Blood groups

The mannose receptor (MR) is an endocytic protein on macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as on hepatic endothelial, kidney mesangial, tracheal smooth muscle, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The extracellular portion contains two types of carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD): eight membrane-proximal C-type CRDs and a membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain (Cys-MR). The former bind mannose-, N-acetylglucosamine-, and fucose-terminating oligosaccharides, and may be important in innate immunity towards microbial pathogens, and in antigen trapping for processing and presentation in adaptive immunity. Cys-MR binds to the sulfated carbohydrate chains of pituitary hormones and may have a role in hormonal clearance. A second feature of Cys-MR is binding to macrophages in marginal zones of the spleen, and to B cell areas in germinal centers which may help direct MR-bearing cells toward germinal centers during the immune response. Here we describe two novel classes of carbohydrate li...

De Utrechtse onderzoeker Paul Julien (1901-2001) groeide op,  studeerde en promoveerde in Utrecht. Hij zou vele reizen naar Afrika ondernemen om bloedgroepenonderzoek onder Pygmee-volken te verrichten.
Hij schreef vier boeken over zijn reizen in Afrika.

A survey of the blood groups of a Nootka band produced frequencies characteristic of North American Indians for the ABO system (0.99 for 0, 0.0 for B, and 0.01 for A), Rhesus (0.822 for cDE, 0.011 for cde, 0.023 for cDe), Lutheran (1.00 for Lu(a—)), Duffy (0.505 for Fy(a+)) and Diego (0.039 for Di(a+)). K is not absent though the frequency is not great (0.028). Surprising results were obtained for the MN locus (0.399 for M, 0.601 for N), P (0.209 for P1), and Lewis (0.568 for Le(a+)). A frequency of phosphoglucomutase type PGM11 of 0.890 was found; all hemoglobins were type AA; no G-6-PD deficiency was found an all were type B positive; the frequency of the dry cerumen allele was found to be 0.323.

We studied the distribution of ABO blood groups in Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, in children up to the age of 12 years, in a hospital-based retrospective study. Blood group data were recorded from the case records of all the patients in a tertiary care centre with the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, during the period 1987–1997. There were 63 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 78 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 116 acute myeloid leukaemia and 522 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients. We assessed the distribution of ABO blood groups and the difference in the distribution from the source population. In Hodgkin’s lymphoma, there were 45.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8–84.5] more patients with B blood group. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, there were 14.3% (95% CI: 3.2–25.2) more patients with O blood group. In Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients, there were 56.5% (95% CI: 19.9–85.4) and 52.9% (95% CI: 18.1–82.6) less patients with A blood group, respectively. This shows that the relationship between the ABO blood groups and haematological malignancies merits further investigation in a population-based prospective study. This is the first study of its kind in any Indian population.

Rhnull phenotype is a rare blood group characterized by the lack of expression of all Rh antigens (D, C, c, E and e) on the red cells. The phenotype is further classified into the regulator and amorph type based on underlying genetic defect. The clinical significance of its recognition is that such patients suffer from Rhnull syndrome associated with osmotically fragile red cells called stomatocytes with subsequent chronic haemolytic anaemia of varying degree. Another importance is that such subjects readily form alloantibodies on exposure to Rh antigens. We report herein rare Rhaull phenotype in a young pregnant female which was detected as a part of routine antenatal work-up for red cell antibody screening and identification.

Blood group is the classification of blood based on the
presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the
surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). These antigens may be
proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,
depending on the Blood Group System. Blood types are
inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A
total of 32 human blood group systems have been recognized
by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).
The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen;
they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with
+ and - denoting RhD status)

Background: There is ethnic variation in the prevalence of ABO and Rhesus D blood groups. This aim of this present
study is to determine the distribution of ABO and Rhesus D blood group among students of African descent attending
Usmanu Danfodiyo University in Sokoto North Western, Nigeria.
Methods: ABO and Rhesus D phenotype of 250 consecutively -recruited students of Usmanu Danfodiyo University in
Sokoto North Western, Nigeria was determined using standard tube techniques based on haemagglutination principle.
Seraclone Anti- A, B, AB and D reagents (Bio Rad Medical Diagnostics, Germany) was utilized.
Results: A total of two hundred and fifty students (250) apparently healthy students of African descent attending
Usmanu Danfodiyo University in Sokoto North Western aged 18-35 years and mean age 26 ± 2.0 years made up of 145
males (58.0%) and 105 female (42.0%) constituted the subjects in this case study. The distribution of the ABO blood
group and Rhesus D revealed that 103 (41.2%) were group O, 68 (27.2%) were group B, 63 (25.6%) were group A and
15 (6%) were group AB. Out the 250 subjects investigated, 223 (89.2%) were Rhesus positive and 105 (10.8%) were
Rhesus negative. Our finding is consistent with the general formula O > B ≥ A > AB indicating a preponderance of
phenotype B over A. We observed a significant difference in the distribution of O and B based on gender (p=0.01).
Conclusion: The pattern of distribution of ABO blood groups among students in Sokoto is at variance with other
populations particularly among Caucasians. Data derived from this study will help policy makers make evidenced –based
decisions on optimum stocking of blood and blood products in Blood banks in the area, management of Haemolytic
Transfusion Reaction and Haemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn.

Surface plasmon resonance based sensor for detection of different human blood groups in near infrared region is proposed. The plasmonic structure is based on fused silica or chalcogenide sulfide glass Ge 20 Ga 5 Sb 10 S 65, commonly known as 2S2G. Experimental results describing the wavelength-dependent refractive index variation in multiple samples of different blood groups are considered for theoretical calculations. The angular interrogation method is considered. The sensor's performance is closely analyzed ...

Identification of blood group frequencies along with their spatial and temporal changes in a given population has several tangible benefits. Findings from such population-based studies can be useful for the appropriate management of regional blood banks and blood treatment planning as well as for the interpretation of microevolutionary changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability in the frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood types in men and women from different Lower Silesian counties and towns. Data on 158,134 adults (including 113,714 men and 44,420 women) were obtained from two electronic databases containing information about voluntary blood donors. The rate and direction of changes in the frequency of blood groups were assessed using linear regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation whose significance was assessed with t-test. Significant differences in the frequencies of blood groups were found for the analyzed period, but the largest changes occurred in the frequency of A and O blood types. A significant increase in the frequency of the A group along with a decrease in the O group was observed. The frequency of B group rose significantly in both sexes but the increase was more pronounced in men. There was a decreasing trend in the frequency of the AB group in men, while a significant tendency toward the increase in the frequency of this blood type was observed in women. In general, the incidence of the AB group in both sexes was relatively stable. A significant increase in the frequency of the Rh(+) factor along with a decrease in the Rh(–) factor was observed. The comparison of blood group frequencies in Lower Silesia showed minor differences between counties. The role of two main evolutionary mechanisms for these changes is outlined and findings from other seroanthropological studies that have been carried out across the world are discussed.

The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the frequency of the antigens classifying the ABO and Rh blood groups in the Greek population. In this study the 3.5% were first generation immigrants with both their parents immigrants from countries of the USSR, while 1.2% had only one immigrant parent, while the other one was Greek. We compared the frequency of distribution of blood groups ABO and Rh to previous studies conducted at a time before Greece became destination for refugees and immigrants from East and Northeast countries. Blood samples were collected from first year medical students. The frequency of distribution of the ABO and Rh blood groups was slightly differentiated in comparison to previous relevant studies. Significant increase was recorded with respect to the emergence of blood group B in the population investigated, and a considerable reduction was noted in blood group O. In reference to the remaining blood groups, no statistically significant difference was documented. The genetic pool and the genetic inventory of the population residing in Greece have been modified during the last years potentially due to the first generation immigrants. The results of this study could contribute significantly to the National Health System in aiding the prediction of percussions of certain diseases related to blood groups, as well as the requirement for certain blood groups within the blood donation program.