in digital diplomacy are visual reflections of the mentioned international actors.
In this research, an evaluation is made with the use of visual diplomacy through digital diplomacy in order to
examine the effect of visual communication on diplomacy. As a method, the effect of visual communication on digital
diplomacy is investigated by using content analysis of prominent social media tools. As visual communication,
photographs and visuals shared on social media are handled, and social media accounts are evaluated especially for
public diplomacy.
Keywords: Digital Diplomacy, Visual Communication, Visual Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy.

As data fast become the 'new oil' , the opportunities for public diplomacy to grow as a field of practice are real and game-changing. Drawing on social informatics research, this article seeks to advance our understanding of how digital technologies shape the context in which public diplomacy operates by reshaping the medium of public communication , blurring the boundary between foreign and domestic affairs and empowering new actors. Despite inevitable challenges, the future of public diplomacy in the digital age remains bright, as digital technologies create tremendous opportunities for public diplomacy to build stronger, more diverse and more enduring bridges between offline and online communities.

The Internet revolution has affected all aspects of life, including International relations. Diplomacy as a tool of foreign policy has also being transformed by this revolution. This paper examines the concept of digital diplomacy, focusing on the use of digital media in the field of diplomacy and how countries are utilizing these tools in the pursuit of their foreign policies. It examines the opportunities and challenges these media offer for diplomatic activities, and argues that countries cannot afford to be left behind in this era of digital diplomacy as they can greatly benefit from these emerging diplomatic trends. Digital diplomacy and Internet activities as a whole can greatly assist in projecting a state's foreign policy positions to domestic and foreign audiences.

The advent and popularity of new technologies such as the web 2.0 revolution, has made it increasingly more difficult to ignore both the positive and negative effects that they have on the world surrounding us, in domestic politics or inter-state relations. In my paper I will look mostly at some of the dangers and disadvantages as well as point to the benefits and advantages of adopting social media in public policy, and its use by politicians and diplomats, as illustrated in the United States and the United Kingdom. This analysis will be rendered through a soft-power theoretical lens as developed by Joseph Nye.
Given the novelty of the topic, social media having swept internal and external politics within the past decade, the majority of sources available and used will be public policy-related and not academic sources per say. That being said, methodologically I will stick with synthesizing and combining previous arguments made separately by researchers and analysts into a comparative look of the positive and negative aspects of adopting social media for public policies, especially digital diplomacy which has such an encompassing outlook. The reason for my choice of focus lies in the fact that the majority of researchers on this topic have championed the favourable view of the web 2.0 revolution, while its potential dangers have been too easily refuted or dismissed, almost blindly or naively, and this can be prejudicial for a comprehensive understanding of digital diplomacy in particular, and the effects of social media usage on politics and public policy overall.

What is digital diplomacy? How can it best be defined? This is a vexing question given the myriad of ways in which digitalization has impacted the practice of diplomacy. Arriving at such a definition becomes even more elusive when taking into account that scholars and practitioners also use the terms net diplomacy, social media diplomacy, diplomacy 2.0 and cyber diplomacy . This article aims to offer a definition of digital diplomacy. To do so, it first identifies certain events and processes that led to the emergence of digital diplomacy. Next, it demonstrates the manner in which digital diplomacy enables diplomats to overcome many of the limitations of traditional diplomacy. The article also explores the challenges of practicing digital diplomacy before ending with a definition of the term.

The process of globalization has led to important paradigm shifts in the understanding of classic
diplomacy. In addition to the established diplomacy of the elite, these shifts have created a new sense
of diplomacy based on the understanding of civil society, which inherently aim towards social
persuasiveness and are of a civilian nature. With this new sense of diplomacy, the private sector,
business people, academicians, think tanks, members of the media, etc., have also participated in this
process, leading to a wave of diplomacy which has acquired a more civil and democratic character.
Undoubtedly, these changes have also led to other important changes in the language, style, and
management of diplomacy. Developments in information technologies and the construction of a digital
world have wasted no time in becoming reflected in diplomacy; diplomatic missions have begun to
change in terms of structure and operation, and steps have begun to be taken in accordance with the
requirements of the digital world rather than through classical methods. These new forms of relationships
and communication channels, which have resulted from developments in communication, informatics,
and information technologies, have helped diplomatic processes move quickly towards the use of
virtual media. What is now prominent are concepts such as network diplomacy, e-diplomacy and social
media diplomacy, and this has resulted in the era of digital diplomacy. This article focuses on the
parameters of the digital changes and evolution in the field diplomacy, as well as the effects of these
changes on the state, society, and individuals. As a case study, the article focuses on the digitalization
of diplomatic activities in Turkey and the role of digital media in the ability of Turkey to adequately
express itself is discussed.

In the last few years, digital diplomacy has become a conduit of transformation within the foreign ministry of Ethiopia. As states are competing on every front, it is helping them build and project their nation’s soft power, viz. attractiveness and persuasiveness. In the same fashion, many countries have engaged digital diplomacy to promote their country’s unique national identity. They are striving to leverage the unprecedented opportunities digital diplomacy presents and address the challenges it poses to create, project and evaluate their country’s national brand.

Accordingly, this paper argues that the rudimentary nature of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia’s digital diplomacy has severely hampered the branding Ethiopia initiative. By employing the qualitative research approach this study has tried to address the problem stated, the role digital diplomacy plays in building Ethiopia’s image and reputation. The study also has identified the four key challenges – novelty, a wide digital divide, the absence of a unique country brand and clear policy guidelines - that are hindering the efficacy of digital diplomacy to brand Ethiopia. Considering these challenges and predicating on the literature available on the role of digital diplomacy in nation branding, this study has concluded that the Ethiopian MFA’s current model of digital diplomacy, if not transformed to be more open and dialogue-driven, is ill-suited to the proper articulation and projection of Ethiopia’s brand. This research will, hopefully, be advantageous to the MFA of Ethiopia in its efforts to build an innovative and participatory digital diplomacy that fuels integrated nation branding thereby enhancing the MFA’s and Ethiopia’s soft power.

Key words: Digital Diplomacy, Nation Branding, Selfie Diplomacy, Nation Brands Index,Image, Reputation, Soft Power, Dialogue, Social Media, Public Diplomacy, Selfie Diplomacy

En este artículo se analiza el tema del cambio en el paisaje de la gobernanza global. A su vez, se describen las dimensiones de la diplomacia pública digital y se explica su impacto en la gestión de la información, en los usos y prácticas diplomáticos. Por último, se aborda sucintamente el fenómeno del trastorno informativo, y se hacen recomendaciones de política pública para combatirlo y para propiciar un carácter de integridad en las redes sociales digitales.
Abstract: This article aims to analyze the issue of change in the landscape of global governance. It also intends to describe the dimensions of public digital diplomacy and explain its impact on information management, and on diplomatic practices. Finally, it addresses the phenomenon of information disorder, and it proposes several policy recommendations to combat it and to foster integrity in social digital networks.

Texto incluido en el libro Diplomacia Pública Digital: el Contexto Iberoamericano. Este capítulo dedicado al caso mexicano busca dar respuesta a la interrogante siguiente: ¿De qué manera ha incursionado la diplomacia mexicana el ámbito digital y qué tan exitosa ha sido en esta tarea? Para hacerlo, realizamos un análisis sobre la incorporación del uso de herramientas digitales en su estrategia de diplomacia pública, con la finalidad de alcanzar sus objetivos de política exterior.

This article discusses the challenges digital public diplomacy (DPD) poses for Latin America and the ways in which it can be used to improve diplomatic practice. Given that the task of communicating has moved away from the secrecy that conventionally characterized diplomacy,
an updated form of diplomacy incorporates the participation of citizens, diverse opinions and non-hierarchical dialogue. The authors conclude with a series of questions that prompt us to reflect on the institutionalization of digital public diplomacy and the involvement
of civil society in a matter that used to be the exclusive domain of a small group of public servants.

2017 marks a decade since the advent of “digital diplomacy”. What began as an experiment by a select number of foreign ministries, has now become standard practice for diplomatic institutions the world over. The past decade has also witnessed increased academic interest in “digital diplomacy” with scholars evaluating the digital practices of embassies, diplomats and MFAs.

To date, scholars and practitioners have a proposed a plethora of terms to conceptualize the growing influence of digital technologies on diplomacy. These have included net diplomacy, public diplomacy 2.0, networked diplomacy and real-time diplomacy. Numerus scholars have also adopted the term “digital diplomacy”. However, these have yet to offer a clear definition of this term.

This working paper argues that what follows is a state of fractured terminology in which some terms are too broad, such as “digital diplomacy”, while others are too narrow, such as “public diplomacy 2.0”. Moreover, this paper argues that none of the terms employed thus far fully characterize the impact digital technologies have had on diplomacy.

Therefore, this paper puts forth a new term, “the digitalization of diplomacy”, which regards digitalization as a long term process that influences four domains: the audiences of diplomacy, the institutions of diplomacy, the practitioners of diplomacy and the practice of diplomacy. This term also distinguishes between normative influences and behavioural, procedural and conceptual influences. The paper ends by demonstrating how this new term can aid scholars map the existing digital research corpus and identify new avenues of research. Thus, the “digitalization of diplomacy” can help bring order to a somewhat chaotic research field.

Keywords: Diplomacy, Digital Diplomacy, Digitalization, Public Diplomacy, Narratives