Cognitive Maps

SUMMARY: Chapter 10, in Renfrew & Bahn's textbook (Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice), covers approaches to assessing how humans began to think and adopt language, use symbols, view one's world, measure time, plan ahead, practice religion, care for the deceased, portray oneself, others, and aspects of one's world, and other concepts.  In my view, this is one of the best college textbooks available, and is invaluable for students, archaeologists, and the public in general, to obtain a top notch overview of approaching and interpreting the archaeological record.  UPDATED March, 2021, some new images, text edits, significant re-formatting, etc.

This article presents some results of cross-cultural research on perception of the term "culture" by university students
in the United States and the Russian Federation. It includes the comparison of the summarized responses between the
two national groups and the exploration of gender and age influence on the responses. The specific focus is made on
differences between responses on different items within national groups. The field of research involves the study (with
the technique of cross-national research) of cognitive processes, some aspects of cultural identity, cross-national
differences, gender attitudes and semantic studies as proposed by early Cultural Studies researchers. On the basis of
factor analysis of the data "Cognitive World Maps" of American and Russian students are constructed. American
students of our sample tend to perceive themselves as living in a sort of a "cave" of unsafe low spirituality of their
student community in a large "island" of "safe low spirituality" of their own country, which is in its turn situated in an
"ocean" of "unsafe high spirituality" of the large world of human culture. In contrast with them Russian students of
our sample tend to perceive themselves as living in a sort of a "cave" of safe low spirituality of their student
community in a large "island" of "unsafe high spirituality" of their own country, which is in its turn situated in an
"ocean" of "safe medium spirituality" of the large world of human culture.

The thesis studied the traditional representation of the Belarusians as the world-view system of ethocsience. The author studied the representation through ethnographic field observations, interviews, through the method of cognitive maps. Analysis of sets of representations has shown that the system of the traditional worldview of Belarusians consists of representations of the environment subsystems, man, relationship, traditional economy. Author in environmental studies analyzed Belarus traditional ethoastronomical, ethnometeorological, ethnobiological, ethoecological knowledge. The traditional representation of landscape and ritual practices of natural sacred places affect the management of natural resources. The authors are particularly studied transcendental representation of the person and the substance of the body. In the study of representations of the author it was first discovered by the full composition of the Belarusian network concepts kinship system and describes the specifics of the Belarusian kinship and heritage. The author has shown the relationship between the representations, beliefs and ritual specificity of the national traditional rural farming.
The obtained evidences, conclusions, methods and materials of the dissertation will be useful in the study of Belarusian, Ukrainian and, in general, European social representations, protection of intangible and tangible Cultural Heritage.
У дисертації комплексно досліджено традиційні уявлення білорусів як  світоглядну систему.  Уявлення виявлялися через проведення автором польових етнографічних спостережень, опитувань, метод карт уявлень. На підставі їх аналізу виявлено, що система традиційного світогляду білорусів кінця XX — початку ХХІ ст. складається з підсистем уявлень про: довкілля, людину, спорідненість, господарство. Автором при дослідженні навколишнього середовища аналізувалися білоруські традиційні етноастрономічні, етнометеорологічні, етнобіологічні етноекологичні знання.
Показані вплив традиційних уявлень про ландшафт та ритуальних практик на природно-антропогенних сакральних місцях на природокористування. При дослідженні уявлень про людину було звернуто значну увагу на дослідження трансцендентних уявлень про людину і субстанції організму. При дослідженні уявлень автором вперше був виявлений повний склад мережі концептів білоруського системи спорідненістю і описана специфіка білоруського спорідненості і спадщини. Автор розкрив взаємозв'язок між уявленнями і ритуальної специфікою національного традиційного сільського господарювання.
Отримані основі доказі, висновки, методі та матеріали дисертації будуть корисними при дослідження білоруських, українськім та й загалом європейських соціальних уявлень, охорони нематеріальної і матеріальної культурної спадщини.
У дысертацыі комплексна даследаваныя традыцыйныя ўяўленні беларусаў вывучаюцца як светапоглядная сістэма. Уяўленні выяўляліся праз правядзенне аўтарам  палявых этнаграфічных назіранняў, апытанняў, метад карт уяўленняў. На падставе іх аналізу выяўлена, што сістэма традыцыйны светапогляду беларусаў у канцы XX - пачатку XXI ст. Складаецца з падсістэм уяўленняў пра навакольнае асяроддзе, чалавека, сваяцтва, гаспадарку. Аўтарам пры даследаванні навакольнага асяроддзя аналізаваліся беларускія традыцыйныя  этнаастранамічныя, этнаметэрэалогічныя, этнабіялогічныя, этнаэкалагічныя веды. Паказаны ўплыў традыцыйных уяўленняў пра ландшафт и рытуальных практык на прыродна-антрапагенных сакральных месцах  на прыродакарыстанне. Пры даследаванні уяўленняў пра чалавека была звернута значная увага на даследаванне трансцэндэнтных уяўленняў пра чалавека і  субстанцыі арганізма. Пры даследаванні уяўленняў аўтарам упершыню быў выяўлены поўны склад сеткі канцэптаў беларускай сістэмы сваяцтвам і апісаная спецыфіка беларускага сваяцтва і спадчыны. Аўтар паказаў узаемасувязь паміж уяўленнямі і рытуальнай спецыфікай нацыянальнага традыцыйнага сельскага гаспадарання.
Атрыманыя доказы, высновы, метады і матэрыялы дысертацыі будуць карысныя пры вывучэнні беларускай, украінскай і агулам еўрапейскіх сацыяльных уяўленняў, аховы нематэрыяльнай і матэрыяльнай спадчыны.

Museums and archives are traditionally socio-cultural learning environments that contribute to the continuous development of the civil-society. Arts and cultural heritage education is hence one of the key activities of these institutions. Applying new technologies in the educational activities is therefore a necessity if museums and archives should reach their target groups in a society which is increasingly dominated by information and communication technologies. This book analyses the historical background as well as the economical, organisational and educational constraints of arts and cultural heritage education. The analysis is based on empirical data that was collected in museums and archives in Austria and Italy. The results were aligned with quality factors and educational concepts from the e-learning domain. By combining the two domains of arts and cultural heritage education and e-learning, general factors and guidelines for the development of e-learning in exhibition halls and over the internet are identified.

This paper takes as its starting point a definition of islands that goes beyond geographical isolation to consider islands as social constructs insofar as they reflect feelings of isolation, separateness, distinctiveness and otherness. Nowhere is this truer than in the case of the ‘dry’ island, an island that although once surrounded by water has long since lost its physical isolation due to changes in sea level and drainage patterns. Taking the Isle of Ely in the fens of East Anglia in the United Kingdom between AD 1200-1600 as a case study, and utilising archaeological evidence for diet and for the local Ely ware pottery, it is possible to reconstruct a cognitive mappa, which describes the perception of islandness amongst the island’s medieval inhabitants.

Geographic mental maps have been called on numerous times in explaining foreign policy decisions. However, mental maps lack a serious conceptualising endeavour in order to be useful to scientific inquiry. Before we can use mental maps to understand and compare foreign policy making processes we must define mental maps and frame them in their wider intellectual context. In this paper we develop geographic mental maps as an analytical concept and assess their conceptual “goodness” so they can contribute to enriching the scope of the foreign policy analysis toolbox

This paper takes as its starting point the conceptual metaphor ‘life is a
journey’ as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in order to advance
a new reading of William Michael Rossetti’s Democratic Sonnets (1907).
These political verses may be defined as cognitive-semantic poems,
which attest to the centrality of travel in the creation of literary and
artistic meaning. Rossetti’s Democratic Sonnets is not only a political
manifesto against tyranny and oppression, promoting the struggle for
liberalism and democracy as embodied by historical figures such as
Napoleon, Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi; but it also reproduces
Rossetti’s real and imagined journeys throughout Europe in the late
nineteenth century. This essay examines these references in light of
the issues they raise, especially the poet as a traveller and the journey
metaphor in poetry. But its central purpose is to re-read Democratic
Sonnets as a cognitive map of Rossetti’s mental picture of France and
Italy. A cognitive map, first theorised by Edward Tolman in the 1940s,
is a very personal representation of the environment that we all
experience, serving to navigate unfamiliar territory, give direction,
and recall information. In terms of cognitive linguistics, Rossetti is a
figure whose path is determined by French and Italian landmarks (Paris, the island of St. Helena, the Alps, the Venice Lagoon, Mount
Vesuvius, and so forth), which function as reference points for
orientation and are tied to the historical events of the Italian
Risorgimento. Through his sonnets, Rossetti attempts to build into
his work the kind of poetic revolution and sense of history which may
only be achieved through encounters with other cultures.

READ IT AT https://rdcu.be/cc01p
Since Tolman's paper in 1948, psychologists and neuroscientists have argued that cartographic representations play an important role in cognition. These empirical findings align with some theoretical works developed by philosophers who promote a pluralist view of representational vehicles, stating that cognitive processes involve representations with different formats. However, the inferential relations between maps and representations with different formats have not been sufficiently explored. Thus, this paper is focused on the inferential relations between maps cartographic and linguistic representations. To that effect, I appeal to heterogeneous inference with ordinary maps and sentences. In doing so, I aim to build a model to bridge the gap between cartographic and linguistic thought.

Following Gilbert Ryle’s arguments, many philosophers took it for granted that someone knows how to do something just in case they have the ability to do it. Within the last couple decades, new intellectualists have challenged this longstanding anti-intellectualist assumption. Their central contention is that mere abilities aren’t on the same rational, epistemic level as know how. My goal is to intellectualize know how without over-intellectualizing it. Intelligent behavior is characteristically flexible or responsive to novelty, and the distinctive feature of creatures who exhibit flexible behavior is their capacity to learn. As it turns out, Ryle already identified a core characteristic of learning shared widely across the animal kingdom from the lowly rat to the top athlete. Taking my cues from Ryle, I argue that know how is successful performance resulting from self-regulated abilities. To regulate an ability is to be disposed to adjust to error and respond to feedback. While regulating sophisticated human abilities often requires propositional knowledge, in many simpler cases it does not. I focus on the navigational know how of rats and honeybees. Although they possess know how, whether they possess propositional knowledge is at best an open question.

Participatory mapping of local land use as the basis for planning and decision-making has become widespread around the globe. However, still relatively little is known about the conceptual underpinnings of geographic information produced through participatory mapping in given cultural and linguistic settings. In this paper, we therefore address the seemingly simple question of what is (not) represented on maps through an exploratory case study comparing land use categories participants represented on sketch maps with categories elicited through more language-focused ethnographic fieldwork. To explore landscape categorization, we conducted sketch mapping with 29 participants and in-depth ethnographic fieldwork with 19 participants from the Takana indigenous people in the Bolivian Amazon. Sketch mapping resulted in 74 different feature types, while we elicited 156 landscape categories used in language, of which only 23 overlapped with feature types from the sketch mapping. Vegetation categories were highly diversified in language but seldom represented on maps, while more obviously anthropogenic features were represented on sketch maps. Furthermore, participants seldom drew culturally important landscape categories such as fallow plots or important plant harvesting sites on maps, with important potential consequences for natural resource management.

Being basic concern of urban design education, urban space, can be defined as a livable and perceivable multi-dimensional place that is also has time content. It is formed by buildings, perceived by city-dwellers and has many interrelated urban activities in it. After researches, it can be seen that there has been many approaches that form a basis for urban design education. Among these approaches, this study focuses on cognitive and psychological approaches of urban space which have a great importance in urban design. From this point of view, because of affecting human behavior and activities and considerably important for giving clues to urban designers, the concepts of perceiving space, image ability, spatial legibility and cognitive maps that concretize these mental images or in other words turned these images into drawings were defined in the study. Subject of the study was evaluated within objective and subjective viewpoints. This study chose Selcuk University Campus as a sample area in which we work as an educator and which is the living space of many students. The aim of the study is to find out the undergraduate students' perceptions and images related to Campus Area in which the students gain experiences every day and in accordance with the results to obtain design clues for Selcuk University Campus Area. For attaining this goal, we searched how the spatial image changes by students' individual perception? Which spaces in the area are more easily-remembered than the others? Which are preferable and admirable spaces or not for students? Sampling ratio of the study is approximately %15 (30 undergraduate students) within the students who took an urban design education and live in the campus area. Producing cognitive maps of these students and interpreting them by using Kevin Lynch's (1960) 'cognitive urban image' and Jack L. Nasar's (1997) 'evaluative urban image' elements are the methods of the study. In conclusion; after obtaining and analyzing the cognitive maps, we got some important design clues to produce successful urban spacesfor Selcuk University Campus Area.

The objective of the research on which this paper is based is to find out what impact Liverpool 08 will have on local cultural habitus, and how the sustainability of this impact can be measured and monitored. Too often, evaluation became a box‐ticking exercise for decision makers to demonstrate transparency and to objectively prove results. However, evaluations are usually ephemeral, and do not systematically integrate inputs from the end‐receivers/consumers of public policies. Decision makers prefer quantitative indicators, that are well known, easily applied and comprehensible to a broad audience, but leave out emotional and participatory aspects. Introducing a hermeneutical approach to understand the impacts of cultural policy allows access to the emotional and qualitative experience of policy impacts on everyday cultural life. This paper suggests that cognitive mapping turned into an evaluation method promotes residents as local experts on everyday construction of cultural space, and gives them an opportunity to participate in the evaluation process. The geography of the local population’s interaction with urban space as a creative force conveys emotional attachment to particular parts of the city, determines the essential elements for cultural life and space and its comparison to the city’s legitimised cultural space shows how far the bottom‐up and the top‐down approaches match: the smaller the gap between them, the higher the sustainability of cultural policy.

Being visual narratives, cognitive maps reveal important aspects of the life worlds of city residents with migrant backgrounds. The urban images of Turkish migrants in Aachen (Germany) and The Hague (The Netherlands) have been explored in a comparative study. 52 participants from Aachen and 49 from The Hague drew maps of their city on a white A3-sized blank piece of paper. Participants were asked to show as many details as they were able to. The analysis of the maps contained quantitative as well as qualitative aspects. The maps were explored according to the type, number, and geographical distribution of the components. Each component on the cognitive maps was counted and categorized and the findings were mapped. The results confirm the significance of the city center in urban image formation, but display differences in the importance of one's own migrant neighborhood. Furthermore, living in a migrant neighborhood in most cases correlates with a more limited urban image, compared to living in a neighborhood with fewer migrants. Finally, gender differences in the urban images occur in both cities.

Badania podejmują problem charakterystyki genezy i instytucjonalizacji nowej formy pracy-coworkingu, który wyłonił się w odpowiedzi na zmagania się społeczeństwa ze zmianami na rynku pracy spowodowanymi indywidualizacją, rosnącymi obszarami niepewności i ryzyka związanymi z elastycznością, mobilnością, brakiem stabilności i pracą tymczasową. Praca analizuje coworkingu i związane z nim zmiany społecznej. Pierwszym celem była eksploracja i analiza coworkingu i zmiany instytucjonalnej w kontekście wzmożonej obecności freelancerów i mikroprzedsiębiorców w dziedzinie przemysłu opartego na wiedzy. Drugim analiza pola organizacyjnego coworkingu i zachodzącej tam konkurencji. Trzecim charakterystyka działań i motywacji aktorów biorących udział w zmianie instytucjonalnej coworkingu i wskazanie agentów zmiany. Potencjał eksplanacyjny teorii z nurtu nowego instytucjonalizmu posłużył do analizy nowej formy pracy. Bogata tradycja i dorobek tego paradygmatu pozwalają na zbadanie wzajemnych oddziaływań pomiędzy nową formą pracy a zmianami społecznymi, umożliwiając prześledzenie, po pierwsze procesu instytucjonalizacji nowej formy pracy, po drugie ujawnienia się agentów zmiany spośród aktorów elastycznego świata, po trzecie roli przestrzeni, jako czynnika wiążącego ludzi z miejscem. Projekt obejmował kilku etapową analizę wywiadów indywidualnych wraz z zastosowaniem map poznawczych (cognitive maps) coworkingu i obserwacje uczestniczące. Różnorodność źródeł pozwoliła na pełną rekonstrukcję procesu instytucjonalizacji nowej formy pracy i identyfikację obszarów instytucjonalnych zmiennych. Dane analizowane były za pomocą metod jakościowych, a wspomagane były metodami ilościowymi takimi jak (listy częstotliwości, analiza klastrów słów kluczowych). Przemiany rynku pracy rozważane w kontekście procesu indywidualizacji oraz rosnącego poczucia ryzyka i braku bezpieczeństwa są współcześnie wielkim wyzwaniem ze względu na zawieszenie jednostki między pragnieniem indywidualizacji a potrzebą wspólnotowości. Kształt rynku pracy determinuje przyszłość zarówno w kontekście jednostkowym jak i całych społeczeństw, ponieważ praca zarobkowa jest zarówno przestrzenią organizacji jak również instytucją będącą źródłem tożsamości jednostek. Coworking należy traktować jako odpowiedź na zmienne warunki rynku pracy.

This article will present a compound tool for raising consciousness
and nurturing resistance, comprising both cognitive maps and autoethnographies.
Termed “autoethnographic mapping” by the authors, this tool has
been highly effective in work with a dialogue group of Palestinian and Jewish
students in Israel. It has played a central role in uncovering power structures,
tracing the details of their concrete embodiment in the individual lives of students.
Providing non-standard insights into how continued conflict informs
individual lives, this composite tool has changed its practitioners’ sense of
self and identity. The paper analyzes four instances of autoethnographic mapping,
demonstrating the practitioners’ unfolding critical reflection on aspects
of power in their personal lives and their emerging individual resistance to
its dictates. Framed by the college course occasioning extended meetings
between students from groups embroiled in political conflict, the process allowed
meaningful exchanges and a growing solidarity between participants.

Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. Detailed Terms The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters.

Bank customer loyalty is becoming a priority concern for banking institutions, as a means of gradually increasing complementary margins and eliminating the lack of liquidity caused by the current economic climate. Following a top down process, this focus culminates at the branch level, where banks’ front office employees are seen as a driving-force for building customer loyalty. At the same time, however, the difficulty in identifying and operationalizing the factors or determinants that most contribute to creating and maintaining bank customer loyalty has long been recognized. In this sense, based on the integrated use of cognitive maps and measuring attractiveness by a categorical based evaluation technique (MACBETH), this study proposes a multiple criteria framework for bank customer loyalty measurement and management. The results show that our framework allows bank customers with higher rates of customer loyalty to be identified and, from a benchmarking perspective, indicates wh...