CAS

Development of new plant breeding techniques have facilitated easy manipulation of plants at genetic level. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9) system is a valuable addition in programmable nucleases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses an RNA component to recognize a target DNA sequences and it has shown promising results with respect to simultaneous editing of multigenic plant traits. In this review, components of CRISPR/Cas9, their construction and its methods of delivery to plant cells are analyzed. Variation in nucleotide sequence of the protospacer adjacent motif, codon optimization and progress in web-based bioinformatic tools, will make CRISPR/Cas9 systems more efficient for plants. Development and optimization of protocols to efficiently targ et  all plant species is still under development. Along with this, methods to inspect induced mutation and efficiency of the system have also been reviewed. Auxiliary improvement...

Wheat is the world’s second largest crop, supplies 19% of human calories, and is the largest volume crop traded internationally. Its uniquely malleable physical properties make it a valued industrial substance, albeit often an invisible one, as well as a food. This combination of transformation, invisibility and mobility demands new ways of thinking about wheat geographies. In this paper we document and analyse several ‘moments’ in the life of Australian wheat; at the supermarket, in the lives of coeliac sufferers, in laboratories, industrial factories and on the farm. We illustrate diverse patterns of interaction with wheat. The major plane of differentiation is between wheat as food and wheat as industrial substance. The explicit connection of food to the human body tends to fix the identity of wheat, whether as healthy staple of the nation, or harmful poison to coeliacs who must negotiate its presence using the regulatory regime of food labelling. This is no small task given the ubiquity of wheat; our survey of 10,235 supermarket items found it in 29.5% of labelled food items. In contrast, when wheat is physically and chemically disassembled to become an industrial substance, its presence and identity become mutable, hidden and often invisible.

Archaeobotanical evidence for plant exploitation in Sahul (Australia and New Guinea) and Near Oceania (Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands) is reviewed for pre-20 ka BP sites. The Sahul evidence for colonisation, settlement and plant exploitation provides an analogue for understanding the diffusion of modern humans eastwards from Africa across southeast Asia and Indo-Malaysia. The patterns of behaviour exhibited by Sahulian colonists suggest that diffusion occurred across land masses, including rapid adaptation to and occupation of diverse climo-biogeographic environments of interior locales. A model is developed to understand how generalist practices and patterns of behaviour throughout the Pleistocene became more regionally specific during the Holocene, primarily from the mid-Holocene. The model focusses on how specific, or constituent, practices were variously bundled, or occurred together, in different places and times in the past. Different forms of plant exploitation recorded in the recent past across Australia and New Guinea are shown to have emerged from compounded differences of emphasis, cumulative effects and attendant transformations through time.

The present study seeks to provide an easy path to differential perceptions of students at the upper high school level by applying a story telling method and also, characteristically, to earn some time for class discussion by reducing learning time for simple calculational procedure through Computer Algebra System(CAS) tools. This study offers a clear example of storytelling textbooks through Sage. Hence, the study aims at enabling students who have practiced contents with Sage tools to deal with diverse and complicated calculation problems, if they learn to build up mathematical formulas for those problems.

In 2009, four mathematics subjects were offered at the year 12 level in the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). The two subjects at the intermediate level--Mathematical Methods and Mathematical Methods CAS--run in parallel, that is, a student can be enrolled in only one or the other, ...

Abstract:- In this study, it is observed how a CAS programme can help student to increase their mathematical understanding. CAS have a lot of great properties that can be used for educational purposes. For example, you can produce 2D, 3D and even animated graphs. Symbolic calculations and some advanced mathematical level calculations can also be done. CAS is a name of a group of software such as Mathematica, Maple, Derive and Mathlab. In this study, Maple software has been chosen to design a discovery learning environment. A group of students has been directed to discover the relations among calculus concepts by using 3D graphs produced by Maple. A semi-structured interview has been employed in this study to collect data. At the end of this paper, mathematical acquirements of students have been discussed.

Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that causes mucosal and systematic infections with high mortality. The absence of facile molecular genetics has been a major impediment to analysis of pathogenesis. The lack of meiosis coupled with the absence of plasmids makes genetic engineering cumbersome, especially for essential functions and gene families. We describe a C. albicans CRISPR system that overcomes many of the obstacles to genetic engineering in this organism. The high frequency with which CRISPR-induced mutations can be directed to target genes enables easy isolation of homozygous gene knockouts, even without selection. Moreover, the system permits the creation of strains with mutations in multiple genes, gene families, and genes that encode essential functions. This CRISPR system is also effective in a fresh clinical isolate of undetermined ploidy. Our method transforms the ability to manipulate the genome of Candida and provides a new window into the biology of this pathogen.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species. In this study, we investigate whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be used in plants to confer molecular immunity against DNA viruses. We deliver sgRNAs specific for coding and non-coding sequences of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) into Nicotiana benthamiana plants stably overexpressing the Cas9 endonuclease, and subsequently challenge these plants with TYLCV. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeted TYLCV for degradation and introduced mutations at the target sequences. All tested sgRNAs exhibit interference activity, but those targeting the stem-loop sequence within the TYLCV origin of replication in the intergenic region (IR) are the most effective. N. benthamiana plants expressing CRISPR/Cas9 exhibit delayed or reduced accumulation of vi...

I. INTRODUCTION

Independent and specialized dispute resolution is an accepted and integral part of the sport bureaucracy internationally and, increasingly so, within national sport systems. Independent arbitration has been operating in the United States since 1978 and in the People’s Republic of China since 1995. The United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Japan and Canada, have all introduced independent, sport-specific systems of dispute resolution in the last decade. Internationally, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), which first emerged in 1983, is globally recognized as the authoritative and highest tribunal for arbitrating international sport disputes.
The most commonly used process of dispute resolution among countries having introduced such systems has been arbitration. Some have aligned their arbitral process with CAS. New Zealand, for example, allows an appeal to CAS subsequent to its own arbitral process. The Canadian arbitration process is “final and binding” with no recourse to CAS, although its procedures, including the scope of review and the remedial powers conferred to its arbitrators, are modeled after CAS. Other nations, including the United States for example, have fashioned their arbitral process without reference to CAS. Regardless of style, there appears to be emerging a universality of form to arbitral processes which brings a commonality to the arbitral decision-making process.
Since its beginning, CAS has produced an increasingly prolific and robust body of case law at the international level of sport. It has spurred some to describe CAS in judicial terms as the “Supreme Court of World Sport,” and its decisions as a form of lex sportiva or, as some have described it, an emerging new substantive legal order. More recently, however, the view that CAS decisions form a lex sportiva is being replaced by a more complex and nuanced interpretation of its decisions. This new interpretation reflects the application of a number of diverse and universal principles of law and the incorporation of multiple forms and degrees of intervention by CAS, all of which increasingly inform and influence the rules and operations of international sport federations (IFs). Erbsen argues that a pattern of intervention is emerging from the body of CAS jurisprudence that can be traced across the full range of disputes over which it presides. He suggests that the application and specific “tailoring” of general principles of law to the international sport context is creating a “nominally unique Lex Sportiva”. While the decisions of CAS have become increasingly self-referent, and some suggest that they have taken on de facto precedential value at the international, and even national levels of sport, it might be argued that one of the particularly significant values of CAS jurisprudence is found not in the outcome of decisions themselves, but in the pattern of intervention of arbitrators into the affairs of sport governing bodies.

Notwithstanding the broad power given to arbitrators through the CAS Code of Procedure, a definite pattern of restraint and increasing levels of intervention can be identified. Rule 57 of the CAS Code vests arbitrators with the power and discretion to substitute their own decisions for those of other sport authorities, thus enabling it to constrain and even overrule the application of a sport body’s own rule or regulation. In practice, however, CAS arbitrators have exhibited a restrained, though purposive, interpretation of sport policies and regulations. In doing so, CAS arbitrators not only recognize the authority of sport governing bodies to define policy and administer their own affairs, but also seek to ensure that universal principles of fairness and good governance are recognized and respected. It is from this pattern of restraint that general principles of intervention can be identified to help describe the jurisprudence of CAS.
An examination of this pattern of intervention by CAS is useful to ensure that international sport arbitration is consistent, predictable, and fair. Numerous legal commentators have discussed both the value and need of having such a unitary and consistent system of sport dispute resolution internationally. It also raises questions regarding other sport dispute resolution processes: is a similar pattern of intervention reflected in other national sport-specific arbitral systems? If so, does it point to an increasingly universal approach to arbitral decision-making both internationally and nationally?

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relationship between coronary and carotid atherosclerotic disease using current guidelines for the definition of carotid artery stenosis (CAS). BACKGROUND: The reported prevalence of concomitant ...