Bioclimatology

This paper investigates Water Use Efficiency (WUE), a measure of an ecosystem's ability to optimize water in growth, as the amount of carbon assimilated per unit of water lost, commonly expressed as the ratio between Gross Photosynthetic Production and Evapotranspiration.

The paper presents geoecological evaluation of the city of Loznica for the purposes of sports and recreational tourism based on quantitative method of diversity, V-Wert Method. Using the GIS tool by the quantitative method, the criteria of natural components (relief, forest, water surface and climate) are evaluated for the analyzed area. In the proposed method, the climate factor was supplemented by the analysis of the bioclimatic index Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI).When the evaluation was completed, the final results were obtained based on which the degrees of convenience of different parts of the analyzed area have been presented. Out of the total analyzed surface, which amounts to 705 km 2 , favorable surfaces comprise 21 km 2 (2.98%), and very favorable surfaces comprise 33 km 2 , i.e. 4.68% of the territory. The largest area consists of conditionally favorable terrains-333 km 2 (47.23%). Since one of the basic strategic priorities of the City of Loznica is improvement and development of sports and recreational tourism, the aim of this analysis is to emphasize the potential of the mentioned area in terms of general suitability of the terrain for the development of this type of tourism.

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 1: Planteamiento de la investigación" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 4: Análisis climático-bioclimático de Pachuca, Hidalgo" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 2: Antecedentes (marco teórico y estado del arte)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por "el resumen, el abstract, el índice general y la introducción" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Le but du travail consistait a caracteriser les proprietes physiques du bois de Quercus canariensis (Willd.) et de rendre compte de ses qualifications. L'etude a ete realisee dans une partie de la foret domaniale des Ait Ghobri, situee dans la zone bioclimatique humide a variante temperee. Au total, huit stations ont ete choisies selon la methode d'echantillonnage stratifiee progressive. Les essais physiques ont porte sur un effectif de 576 eprouvettes normalisees, prelevees sur un ensemble de 24 arbres abattus. Le travail montre l'effet de l'arbre sur les proprietes physiques ; les caracteristiques propres a l'arbre jouent un role preponderant dans le determinisme des composantes des retraits. La retractabilite volumetrique totale, le coefficient de retractabilite volumetrique totale et la densite a 12 % d'humidite situent le bois de chene zeen dans la categorie des bois a fort retrait, nerveux a tres nerveux et de mi-lourds a lourds. Les resultats attestent...

El 11 de marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró pandemia global el brote de la enfermedad COVID-19, producida por el nuevo coronavirus SARS CoV-2. En este artículo se efectúa una revisión de las contribuciones científicas publicadas hasta la fecha que relacionan las condiciones atmosféricas con la distribución del SARS CoV-2. La mayor parte de ellas concluyen que existe cierta influencia del tiempo atmosférico y/o el clima en la distribución y el progreso de la COVID-19. En concreto, un ambiente fresco y seco, en el contexto de un clima mesotérmico, parece el más idóneo para la expansión del SARS CoV-2. Sin embargo, un número significativo de estudios revisados adolece de diseños de investigación inadecuados, lo que hace muy difícil aislar de forma fehaciente el efecto genuino de las condiciones atmosféricas en la propagación de la enfermedad de otros efectos, incluidos los posibles artefactos derivados de la prevalencia observada, la dependencia espacial y temporal de los datos y la propia geografía humana: conectividad geográfica, movilidad, sistema sanitario, etc. Se concluye que sólo existen indicios, no evidencia, de que las condiciones atmosféricas pueden llegar a explicar una fracción muy limitada de la dinámica espaciotemporal del SARS CoV-2.

This study analyses the physical factors of the Palestinian bioclimate, the mean monthly and annual temperature, mean monthly maximum temperature, and mean monthly minimum temperature using data from six weather stations from the Palestine Meteorological Department, recorded in two periods: The first period from 1969 to 1981, the second period from 1975 to 1995 (more than 32 years). Statistical tests included a bioclimatic analysis of Palestinian meteorological stations for the periods from 1969-1981 and 1975-1995 by using bioclimatic classification of the Earth of Rivas Martinez Salvador, with regard to thermicity index, compensated thermicity index, annual ombrothermic index, and simple continentality index. The bioclimate of Palestineis affected by various factors, such as the Jordanian-Syrian desert, and its natural geography and topography, among others as well as biodiversity. Annual ombrothermic index value ranging between 0.6 to 3.4 and simple continentality index was from 12.4 to 18.1. It is concluded that the occupied Palestinian territories belong to the arid, semiarid, dry, sub-humid and humid ombrotype, and the Inframediterranean, Thermomediterranean and Mesomediterranean bioclimatic belt.

During the Quaternary, there were a series of environmental changes linked to cycles of glaciations on a global scale that profoundly affected and shaped the landscapes and life forms of our planet Earth. The major glaciation occurred 110 thousand years ago during the Last Glacial Period, which had its apogee in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 18,000 years ago; At this time the mountain glaciers of the Sierra de Santo Domingo, belonging to the Venezuelan Andes, had their maximum extension and volume, the temperature was about 7ºC lower and the precipitation ranges were about 400 mm lesser than nowadays. With the arrival of the Holocene (about 10,000 years ago), the environmental conditions became more humid and warm, which caused the melting of large masses of ice and the increase of plant colonization to higher altitudes. However, during this period there were some cold periods of which the Little Ice Age (LIA) stands out, which corresponds to the last  holocene glacial advances, particularly after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During the LIA the temperature decreased between 3 to 1.4 ºC and precipitation values ​​were about 20% higher than the current ones. The Holdridge Bioclimatic Life Zones Model (1971) is used for the paleobiogeographic reconstruction of the aforementioned mountain range in order to determine its climate characteristics and their incidence in the distribution of life zones during the LGM and the LIA, testing the results obtained with current glacial morphological and paleo-palynological  evidence. Through the model, the successive transformations in the zones of life of the mountain range are determined under certain climatic conditions through the time.The reconstruction of paleo-glaciers allows an approximation that shows the role of tropical paleo-glaciares evidences as indicators of the global climatic variability. It is expected that if the current climate change (global warming) is keeping to continue in the mountain range, there will be a shift of life zones to higher altitudes, and we will witness the future disappearance of some of them such as. the Nival and Alpine rain tundra life zone, triggering profound ecological changes

The Euphrates Plain (EP) experiences large interannual variability in vegetation cover, especially in areas of marginal rain-fed agriculture. Vegetation in this region is primarily limited by available soil moisture, as determined by winter precipitation, spring precipitation, and air temperature. Satellite analyses indicate that the springtime normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is negatively correlated with surface albedo, and that interannual variability in albedo in the EP produces an estimated forcing on the radiation balance that peaks at 16.0 W m−2 in May. Simulations with a regional climate model indicate that surface energy fluxes during a drought year (1999) differed substantially from those during a year with normal precipitation (2003). These differences were geographically specific, with the EP exhibiting increased albedo and decreased sensible heat flux while the neighboring Zagros Plateau region showed no albedo effect, a large increase in sensible heat flux...

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 3: Diseño de la investigación (caso de estudio, metodología, etc.)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

The main objective of this paper is to study the outdoor thermal comfort of the central urban zone of Belgrade during summer season in order to examine how different bioclimatic conditions affect human body. For this purposes Humidex, a simple heat index was applied. The research involved analyzing different Humidex values, the so-called "sub-indices" calculated based on hourly (7:00 and 14:00), mean daily and maximum values of meteorological parameters (air temperature and humidity) that were recorded at the meteorological station Belgrade-Vračar.), for the period 1999-2018. Outdoor thermal comfort in Belgrade is generally more adverse in July and August, resulting in most days belonging to the categories of "some discomfort" (30-39) and "great discomfort" (40-44), with periodic recording of the most severe categories of heat stress, as a category "very dangerous"(Humidex>55). Category of "very dangerous" heat stress shows linear increase during July, with positive trend of 0.03 days/10 years. The findings also show that from 1999 to 2018, mean index value gradually rose and values of sub-indices Humidex 14h and Humidex Tmax have exceeded thresholds 40 for great discomfort and 45 for dangerous heat stress more often then in the previous decades.

This paper examines the forest communities dominated by Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr. that have been described up until now in the Mediterranean Region (including other isolated extrazonal areas in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and in Northern Turkey) as more or less evolved aspects of woods, microwoods and high maquis that principally tend to make up climacic and edapho-climacic “series heads”. These formations maintain a significant large-scale distributive potential within the infraand thermomediterranean bioclimate belts (with a few penetrations into the mesomediterranean) with a dry-subhumid (and sometimes humid) ombrotype; however, they are currently quite rare and fragmented in the wake of large-scale deforestation and the impoverishment of old-growth communities dominated by a species known to live for millennia. The study was conducted through the analysis of phytosociological data taken from the scientific literature and other unpublished data regardi...

This paper examines the forest communities dominated by Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr. that have been described up until now in the Mediterranean Region (including other isolated extrazonal areas in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and in Northern Turkey) as more or less evolved aspects of woods, microwoods and high maquis that principally tend to make up climacic and edapho-climacic “series heads”. These formations maintain a significant large-scale distributive potential within the infraand thermomediterranean bioclimate belts (with a few penetrations into the mesomediterranean) with a dry-subhumid (and sometimes humid) ombrotype; however, they are currently quite rare and fragmented in the wake of large-scale deforestation and the impoverishment of old-growth communities dominated by a species known to live for millennia. The study was conducted through the analysis of phytosociological data taken from the scientific literature and other unpublished data regardi...

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 6: Resultados (análisis e interpretación)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

The experiment was based on a field experimental station in Žabčice with variety of winter wheat Matylda. This area (Žabčice) is located in a warm area with prevailing continental climate , with average annual rainfall of 482 mm and an average annual temperature of 9.3°C. The field experiment testing various growth regulators in spring winter wheat was founded in 2013/2014. Within this experiment following growth regulators and fungicide with growth regulation effect were used: Retacel extra R68 (chlormequat chloride 720 g/l), Moddus (trinexapac-ethyl 250 g/l), Cerone (ethephon 480 g/l), Amistar (azoxystrobin 250 g/l). These growth regulators were applied at growth stages between BBCH 31 and BBCH 59. The aim of the experiment was to determine the impact of these regulators on the growth, development and yield of winter wheat when simulating the drought stress using experimental rain-out shelters. Results of field experiments can contribute to mitigating the impact of drought on yield formation and quality of winter wheat production in the realization of biological potential of wheat genotypes.
Key words: winter wheat, drought, plant growth regulators

To assess the influence of global climate change at the regional scale, we examine past and future changes in key climate, hydrological, and biophysical indicators across the US Northeast (NE). We first consider the extent to which simulations of twentieth century climate from nine atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are able to reproduce observed changes in these indicators. We then evaluate projected future trends in primary climate characteristics and indicators of change, including seasonal temperatures, rainfall and drought, snow cover, soil moisture, streamflow, and changes in biometeorological indicators that depend on threshold or accumulated temperatures such as growing season, frost days, and Spring Indices (SI). Changes in indicators for which temperature-related signals have already been observed (seasonal warming patterns, advances in high-spring streamflow, decreases in snow depth, extended growing seasons, earlier bloom dates) are generally reproduced by past model simulations and are projected to continue in the future. Other indicators for which trends have not yet been observed also show projected future changes consistent with a warmer climate (shrinking snow cover, more frequent droughts, and extended low-flow periods in summer). The magnitude of temperature-driven trends in the future are generally projected to be higher under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) mid-high (A2) and higher (A1FI) emissions scenarios than under the lower (B1) scenario. These results provide confidence regarding the direction of many regional climate trends, and highlight the fundamental role of future emissions in determining the potential magnitude of changes we can expect over the coming century.

Predmet istraživanja rada jesu Grad Loznica i bioklimatski uslovi koji vladaju na datom području. Proceniti kako i na koji način bioklimatski uslovi utiču na zdravstveno, odnosno psiho-fizičko stanje čoveka osnova je razvoja klimatoterapije, rekreacije i pojedinih oblika turizma. Jedan od najznačajnijih potencijala razvoja Grada Loznice i osnova razvoja turizma jeste zdravstveno-turističko-rekreativni centar Banja Koviljača, koja je proglašena banjom od perspektivnog međunarodnog značaja. Takođe, postoje i drugi, raznovrsni, ali nedovoljno iskorišćeni potencijali za unapređenje turizma i rekracije (planina Cer i manje poznata Banja Badanja). Cilj rada jeste afirmacija bioklimatskih analiza primenom modela Meneks u okviru geoekološkog vrednovanja predela, u domenu razvoja i unapređenja različitih vidova turizma i rekreacije koji se obavljaju na datom prostoru, kao i u oblasti medicinsko-geografskih istraživanja. Primenom ovog modela dobija se objektivna predstava i podaci o stvarnom bioklimatskom uticaju na teritoriji Loznice, koji se potom mogu iskoristiti u navedene svrhe. Za potrebe analize korišćeni su dnevni meteo-podaci iz 2016. godine uz pomoć kojih su određeni termofiziološki bioklimatski indeksi: Toplotno opterećenje u čoveku (HL) i Fiziološko naprezanje (PhS). U Srbiji i Republici Srpskoj postoji veliki broj banjskih i klimatskih mesta i rekreativnih zona, pa geoekološka evaluacija i bioklimatske analize tih područja savremenim metodama mogu umnogome doprineti efikasnijem sagledavanju potencijala njihovog  budućeg razvoja, te većoj turističkoj afirmaciji.

The subjects of the research are the City of Loznica and the bioclimatic conditions prevailing in the given area. It is necessary to assess how and in which way bioclimatic conditions affect health or the psycho-physical state of a man in order to develop climatotherapy, recreation and certain forms of tourism. One of the most important potentials of the development of the City of Loznica and the basis of tourism development is the health-tourism-recreation center Banja Koviljaca, which has been proclaimed as a spa of perspective international significance. Also, there are other, varied, but insufficiently used potentials for the improvement of tourism and recreation (Cer mountain and lesser known Banja Badanja). The aim of the paper is the affirmation of the bioclimatic analysis using the Menex model within the geoecological evaluation of an area, in the domain of development and improvement of various forms of tourism and recreation that are performed in the given area, as well as in the field of medical-geographical researches. By applying this model we obtain an objective perception and data about the real bioclimatic impact on the territory of Loznica, which can then be used for the stated purposes. For the analysis needs the daily meteorological data from 2016 were used, by which thermophysiological bioclimatic indices Heat load (HL) and Physiological strain (PhS) have been determined. As there are many spa and climatic places and recreational zones in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska, the geoecological evaluation and bioclimatic analysis of these areas using the inovative methods can greatly contribute to a more effective understanding of the potentials of their future development, and to a greater touristic affirmation.

Apstrakt: Grad Loznica zajedno sa Banjom Koviljačom, Banjom Badanjom, šumskim predelima planina Boranje, Gučeva, Cera i Iverka koji predstavljaju posebnu zdravstvenu i ekološku vrednost, najznačajniji su element razvoja turizma Mačvanske oblasti. Prirodna bogatstva, izvori lekovitih, termomineralnih voda i povoljni bioklimatski uslovi osnova su razvoja zdravstveno-lečilišnog turizma Loznice. Cilj rada jeste primena metode Humideks za potrebe evaluacije bioklimatskih uslova koji vladaju na razmatranom prostoru tokom toplijeg dela godine, odnosno letnjih meseci jun, jul i avgust, kada je turistička posećenost Grada najveća. Bioklimatski indeks Humideks daje najbolje rezultate u oceni uticaja toplote, odnosno visoke temperature i vlažnosti vazduha na zdravstveno stanje ljudi. Za potrebe analize korišćene su terminske (07h, 14h), maksimalne i srednje dnevne vrednosti meteoroloških podataka za 2016. godinu koji su izmereni na meteorološkoj stanici Loznica (121 nmv.).

Abstract: The City of Loznica, along with Banja Koviljaca, Banja Badanja, the forest areas of the mountains Boranja, Gucevo, Cer and Iverk, which represent a special health and ecological value, are the most important elements of tourism development of the Macvanska district. Natural resources, sources of medicinal, thermo-mineral waters and favorable bioclimatic conditions are the basis of the development of spa and health tourism of Loznica. The aim of this paper is applying the Humidex method for the evaluation of the bioclimatic conditions which occur in the area under consideration during the warmer part of the year, ie the summer months of June, July and August, when the tourist visitation of city is highest. The bioclimatic index Humidex gives the best results in assessing the impact of heat, ie high temperature and humidity on the health of people. For the analysis needs, daily, maximum and hourly (07h, 14h) values of meteorological data for 2016 were used, which were measured at the weather station Loznica (121 m).